The canine phage set established in a previous study was used practically for the typing of staphylococcal strains isolated from dogs in the Taipei area. Of 268 strains, 90 (33.6%) and 27 (10.0%) were typable at 1, 000 and 1 RTD, respectively. The former were distributed to 8 phage groups, of which group I was the most predominant, consisting of 40 strains. This group was followed by groups II, V, VI, VII, III and IV, and a mixed group in the decreasing order listed. When 16 phages were used, a high frequency of lysis was obtained with 4 phages of group I and 3 phages of group II, but there was no remarkable difference in the number of typable strains between any two phage concentrations. This result indicated a good reproducibility of phage patterns. A distinct difference in host range was observed among the N.C.T.C., bovine and canine phages. The lytic activities of canine phages were almost restricted to strains producing white pigment. More typable strains seemed to be isolated from patients with otitis externa and pyoderma than from the normal auditory canal and skin. Group I strains were obtained predominantly from otitis externa, pyoderma, and normal skin, but not from the normal auditory canal. Staphylococcal strains of the same phage pattern or of the same phage group were frequently found in the auditory canals and skin of a dog. This result suggested transmission of a strain to different sites of the dog. Antibiotic resistance was demonstrated in 91 of 189 strains producing white pigment. Almost all the 91 strains were resistant to PC and/or SM. These resistant strains seemed to be more phage-typable than the sensitive ones. There was no particular correlation between the phage group and drug resistance.

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Eighty-eight Haemophilus isolates derived from chickens with infectious coryza were classified. Then they were compared biologically and serologically with Haemophilus gallinarum type I and III of strain No.221 described by Kato et al., and with H. paragallinarum strain H-18 reported previously by the authors. Of the isolates, 86 were capsulated and biologically identified as H. paragallinarum. Of them, 62 strains were hemagglutinable and serologically identical with H. gallinarum type I of strain No.221 (H. paragallinarum serotype 1) and 24 strains unhemagglutinable and serologically identical with H. paragallinarum strain H-18 (H. paragallinarum serotype 2). All the capsulated strains corresponded to either serotype 1 or 2, which showed a similar degree of pathogenicity for chickens, irrespective of serotype. The remaining 2 isolates were noncapsulated and nonpathogenic, and identical with Kato's type III strain, which was a variant derived from capsulated H. paragallinarum serotype 1.

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Cross-reacting antisera to serum albumins from various animal species were capable of identifying the animal species of meat specifically by a passive hemagglutination inhibition test, though goat and sheep meats could not be differentiated from each other. A passive hemagglutination reaction between anti-serum albumin antiserum and its homologous sensitized sheep red blood cells was inhibited by homologous meat extract. Inhibition was observed even at 0.01% concentration (5⁵-5⁶ dilution) of meat extract. The degree of inhibition was in direct proportion to the concentration of the inhibitor. Weak degrees of cross-reactions were observed with high concentration (over 4%) of the inhibitors. A rather high degree of cross-reaction was found between goat and sheep meats. The inhibition test was found to be sensitive enough to detect adulterants added to the samples to 0.2% at least.

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Species-specific antibody fraction against the bovine, pig, equine, dog, cat or goat-sheep group was isolatled from anti-serum albumin antiserum by immunoadsorbent chromatography. It was used for serological identification of the animal species of meat. By ring test and rocket immunoelectrophoresis, it was demonstrated that the purified antibody fractions were capable of identifying the animal species of meat whereas unfractionated antisera showed strong cross-reactions. The identification limit was about 0.5-1.0% in concentration. The mixing ratio of meat of different animal species could be determined by the rocket immunoelectrophoresis.

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When mice were inoculated orally with 10⁰-10⁴ cells of mouse-passage descendants of Salmonella typhimurium derived from a carrier-dog feces, the large-intestinal descendant showed the smallest ID_&lt50&gt value and was followed by the descendants of the mesenteric lymph node, liver and spleen. A descendant giving a smaller ID_&lt50&gt value yielded a large number of colonies having hemagglutinating activity on the blood agar plate. From the colonies, 7 fimbriate and 3 non-fimbriate descendants were selected. The fimbriate descendants having 19 to 91% of fimbriate cells showed various degrees of agglutination with 8 kinds of erythrocytes. The non-fimbriate destendants did not agglutinate the given erythrocytes. There was a tendency among the fimbriate descendants that a descendant with a large number of fimbriate cells gave a smaller ID_&lt50&gt value by oral administration against mice (10¹-10⁴ cells/mouse). The non-fimbriate descendants were capable of infecting mice rarely by oral administration with 10¹-10⁴ cells/mouse. On the contrary, both fimbriate and non-fimbriate descendants gave almost the same LD_&lt50&gt value by intraperitoneal inoculation. From statistical analysis on ID_&lt50&gt value, it was shown that the infectivity of the large-intestinal descendant was higher than that of a fimbriate descendant with 91% of fimbriate cells isolated from the intestine. The descendants of the mesenteric lymph node and liver were higher in infectivity than any other fimbriate descendant with 50 to 77% of fimbriate cells.

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A virus isolated from the brains of Japanese sparrow-hawks and designated Taka virus was serologically studied by serum neutralization and neuraminidase inhibition tests. It was found to be antigenically related to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with regard to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and to a lower degree to Bangor virus. The optimal pH of its neuraminidase activity was pH 4.2, which was different from that of the enzyme of NDV or Bangor virus. Taka virus was pathogenic for chickens, like a velogenic strain of NDV. In winter, however, its transmission to chickens was very low by direct or indirect exposure by contact. The environmental temperature might play a predominant role in the pathogenicity and transmission of Taka virus. These results indicate that Taka virus may be a new variant strain of NDV.

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A seroepidemiological survey for antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in dairy and beef cattle in Hokkaido and in the Towada district was performed using BLV glycoprotein antigens by the immunodiffusion test. Ninety-four of 2878 sera (3.3%) from the 14 districts of Hokkaido were positive for BLV antibodies. In contrast, in the Towada district, where enzootic bovine leukosis has been previously reported, 363 of 1127 sera (32.2%) were reactive. The number of reactive samples varied from 6.9 to 52.7% in 13 pastures in the Towada district and the percentages increased gradually with age. No significant difference in lymphocyte counts between BLV antibody positive and negative beef cattle was found. Thirty sera from cattle with naturally occurring lymphosarcoma were also tested. The sera from the adult form of bovine lymphosarcoma reacted with BLV glycoprotein antigens, but the sera from the other forms of bovine lymphosarcoma did not.

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Strain difference in susceptibility to M. pulmonis infection was studied in mice of 5 strains by cage-mating with previously infected ones. The organisms were isolated abundantly from the upper respiratory tracts of all mice examined within one week after contact, and did not disappear throughout the observation period of 11 to 16 weeks. However, a remarkable strain difference was demonstrated in development of gross pneumonic lesions by indication of the fact that the lesions appeared in 40 to 70% of ICR mice after 3 weeks of contact, while less than 10% of ddY mice. In NIH, CF#1 and C3H/He mice, the lesions were detected at various rates less than 40%. Growth of the organisms in the trachea was not significantly different between ICR and ddY mice, in contrast with numbers of the organisms in the lung which were less than 10³ CFU/g in many of ddY mice but 10^&lt5-10&gt CFU/g in 24 of 40 ICR mice examined on the 3rd week of contact and thereafter. All lungs with pneumonic lesions harbored more than 10⁵ CFU/g organisms, while grossly normal lungs less than 10⁵ CFU/g. CF antibody appeared in almost all mice during the first and second weeks of contact, and reached to a peak of titer (1:64 to 1:1, 024) on the 3rd week in both ddY and ICR mice. Titers of the antibody decreased from the 8th week in ddY mice, but persisted in ICR mice till the 10th week.

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In order to elucidate the relationship between the lateral hypothalamus, involving the occipito-mesencephalic and quinto-frontal tracts, and body temperature, electric destruction was carried out in various areas of the lateral hypothalamus in 35 chickens. Lesions extending from the anterior commissure to about 480μm rostral to it brought about transient hyperthemia to birds. On the other hand, destructions of all the lateral hypothalamus reaching from about 1.000μm caudal to the anterior commissure to the infundibulum and of the occipito-mesencephalic tract alone induced poikilothermia immediately after operation, which manifested severer symptoms than the former birds. In addition to these facts, the responses of the operated birds to a quick rise and fall of environmental temperature suggest that the area causing poikilothermia may work as a thermal regulator, and that the territory causing transient hyperthermia may be concerned with heat loss only.

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Attempts were made to isolate ureaplasmas from the oropharynx and cloaca of 114 gallinaceous birds of 22 different species under 12 genera in 3 families. Ureaplasmas were isolated from the throat of all 3 red jungle fowls (Gallus gallus) (100%) and 12 (27.9%) of 43 domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) examined, but none was isolated from the cloaca. These isolates formed minute colonies measuring 60μm approximately on a solid medium. Electron microscopic observation revealed cells having a size of about 500 nm in diameter bounded by a triple-layered limiting membrane devoid of a rigid cell wall. The isolates proved to require serum for growth and to be susceptible to 2.5% digitonin. They were noted to actively utilize urea but did not form film and spots, nor caused hemolysis on the solid medium. In the growth inhibition test as well as in the metabolism inhibition test, all the ureaplasmas isolated from birds were found to be antigenically interrelated but had no serological relation to ureaplasmas originated from man, monkeys or cattle. The serological properties of these isolates suggest that it would be reasonable to categorize them as an independent group distinct from those isolated from mammals.

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