Bovine sera collected in Java and Bali in 1979 were subjected to serological tests for antibodies to 34 arthropod-borne or suspected arthropod-borne viruses. In hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests with alphaviruses, antibody to Getah virus was detected in one serum sample only while no sera revealed antibodies to Chickungunya and western equine encephalitis viruses. In HI tests with flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis, Stratford, and Kokobera viruses were shown to be widely disseminated in Indonesian cattle. Of the bunyaviruses used in the tests, Aino, Akabane, Tinaroo, Peaton, Ilesha, Batai, Kairi, Kowanyama and Belmont viruses showed high incidences (≥ 30%) of neutralizing (NT) antibody. In NT tests with Orbiviruses, Ibaraki, Mitchell River, Warrego and bluetongue type l and type 20 viruses showed high antibody incidences (≥ 40%). NT antibody to bovine ephemeral fever virus was detected frequently (79%). These data indicated that many arthropod-borne viruses were widely disseminated among cattle in Indonesia.

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In vitro assessment was made on the effect of murine Type II interferon (IFN) on the multiplication of Toxoplasma (T.) gondii in mouse cell cultures. Macrophages and L cell cultures treated with Type II IFNs prepared specifically from the spleen cell cultures of Toxoplasma- or BCG-infected mice markedly suppressed the growth of T. gondii. The enhanced antitoxoplasma activities of these IFN-treated cells were nonspecific and of identical degree, and dependent on both IFN concentration and period of incubation in IFN preparations. Pretreatment with 500 U of Toxo-IFN for 24 hr before infection with Toxoplasma resulted in a. significant decrease in percentage of infected cells and number of intracellular parasites in 1 and 2hr postinfection. However, these IFNs conferred an enhanced antitoxoplasma activity on macrophages more effectively than in L cell cultures, and the activity of the activated macrophages and that of L cells seemed to be somewhat different each other; the growth inhibitory effect of the activated macrophages was microbicidal, whereas that of L cells was only microbiostatic and transient.

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For detection of antibody against ureaplasmas in sera from pneumonic calves infected with the organisms, an attempt was made to use the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) reaction employing the glutaraldehyde treated sheep erythrocytes. Antigens for coating the cells were prepared from three strains representing the serovars of bovine isolates. The red cells sensitized with cytoplasmic fractions obtained by ultrasonic oscillation of the concentrated organism suspensions exhibited specific reactions. The cells coated with a polyvalent antigen showed clear agglutination reaction with all of the three homologous antisera, but not with any antisera to the other genera of mycoplasmas. Specificity of IHA test was confirmed by these results as well as by the results of metabolism inhibition (MI) test. A rise of IHA titer in paired-sera of calves taken after their introduction to a farm was demonstrated, and the results of MI test with those of calf sera followed the fact. These results indicated that the IHA test with the polyvalent antigen of bovine ureaplasmas would be of use as a simple sero-diagnostic means for detecting antibody in sera from pneumonic calves infected with ureaplasmas.

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Chronological development of the vomeronasal sensory and the olfactory epithelia was comparatively examined by light and electron microscopy. Both epithelia were divergently derived from the olfactory placode and had common stem cells. In the olfactory epithelium, stem cells were rapidly differentiated into olfactory cells or supporting cells, coming to possess almost the same cytological features as in the adult at 1 day after birth. In the vomeronasal sensory epithelium, stem cells were slowly differentiated into sensory cells or supporting cells, retaining some immature properties even at 10 days after birth. Some characteristics were observed in appearance and development of various organelles in both the epithelia. Free ribosomes and mitochondria were observed from the earliest stage of development, since they were essential for the metabolism of stem cells. Centrioles were observed in receptor cells of these epithelia. In the olfactory cells cilia were developed, but in the vomeronasal sensory cells they were absent all life of the cells. Centrioles may be interpreted as sites of nucleation of microtubules in receptor cells. According to the foregoing observations, it seems that the olfactory function is mainly ascribed to the olfactory epithelium and that the vomeronasal sensory epithelium participates in olfaction by enhancing and supplementing the discriminative activity of the olfactory epithelium and/or is engaged in unknown sensations different from olfaction.

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Changes in weight and histological figures of the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles and prostate glands of the Japanese monkey were studied according to age and season. The weight of testis and accessory sex organs began to increase markedly from the age around puberty and continued to increase until about 10 years of age. The weight of reproductive organs, except the epididymis, differed significantly between the breeding season and the non-breeding season in mature males. Histological parameters, such as the diameter of seminiferous tubules, the number of pachytene spermatocytes, the tubular diameter and height of epithelium of epididymis and the cellular height of glandular epithelium of seminal vesicle and prostate gland, all exhibited conspicuous in-creases from the age around puberty to about 10 years. The first appearance of sperm in seminiferous tubules was in the breeding season at 3 or 4 years of age. In the breeding season, epithelial cells of the seminal vesicles and prostate glands extended from the epithelial base to the lumen, showing their active secretory phase. Those in the non-breeding season decreased in height, suggesting their inactive secretory phase.

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Ultrastructural events in the early stage of the changes of the abdominal aorta in rats loaded with vitamin D2 and cholesterol were studied. The first appearing noticeable change was vesiculation in the intima which was attributable to the infiltration of blood plasma from the surface of endothelial cells. Then, intimal edema and deformation of the endothelial cells occurred. The subsequent course was characterized by degeneration of the inner and middle layers of the media accompanied with deposit of crystalline calcium salt. In the early stage of medial degeneration, crystallines of calcium salt first appeared within mitochondria of the smooth muscle cells. It was suggested that hypercalcemia due to vitamin D2 loading might play an important role in producing the early aortic lesions.

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Sixty of 85 cases of feline infectious peritonitis, which were clinically, pathologically and/or serologically diagnosed, were found to have glomerulonephritis. Histopathologically, the lesions were grouped in three types; membranous (22 cases), mesangial proliferative (16 cases) and m.embrano-proliferative (22 cases). By electronmicroscopy dense deposit was shown to be accumulated in the capillary wall and mesangial area of affected glomeruli. In the corresponding sites granular patterns of immunoglobulin and complement were detected by immunofluorescence. These findings suggest that immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis might be of high incidence in feline infectious peritonitis.

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The concentrations of serum total bile acids (SBA) were measured by the enzyme-fluorimetric method in 60 dogs with dirofilariasis classified into 4 groups based on the severity of the disease. The results obtained were as follows: the SBA levels in the serious (38.0nM±40.8 (S.D.), n=14) and hemoglobinuria (24.4nM±18.3, n=26) groups were significantly higher than in the normal (5.3nM±3.9, n=94), subclinical (9.0nM±9.3, n=9) and mild (7.3nM±6.8, n=11) groups. There were significant correlations between the SBA concentration and the results of several laboratory tests in all the 4 filariasis groups and 3 filariasis groups without hemoglobinuria. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the SBA concentration and the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and this seemed to be ascribable to the decreased LCAT production caused by liver injury rather than to the direct inhibition with bile acids. Despite the severe liver cell damage, the SBA level of the hemoglobinuria group was not as high as that of the serious group, and no significant correlation was found between the SBA concentration and the cholesterol concentration or the results of other laboratory tests. These findings suggest that the bile acid metabolism in this group was slightly different from that in the other filariasis groups. The SBA concentration was not uniform after removal of the heartworm. The levels of SBA were 29.4nM±23.4 and 32.5nM±29.3 before and after removal of the heartworm, respectively. Besides, there was no significant correlation between the SBA and plasma hemoglobin concentrations. The latter strikingly decreased after removal of the heartworm. SBA did not seem to directly correlate with intravascular hemolysis in the hemoglobinuria group.

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Calves were immunized with non-irradiated and 20-KR-irradiated invective Dictyocaulus filaria larvae, or with non-irradiated and 5-KR-irradiated fifth-stage worms of the same parasite, given in two doses in 4 weeks apart. They developed partial resistance to the subsequent challenge with infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus, as compared with non-immunized animals. Better protection was obtained in calves immunized with two doses of non-irradiated infective larvae than in those given two doses of 20-KR-irradiated infective larvae, non-irradiated fifth-stage worms, or 5-KR-irradiated fifth-stage worms. Moreover, the resistance exhibited by calves immunized with two doses of 10, 000 non-irradiated infective larvae each was higller in degree than that seen in those immunized with two do, ses of 5, 000. notn-irradiated infective larvae. The results obtained were evaluated on the basis of the fecal larval count, the number of worms recovered from the lungs, and the necropsy findings for the lungs.

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From October 1980 to April 1981, 19 pigs of 30 to 40 days of age died of hemorrhage from castration wounds and 22 pigs of 40 to 70 days of age succumbed to subcutaneous hemorrhage on a farm in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. The animals with subcutaneous hemorrhage showed clinical signs of marked swelling in hemorrhagic regions, lameness, severe anemia, progressive emaciation and recumbency, and they died within a few days. Three pigs with subcutaneous hemorrhage were autopsied. In one case, the hemorrhage appeared to arise from the axillar region, and to spread between the muscles and the subcutaneous tissues from the chest to the abdomen, but no lesions in the vessels of the region on the histopathological findings. Massive clotted blood was observed in the subcutaneous region or between the muscles over the hindlimbs in other 2 pigs. Diapedetic hemorrhage resulted from arteries or veins of the circumflexia femoris medialis branches with edema or villous intimal projections. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were very prolonged with decreased levels of vitamin K dependent factors (factors II, VII, IX and X). These findings were also observed in 5 of 8 littermates examined. The epidemiological survey suggested that the cause of the vitamin K deficiency was a combined effect of consanguinity and use of antibacterial drugs.

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Histopathological studies were made on 50 autopsied beagles to examine for spontaneous lesions and age changes. While many neonatal and juvenile dogs under one year died of pneumonia, aged dogs had various age changes in some organs. They were vacuolar and fatty degeneration, lipofuscin deposition, acidophilic crystalline intranuclear (ACN) inclusions and granulomatous aggregation of mononuclear cells in the liver; urinary casts, calcification, ACN inclusions, chronic interstitial nephritis and pyelonephritis in the kidney; fatty and vacuolar degeneration, and nodular hyperplasia in the adrenal gland; mucoepithelial cysts of the intestine; atrophy and cyst of follicles, and interfollicular cellularity in the thyroid gland. In addition, cystic hydronephrosis with pelvic dilatation in neonatal dogs, mild cerebral edema with ventricular dilatation, cyst of pituitary anterior lobes, lymphocytic thyroiditis, and dermatosis were noted. Tumorous lesions were observed only in a few aged dogs.

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Development of E. tenella in chicken embryos was observed under various conditions. The embryos, 10 days old, were inoculated with 10³ sporozoites via the allantoic cavity, yolk sac, or chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and incubated at 41°C. Oocysts were recovered only from the embryos inoculated into the allantoic cavity, where matured 1st generation schizonts were found at 48 hours after inoculation, 2nd generation schizonts at 72 hours, and gametes and oocysts at 144 hours. Many oocysts were located in the CAM and in the urate deposits, and a few in the allantoic fluid. Similar oocyst yields were observed with embryos on days 7 and 8 after inoculation, between which periods there was no appreciable difference in oocyst sporulation rate. The mortaIities did not differ significantly among embryos inoculated between 8 and 12 days of age, while the lowest oocyst yield was obtained from the embryos inocu1ated at 8 days of age. The mortality increased with increment of the inoculum size between 100 and 100, 000, and the oocyst yield increased proportionally to logarithm of the dose from 63 to 10, 000. It is obvious from the results that the oocysts were efficiently harvested from the CAM and urate deposits of the embryos incubated at 41°C for 7 to 8 days after inoculation with 1×10³ sporozoites into the allantoic cavity between 9 and 12 days of age.

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To probe the subclinical mastitis in a herd of cows in our institute, the conductivity of foremilk samples were measured fortnightly throughout a few lactational periods for 2.5 years. The difference in the conductivity at 25°C between samples obtained from different quarters of an udder was used as a parameter (quarter difference, Qd). Using 53 cows at 91 lactational periods, 362 quarters were examined and the following results were observed. 1) The percentages of quarters defined as normal, slightly abnormal or abnormal were 75, 10 and 15%, respectively. 2) The ratio of the normal quarter de-creased as the number of lactation progressed. 3) The mean Qd of the front quarters were significantly greater than those of the rear quarters. 4) The Qd values either fluctuated frequently or increased steadily in abnormal quarters. 5) In only less than one third of the quarters, the mean Qd of each quarter increased from one lactation to the next one. 6) The high Qd values were frequently observed in quarters which received a mastitis treatment previously.

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