Generally speaking, fishermen use the sea vertically and jointly. Of course along the shore we find the sea monopolised by one village for gathering seaweeds, etc., but off-shore the sea is usually opened to every fisherman. Nevertheless, on the narrow sea, for instance, on the Inland Sea, the sea area is divided into several sections, and each of them is opened only to one fishingvillage. Especially in feudal age, fishing villagers under the direct control of the Sho-gun, or under the control of Daimyo who is related to the Shogun family had the privilege to use relatively wide sea area in comparison with the villagers under other Daimyos. In both cases fishing villages which had the duty for sailing service to the Daimyo had a preference to use relatively wider area. In contrast, the villages without any privilege for fishery (many of them were those that newly started fishery with agriculture, or those that were settled by sea-nomads) were that only permitted the fishing of limitted ways in narrow sea area. After the Meiji Restoration these feudal privileges were disclaimed, but the government tried to maintain the order in the fishing grounds on the basis of old customs. In spite of this, the fishermen in some regions succeeded to organize a new way of joint use of the sea. Thus we find the fallowing four types of joint use of the fishing grounds in the Inland Sea during 1890's, when a modern Fishing Law was about to be proclaimed.
1. The type that feudal customs were as yet maintained, and relatively wide sea area including off-shore was monopolised by a small numbdr of privileged fishing villages.
2. The type that the privileged village had supreme rights, but non-privileged villages could also utilize the same sea area.
3. The type that several fishing villages could use the same sea equally.
4. The type that many villages were using the broad sea equally and extensively.

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It has universally been accepted as if it were a general rule that in the Yayoi age which corresponds to the semi-bronze age on the Japanese Archipelago, hewing adapting both agriculture and metal culture, they founded the settlements on arable lowland for paddy field.
Of those settlements which were set up on heights more than 200m. both above sea-level and in relative altitude, only a limitted number of them are known, and the couses have not yet been fully brought into light.
The writer, therefore, after closely examining every fundamental matter to be met with at the entrance of the foregoing problem, has carried out the research into the specific feature of establishing regional and the cultural point of view, and has obtained the following results:
1. The settlement on lowland is a conspicuous feature throughout the entire age of Yayoi, however, it has been revealed that about the later stage of the former period, especially toward the end of the middle period such heights as mountain-tops, redges, or basin edges, 20m. to 400m. in relative altitude, were chosen to be settled upon, and this fact shows eight periodic transitions of altitudinal settlement. They may be subdivided from the cultural viewpoint to be generalized as follows:
The First Period; the later stage of the former half-the middle stage
The Second Period; the later stage of the middle period-the early stage of the latter period
The Third Period: the early stage of the later period-the early stage of the “Haji” period
A new settlement on a height, it is found, was set up every stage the culture took up different aspect throughout these three periods.
2. And such a phenomenon of periodic transition of altitudinal settlement, being different in distribution in accordance with the culturally subdivided period, may be classified into four types of region as follows;
1) Lowland distribution type: the middle part of Kyushu Island and northward through the Japan Sea coast, the Pacific coast of Japan Proper and Shikoku Island, extending in the north to the southern boundary of Tohoku District excepting Kanto District, and from the basins of Kyoto, Nara, Ueno, and Omi in Kinki District and northward to the basins among mountains in Chubu District excluding one or two basins.
2) Type of settlement distribution largely on lowland and in some period on height: the middle part of Seto-naikai (Seto Inland Sea), its eastern coast with its islets, the southern Kyushu and one or two regions in Chubu District.
3) High-level distribution type: the north-eastern coast in the western of Seto-Inland district and about the area along the lower course of the Aizu River.
4) High-land Terras distribution type: the Southern port of Kanto District especially Tokyo-to and diluvial terrases along the coast of Tokyo Bay in Kanagawa Prefecture.
3. The foregoing phenomenal feature in the periodic transition of altitudinal settlement in the Yayoi age and its relationship with the regional difference provide us with three major subjects of the reseach to be traced out.
As to the more detailed description of these matters, however, the writer shall have to leave them untouched here for another occasion in future. But the careful consideration of the cause, which induced such altitudinal settlements, would show us that the motive factor cannot be sought for in the physical environment but in the human cultural scientific field.
If the writer might venture a further remark, it may be said that the ultimate factor seems to be most rightly expected of all the human cultural scientific requirements to be based upon the development of the social organization with the advance of the rice farming culture and the advancement in political system.

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In Japan which has old history the fruits-tree is a new commercial crop, but it scarcely happens that new villages are established for orchards. Ueno Village, Mino Kamo City, Gifu Prefecture is a rare case. This village has been formed on the hill since 1924. The following are the distrinctive economic characters of the village.
1) Because it is the infertile tertiary hill, this upland was abandoned as a grass land with little pines till 1924.
2) Thus this upland was wild and public land, so its rent was low compared with private land. Moreover, the village office did readjustment of fields and national government gave a subsidy of reclamation. Such factors were advantageous to poor pioneers.
3) Many pioneers (now 87 families) gathered not merely from near villages but also from many other places. Formerly they were farmers, merchants, officials, and so on. Movement of farmers in this village is great as compared with near old villages, and they lack the unity of their community.
4) The farmers have wider orchards than subsidiary fruit producers, but they have little paddy fields.
5) At first they planted peach-trees and vines which bear fruit sooner than other trees, but now they grow intensive Japanese pears (Nijisseiki) and a little Japanese persimmons (Fuyu), and in some degree grapes and peaches.
6) In Japan cultivated fields are generally scattered in many places, but in this village orchards are gathered around farmhouses. This is very advantageous to the farmers.
7) The larger scale farmers have an effective disinfection equipment.
8) The most advantageous size for family enterprise is about 2 acres, and when they have many employees it is larger than about 4 acres. Of the farmers these who have 6-10 tan (1 acre=about 4 tan) are the top and 10-15 tan are the next.
9) The joint shipping has not been done sufficiently. Its markets are Nagoya, Gifu, Tokyo, etc.
10) There are other villages about this village which stimulated by Ueno Village have started fruits production. But in many other villages fruits production is not developed, and they still grow rice and carry on sericulture. This is because labour in sericulture and fruit production comflicts and rice crop is more stable than the above.

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