The reciprocal crosses between Pseudogobio esocinus×Gnathopogon elongatus elongatus are successful and hybrids are reared until they reach adult stage with the similar survival rate to the controls.
The hybrids are not only intermediate in morphology but also have typically intermediate behavior between their parental forms.
Of twenty one hybrids, reared to adult hood, eighteen are sterile males, while one is a female with abundance of semi-riped ovarian eggs, one a neuter and the remaining one a hermaphrodite.

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1. A number of spherical granules containing yellow pigments and isoxanthopterin are found in the hypodermal cells of the lemon and the dilute lemon larvae.
2. The yellow-colored granules have been purified by a new method described in the present study. The chromogranules obtained from the lemon and the dilute lemon larvae show almost the same shape, an irregularly spherical one. The granules obtained from the lemon larvae are much more dense yellow in color than those from the dilute lemon larvae.
3. Similarly shaped granules containing isoxanthopterin but smaller in size than those of the lemon and the dilute lemon larvae are present in the hypodermal cells of normal larvae.
4. The protein composition of the three types of chromogranules obtained from normal, lemon and dilute lemon larvae has been examined by paper electrophoresis, and characteristic differences have been found in their electrophoretic mobility.
5. After the dialysis of the three samples with a visking membrane, the samples have been digested with trypsin and their peptide composition has been examined by high voltage paper electrophoresis and a modified finger printing method. Characteristic differences have been found in the peptide composition of the three types of granules.
6. In the lemon larvae, two supernumeray peptides have been found in addition to the common peptides which occur in the three types of chromoprotein. In the dilute lemon larvae, only one additional peptide has been detected and its Rf value differs from that of the supernumery peptide produced by the 2-P of the lemon sample.
7. The two supernumerary peptides found in the lemon larvae are believed to be components of the specific protein that has the ability to combine with yellow pigments. The single supernumerary peptide found in the dilute lemon larvae is probably an altered specific protein.
8. The specific and the altered specific proteins are apparently produced under the control of the +^d-lem and the d-lem gene action, respectively, in the presence of yellow pigments.

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Human leukocyte cultures received X-irradiation at a dose of 400r on the 4th day and fixed on the 6th day. There was an increase from 0.25 to 3.01 per cent in the number of polyploid cells. These were predominantly tetraploids. Microscopic examination revealed that 64 per cent of metaphases observed showed damage. The abnormalities were due to chromosomal breakages, particularly fragments and dicentrics. Counts and detailed analysis of chromosomes in human cells used as controls demonstrated the predominant distribution of euploid elements with 46 chromosomes. These values closely parallel those reported by Ohnuki et al. (1961).
In order to develop a satisfactory culture procedure for rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) leukocytes, several technical variations of the routine method were investigated. None of these variations gave satisfactory results for monkey samples, but all were useful for human cells. Such an unusual situation might possibly be induced by differences in the physicochemical and cellular properties of monkey blood and that of man.

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Insemination and the course of the first and second cleavage were cytologically investigated in the cross between the loach_??_ (Misgurnus angullicaudatus, Cobitidae) and the funa_??_ (Carassius carassius, Cyprinidae). Eggs of the loach were artificially inseminated with funa sperm at water temperatures from 24°to 26°C. It was found that the processes of both fertilization and early cleavage proceeded in rather normal manner in the loach-funa cross. There is no evidence in this cross to show that the sperm acted as a parthenogenetic agent.

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Cytological studies were made on the highly fertile progenies of the amphiploids (10x=70) produced from the interspecific hybrids between tetraploid (4x=28) and hexaploid (6x=42) species of Avena. These progeny lines were derived through ten to twelve generations of inbreeding and selection for fertility and vigor.
Of fifteen lines examined, twelve had chromosome numbers varying from 2n=53 to 58, one had 50 to 52, and two had 42 chromosomes, as the result of chromosomal elimination in the preceding generations. The meiotic behavior of chromosomes was more regular in the plants with 42 chromosomes than in those with 54, 56 or 58 chromosomes. The progeny of the amphiploid oats tended to be cytogenetically stable on either octoploid or hexaploid level.
Cytological observations in the F₁ hybrids between different octoploid lines revealed that they are mutually different with respect to a few to several chromosomes. Pairing configurations of chromosomes in the F₁ hybrids between the octoploid derivatives and the parental hexaploid species suggested that the octoploids possess all the three genomes of the natural hexaploids, although structural modifications have taken place probably in some of the chromosomes. One of the derived hexaploid lines was phenotypically similar to the parental hexaploid species, whereas the other possessed the characteristics of the both tetraploid and hexaploid parents. Cytological data from the testcrosses showed that the derived hexaploids have the same genome constitution with the natural hexaploids, except for one or two structurally modified chromosomes.
The consequences of new synthetic oats are discussed in relation to the genome constitution.

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The reduction divisions in PMC's were studied in three hybrids, N. paniculata×N. benavidesii, N. debneyi×N. glutinosa and N. tabacum×N. forgetiana, and one amphidiploid of N. rustica×N. tabacum produced by colchicine treatment.
1) F₁ of N. paniculata (n=12)×N. benavidesii (n=12).
At MI of PMC's of this hybrid, twelve bivalents were usually counted whose partners were of same size and shape, and very seldom eleven bivalents and two univalents were found. At 2nd division, a few irregularities were very rarely observed such as a chromosome bridge, and one to two chromosomes or a fragment strayed in the cytoplasm.
In the same hybrid, Goodspeed (1954) found that twelve bivalents were the norm, and univalents, trivalents and quadrivalents occurred very rarely. Although there are some differences between Goodspeed's observations and mine, it is thought that, the two species are closely related but the genomes of N. paniculata and of N. benavidesii are somewhat differentiated by inversions, translocations and other irregularities.
2) F₁ of N. debneyi (n=24)×N. glutinosa (n=12).
So far as I know, this hybrid has not been previously reported. The nuclear plate in MI of PMC's of this hybrid consisted of bivalents and many univalents and it was somewhat difficult to count them clearly. But the number of univalents did not reach generally to one half of the total chromosome number of 36 and many bivalents were observed. Therefore it is assumed that N. debneyi is somewhat related to N. glutinosa on one hand but on the other hand intragenomic bivalents may be formed in the former, since it is probably of amphidiploid origin.
3) F₁ of N. tabacum (n=24)×N. forgetiana (n=9).
So far as I know, no report on this hybrid had been publisched. At MI of PMC's of this plant, the number of bivalents was from 1 to 8, with the mode at 3. The frequency of PMC's with 4 and 5 bivalents followed that of PMC's with 3 bivalents. PMC's with 2, 6 and 7 bivalents were occasionally found but those with 1 and 8 bivalents. were very rare. Some of them may be due to autosyndetic affinities between the two subgenomes of N. tabacum which is of amphidiploid origin and others may be caused by allosyndetic affinities between the genomes of the parents. Accordingly N. tabacum is assumed to be slightly related to N. forgetiana.
4) Amphidiploid hybrid of N. rustica (n=24)×N. tabacum (n=24).
This amphidiploid was produced by colchicine treatment of F₁ of N. rustica×N. tabacum with the purpose of breeding a new strain containing the genomes of N. tabacum and N. rustica. But this plant was highly sterile and the offspring showed segregation for various characters.
At MI of PMC's of this amphidiploid, the number of univalents ranged from 0 to 12, with the mode at 4. The frequency of PMC's with 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 univalents followed that of PMC's with 4 univalents, and PMC's with 0, 1, 10, 11 and 12 univalents were rare.
F₁ of N. tabacum×N. rustica showed the number of ivalents to be from 0 to 10 with the mode at 4 (Takenaka, 1955). Accordingly, it is assumed that in this amphidiploid allosyndetic affinity between the genomes of the parents leads to the conjugation of some chromosomes.

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The present article deals with some cytological effects of glucuronic acid, Na-glucuronate, glucuronic amide and pyridoxal phosphate upon tumor cells of transplantable ascites tumors of the rat (MTK-sarcoma III), and the mouse (Ehrlich carcinoma) in vivo, and upon HeLa cells in vitro, with particular regard to the morphological response of tumor cells to the drugs, as well as to the life days of tumor-bearing animals. The procedure of chemical treatments was as follows:
(1) Daily intraperitoneal injections of Na-glucuronate at a dose of 100mg/100g body weight were made in 8 healthy Wistar rats for 30 days before transfer of the MTK-sarcoma III. On the day of tumor transfer, the rats thus treated with Na-glucuronate were divided into two groups. The one group received no more injections of the agent, while the other received intraperitoneally the same agent daily for successive days after tumor transfer.
(2) Single, as well as repeated injections of glucuronic acid, Na-glucuronate, glucuronic amide and pyridoxal phosphate at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 500mg/100g were intraperitoneally administered to rats (Wistar strain) or mice (AKR strain) bearing the MTK-sarcoma III or Ehrlich carcinoma.
(3) HeLa cells cultured for 48 to 72 hours were treated with glucuronic acid, Na-glucuronate, glucuronic amide and pyridoxal phosphate dissolved in culture medium at dose levels of 10, 50 and 100γ/ml.
Samplings were made at various intervals following chemical treatments. Squashed preparations with acetic dahlia for ascites tumors and stained preparations with May-Grünwald-Giemsa and with periodic acid schiff (PAS) for HeLa cells were made for cytological observations.
In every case examined, neither suppression of tumors nor the prolongation of life of tumor-bearing animals were observed. The tumor cells seemed to be quite healthy in general features, with a slight increase in mitotic frequency in comparison with that of nontreated controls. In HeLa cells at 3-6-hour-treatment with all the agents, fine cytoplasmic granules appeared, being positive to PAS reaction.

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The chromosomes were studied in several kittens (Felis domestica), 2 or 3 days in age, having different coat colors based on cells from kidney and heart cultures. Cells squashed from testicular tissues of an adult black cat were also used as material (Table 1). Twelve metaphasic cells from 5 kittens were analysed with camera lucida drawings as well as with photomicrographs (Figs. 4, 5, 7 and 8). They were found to possess the diploid chromosome-number of 38. Referring to the size, shape and the position of the centromere, 38 chromosomes were tentatively classified into 6 groups of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Karyotype analyses revealed that the chromosomes were fairly the same in all kittens under study in their morphology, except for an XY-mechanism in males, and XX-mechanism in females. The X-element with a submedian centromere was found to correspond in size to the 14th autosomal pair. The Y-chromosome having a subterminal centromere corresponded in size to the smallest metacentric autosomes.
A detailed chromosome study was made on the somatic cells from a probably tabby tortoiseshell male cat (Figs. 6 and 10) in which were found 38 chromosomes of a normal male complement. The origin of male tortoiseshell cats were discussed in relation to the chromosomal findings.

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