The bovine parotid glands were examined by transmission electron, scanning electron and light microscopies. The acinar lumina of the gland were notably spacious. Since the acinar cells were acidophil and reacted with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) but not stained with alcian blue (AB), they were thought to be serous in nature. The acinar epithelium was composed of light cells, dark cells and specific light cells. The light cells and dark cells contained various granules, many mitochondria and sparsely scattered RER short segments. The specific light cells had no granules along with few cytoplasmic organelles. The intercellular tissue spaces and canaliculi were well developed. The acinar cells extended many long microvilli into the lumina and into the intercellular spaces. The intercalated duct epithelium was composed of light cells alone, with no secretory granules. The striated duct epithelium also consisted of light cells, dark cells and specific light cells. These cells had no secretory granules. Their apical surfaces were characterized by the two different features, in that some were flat or folded and others had ovoidal or spheroidal protrusions of various sizes. In addition, between the epithelial cells of the striated duct and their basal lamina, there were special basal cells which had acidophil, PAS-positive and AB-negative granules with various electron densities.

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Three-dimensional architectures of acini, intercalated ducts and striated ducts of the parotid gland in goats were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The lumina of both acini and intercellular canaliculi were conspicuously spacious, lined by numerous and long microvilli and including many smooth spherical materials together with apocrine-like processes. Some acinar cells contained only a few smooth spherical granules. The luminal surface of the intercalated duct was lined by many short microvilli which lay in parallel with the longitudinal axis of the luminal surface at a regular interval. The cells of the intercalated duct had a few smooth spherical granules. The cells of the striated duct had pentagonal or hexagonal surfaces, largely characterized by two features, in that some surfaces were flat or folded and others had ovoidal or spheroidal protrusions of various sizes. The epithelial cells of the striated duct did not contain any granules as were seen in the acinar cells and the intercalated duct cells.

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The latex agglutination (LA) test was performed with antigens of Mycoplasma bovis 22-1 and M. bovirhinis BP19 to detect agglutinin from calf sera by using a microtiter technique. For the detection of antibody against Ureaplasma strains 96T and 5V, the metabolism inhibition (MI) test was carried out. Of 66 neonatal calves, six exhibited a low LA serum antibody titer (1:8) against BP19, but had no antibody to the other strains. It was suggested that maternal immunity to these organisms might be absent in calves. Thirty-three neonatal calves introduced into two farms exhibited a rapid rise in antibody titer against either of the 4 strains used. Both tests were conducted with 38 paired sera from calves affected with respiratory diseases. They revealed that some acute phase sera contained antibody against these strains, although a rise in titer of convalescent sera was not necessarily significant. In contrast to the sera from the neonatal calves, a significant antibody titer against ureaplasmas and M. bovirhinis was demonstrated among 260 sera from calves affected with respiratory diseases on 21 farms. These results suggest that the incidence of herd-infection with ureaplasmas and mycoplasmas may be unexpectedly high. Practical application and limit of the serodiagnosis of mycoplasmal calf pneumonia were discussed.

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A survey was conducted on 29 water buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus), in Taiwan to clarify the geographical distribution of rumen ciliate protozoa. Four new species of the genus Entodinium were recognized: E. ogimotoi sp. n., E. bubalum sp. n., E. fujitai sp. n. and E. tsunodai sp. n. E. ogimotoi is rectangular to nearly square in body contour with 2 flattened triangular lobes at the posterior end of the body. Cytoproct is situated right on the median line. The body is 30-47 μm long. E. bubalum is ovoid or elliptical with 2 caudal spines, which are close to each other and situated near the middle of the posterior end of the body. The upper-right spine is shorter than the lower-left one. The body is 25-45 μm long. E. fujitai is asymmetrical in shape. Its body surface is strongly convex on the right side and concave in the anterior half of the left side. Its tail is composed of 2 heavy spines. The body is 23-32 μm long. This species is closely related to E. gibberosum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1930 and E. triangulatum Dehority, 1979. However, E. fujitai is distinguished from the former by the presence of a relatively short macronucleus without a notch, and from the latter by the absence of the triangular wedge of ectoplasm. E. tsunodai is ovoid, with 4 caudal spines. Of these spines, two are situated laterally and the others centrally. One of the two central spines is larger than any other spine, and the other three are of essentially the same size. The body is 28-40 μm long. This species is closely related to E. indicum Kofoid et MacLennan, 1930, from which it is distinguished by the number of caudal spines and the situation of a contractile vacuole. Isotricha bubali, detected and described first by Dogiel from the water buffalo in Turkestan, was redescribed and the new genus, Oligoisotricha, was proposed for it.

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The developmental pattern of inner surface structures of the fundic part of the bovine abomasum was studied in association with the formation of gastric pits and glands by scanning electron microscopy and by reconstructed models. In the inner surface of the abomasum, Plicae spirales abomasi were already formed as wavy spiral folds which had many fine wrinkles (1.5-2 months of fetal age). Thereafter, the surface of the folds tended to be split into many straight longitudinal ridges (3-4 months of fetal age). On each straight ridge, shallow constrictions appeared from place to place and were increased in number, eventually subdividing the ridge into independent swellings. The lamina propria showed the honeycomb-like networks, among which deep holes were formed (4-5 months of fetal age). The subdivided swellings of the ridges were progressively complicated in shape, appearing as well-defined, sandbag-like hillocks. Then, these hillocks turned to be slender and shaped irregularly, probably owing to the numerical increase of hillocks. The honeycomb-like networks of the lamina propria became finer than before (5-7 months of fetal age). The hillocks were gradually lengthened and thickened, and appeared to be gradually swollen and approached to each other in various manners. In some cases, four hillocks were fused to make a quadrilateral framework, in the center of which a deep hollow was left. In some other cases, two or three hillocks were oppressed and disappeared, just leaving deep hollows here and there (7-9 months of fetal age and neonatal age).

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Histopathological studies were performed on a series of 18 spontaneous cases of atrophic rhinitis (38-160 days of age) showing markedly retarded growth. Along with various degrees of nasal turbinate lesions, definite chondrolytic and necrotizing changes (epiphyseal osteochondropathy) were noted in the matrix of the epiphyseal cartilage all over the body (the costochondral junction, the proximal end of the femur and the mandibular incisor junction). In other organs, interstitial myocarditis, membranous and proliferative glomerulonephritis and extramedullary hematopoiesis were frequently found. In the tubuloalveolar glandular epithelium of the nasal mucosa of 6 young pigs, the formation of cytomegalic intranuclear inclusion bodies was noted. These morphological findings are probably important in the pathogenesis of the growth disturbance. It is considered that some alterable stimulus may have been responsible for the generalized disturbance of osteogenesis.

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A total of 18 strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum, of which 15 were freshly isolated from bovine liver abscesses, apparently normal bovine liver tissues, bovine rumen fluids and heifer mastitis secretions, were submitted to detailed characterization of overall cultural and biochemical properties, guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) contents of deoxyribo-nucleic acids and pathogenicity for mice. The strains were divided into two groups on the basis of colonial and cellular morphologies, growth mode in liquid medium, hemagglutination titer and pathogenicity for mice. The two groups of organisms were considered to correspond to bivars A and B of Fievez in F. necrophorum. This differentiation of groups was substantiated by the results of deoxyribonucleic acid homology tests; the homology indices among the strains of the two groups were 53 to 76%. This level of deoxyribonucleic acid homology was in accordance with that of subspecies proposed by Johnson for the genetic definition of taxonomic groupings.

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Nineteen strains of canine parvovirus (CPV) were isolated in primary feline kidney cell and/or Crandell feline kidney (CRFK) cell cultures from 52 dogs clinically suspected of the CPV infection in 1979/80. They were derived from feces and various tissues of dogs, regardless of age, and were serologically indistinguishable from feline pan-leukopenia virus. Of three dogs exposed to experimental infection, one dog manifested severe symptoms, which were quite similar to those in natural infection, and died. The first clinical sign was vomiting, followed by hemorrhagic diarrhea, fever and remarkable leukopenia. Histopathologic changes were extensive loss of mucosal epithelium of the small intestine, villous atrophy, and dilatation of crypts devoid of epithelial cells. A serologic survey was carried out on CPV infection in 369 dogs by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Antibody-positive canine sera first appeared in January, 1979. Since then, serologically positive dogs have been increasing in number in Japan.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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