The Japanese Journal of Genetics

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF VARIETAL DIFFERENTIATION IN CEREALS

I. STATISTICAL DIFFERENCES FOUND AMONG LOCAL STRAINS OF A BARLEY VARIETY, “HOSOGARA NO. 2”

Kanji GOTOH

1955 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 95-106
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.30.95

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Population samples of seven local strains of the barley variety “Hosogara No. 2” were gathered, and six of them were statistically examined for several agronomic characters at the Nat. Inst. Genet., Misima, in 1952 and 1953. In order to analyse the interactions between strains and localities, a contrasting experiment was concurrently carried out at the Kitami Branch of Hokkaido Agr. Exp. Stat., Kitami.
The results obtained may be summarized as follows.
(1) According to comparative experiments, statistical differences were widely found among the strains (Table 1, 2, 3 and 6), and it was concluded that the original population of “Hosogara No. 2” had contained at the start an abundant genetic variability. Basing on the phenotypic relations, the six strains were classified into three groups, A, C; D; and E, F, G.
(2) It was found that the decline in vigor of plants raised from grains produced at Mishima affected the grain yield (Table 3). Further, the interaction between strains and localities was highly significant regarding grain size (table 6). According to Table 8, among four strains (C, D, E, G), C strain showed an extreme change in grain size under the influence of environment and the reverse was true of D strain.
(3) The range of variation in the date of heading in A strain was 22 days in both years (Fig. 1), and the parent-offspring correlation for this character was very high (0.763**). It was concluded that the striking variation in the date of heading within A strain was governed by polygenes.
Polygenic variability was also found within A and D strains for other characters, such as ear length and ear density (Table 4-a and 5).
(4) In F₁ hybrids among strains, heterosis was observed. The F₁ hybrid between G and C was excellent in vigor, and also in the hybrid between E and G, which were closely related in their morphological characters, a fairly considerable degree of heterosis was found. These results suggest the presence of concealed genetic differences among these strains.

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On the relation of the “lethal yellow” gene to the “lemon” in Bombyx mori, with special reference to the maternal inheritance of lethal yellow

Mitsuo TSUJITA

1955 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 107-117
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.30.107

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The lethal yellow gene (lem^l) in the silkworm is recessive. The larvae homozygous for this gene show a distinct yellow body color directly after the first moulting and die within a few days because of their inability to feed. The yellow color is due to the pigment “xanthopterine-B” contained mostly in the pigment granules of the hypodermal cells.

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Karyotype analysis in Kalimeris

Yukio HUZIWARA

1955 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 118-123
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.30.118

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1. The karyotypes of five species in Kalimeris are studied by oxyquinoline technique.
2. K. yomena may be a natural hybrid, derived from K. indica and K. incisa.
3. The karyotype formulae are as follows:
Sect. Asteromoea
K. indica
K(2n)=54=4^csA^m+2B^sm+2C^st+12D₁^sm+4D₂^sm+2D₃^m+10E^sm+4F^m4G₁^sm+6G₂^m+4H^sm
K. pinnatifida
K(2n)=18=2^csA^m+4B^sm+4C^m+4D^sm+4E^m
K. yomena
K(2n)=64=6^csA^m+7B^sm+2C^m+2D₁^st+30D₂^sm+2E₁^st+12E₂^m+3F^sm
K. incisa
K(2n)=72=6^csA^sm+10B₁^sm+4B₂^m+16C^sm+8D₁^sm+6D₂^m+4E^sm+12F^sm+4G^m+2H^sm
Sect. Cordifolium
K. miqueliana
K(2n)=18=2^csA^sm+2B^sm+2C₁^sm+2C₂^sm+4D₁^sm+2D₂^m+2E₁^sm+2^csE₂^m

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Cytological studies in Ranunculaceae

IV. The karyotype analysis in Actaea and some other genera

Masahide KURITA

1955 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 124-127
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.30.124

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1. The karyotypes of five species and one variety are determined as follows:
Actaea asiatica K(2n)=16=6A^m+2^csB₁^m+2^csB₂^sm+2C^sm+2D^m+2E^st
Adonis amurensis K(2n)=24=12A^m+10B₁^st+2^tB₂^st
Anemonopsis macrophylla K(2n)=16=10A^m+2^tB^st+2C^st+2D^st
Eranthis pinnatifida K(2n)=16=8A^m+4B^st+2C^sm+2^tD^st
Trautvetteria japonica K(2n)=16=8A^m+2B^st+2C^st+2D₁^st+2^tD₂^st
Trollius Riederianus var. japonicus K(2n)=16=2A^st+4B^sm+2C^st+2^tD₁^st+6D₂^st
2. Considering from a karyotypic standpoint, Actaea asiatica presents a certain similarity to Cimicifuga simplex var. ramosa, and Anemonopsis macrophylla to diploid species of Clematis, e. g. Cl. Japonica.

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The formation and structure of the middle-piece of the mouse spermatozoon observed by phase microscopy and after some chemical treatments

Yuh H. NAKANISHI

1955 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 128-132
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.30.128

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The course of formation of the middle-piece of the mouse spermatozoon (Mus musculus) was studied in the fresh material by phase microscopy according to the liquid-paraffin method after Makino & Nakahara (1953). Further, the structure of the middle-piece of the mature spermatozoon was observed in the fixed material, and in the material treated with pepsin-HCl, or citric acid.
In living mature spermatozoa, the middle-piece shows no observable structure, being uniformly dense in appearance (Fig. 15). The early spermatid contains a fine centriole in close contact with the nucleus: a fine axial filament develops from the centriole. Along with the change in shape of the nucleus, the axial filament bends along the peripheral margin of the cell. The mitochondria migrate to the periphery of the cell, and arrange themselves along the long axis of the axial filament (Figs. 9-11). Then, the mitochondria form a string of beads after chain-like association, and coil around the axial filament in the form of spirals. After the completion of the sperm-head, the spermatozoon convertes into a well-elongated filamentous form, extruded from the cell body. At this time, it usually embraces a cytoplasmic mass (Figs. 6, 14). Meanwhile, the cytoplasmic mass seems to be absorbed by the middle-piece, and finally the mature spermatozoon is produced (Figs. 7, 15).
The observations of the smear preparations of spermatozoa fixed with Carnoy's fluid made it clear that the axial filament of the spermatozoon consisted of two fibers, each of which was made up of a certain number of fibrils (Figs. 17-19). After the treatments with pepsin-HCl, or with citric acid, it was demonstrated that a string of beads-like mitochondria coils around the axial filament (Figs. 24, 25).

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Fertilizing activity of the sperm entered the matured egg of the silkworm under the low temperatures, with special reference to the heterosis theory

Yoshichiro UMEYA

1955 Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 133-138
Published: 1955
Released on J-STAGE: May 21, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.30.133

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In the egg of the silkworm fertilization under the room emperature generally takes place within approximately 2 hours after insemination. Present experiments are concerned with the tolerance of the fertilizing activity of the sperm within the egg to low temperatures applied at different times prior to the establishment of fertilization.
It was learned that the fertilizing activity of the sperm within the egg was wholly impaired by refrigeration at 2.5°C. for over 5 days, but normal fertilization took place under the temperature of 5°C. Accordingly, it appears likely that a critical point might exist within the range between 2.5°C. and 5°C. with respect to the temperature effect upon fertilization. It was of most interest to see, as the result of the cooling experiment on the eggs inseminated by the same strain and those laid after mating between different strains, that the fertilizing activity of the sperm in the latter eggs was less affected by low temperature.
Such observations as well as Umeya's experiments that reported in 1930 may throw light for the analysis of the “heterosis theory” which concerns the problem why the vigor of the silkworm is intensified by hybridization. A work is now under the way in connection with the significance of the present finding.

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