The cultivation of the eastern Mutsu Plain in northern part of Kitakami Highlands, and that of Hokkaido bear such a close resemblance that the investigation of the form of the northern part cultivation like these will reveal the form of ancient cultivations in Japan.
A few examples which have already fallen under the history of cultivation in the central Japan, still present themselves as the present cultivation forms under our very noses.
We can vindicate Cultivations by a relative theoretically, but they are not so many as we expected.
It is not altogether just to investigate them on a map by tracing family names systematically alone. It is, however, not right that we say they are nonexistance; there can be observed the example cultivated by a group of large Blood Relative in the Dispersed Settlement on the Fan atthe middle of the Kitakami-river.
Cultivations of a front were put in practise by the policy of a clan in the basins which had gone through the ancient cultivations.
It is not always right to guess that because these reclaimed paddyfields and new settlements are named for their Mother Villages, the People in them would moved from their Mother Settlements and construct the new ones, for some of them imported the uncultivated lands of fronts, neighbouring to the old settlement from others and cultivated them, later these two making a relation between Mother Village and Daughter Village. Therefore we must pay heed to it. There have been put in practise here and there reclamation developments on a small scale since olden times.
A margin of lake Jusan on Tsugaru Plain and bogs in the Iwaki basin have been reclamated successively since olden times. The front line of the natural accumulation on the lake-side is a water-oat. Inside it, a reed grows, and a weed, graminaceoe grasses, a willow tree, an oak tree, and a beech tree grow still inside the reed.
The front line of the Paddy-Field Cultivation spreading as far as this part, the village at the foot of a mountain are old, and Taya and Tagoya are spreading over to the front line.
Some of the Naya Curltivations in the Fishing Settlements have been changing to the agricultural Cultivation as a result of the decline of the dragnet-fishing, so that the Naya for the seasonal emigrants and for the permanent resident may be regarded as showing the process of Naya cultivations.
Though the history of the planned colonial cultivation in the village of the Colonial troops of Hokkaido is still a new one, but the forms of the settlements have undergone a change in some parts, in consequence of the rapid advance of the cultivation and population increase.
The graphic representation of the density of settlements will not explain that the features of the Dispersed Settlement where at the beginning each of the houses was built at regular intervals from the road, have been altered thoroughly. We can observe the tendency that thses cultivations have advanced and also observe that the process of the cultivation has shown such a mode as this.

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In recent ages, these have been newly established 192 settlements on Musasino Diluvial-Upland where also 167 old settlements have expanded their arable lands, and consequently got to the bounds of their cultivation. They were twice at the maximum of prossperity; the former one, from 1652 to 1680 A.D. and the latter one, from 1716 to 1763 A.D.
In the farm-settlements constructed in the former years, the arable land for one farm-house was about 5 chobu, while it was about 2 chobu in those settlements of the latter years.
It is because of the land productivity increase on Musashino shown bellow; we assuming that the land productivity index of the early days of recent ages is 100, that of the middle days shows 142, and also that of the last days gets to 182.
The average number of one family is 5 in each of the farm settlements newly established on Musashino. Considering the possible payment of the land tax, the village tax, the reproduction expenses for farming, and the living expenses, the minimum area of the management land is calucurated for 21 tan in the early days, 15 tan in the middle days and 12 tan in the last day of recent ages.
The reason why the land divisions of the settlements newly cultivated were twice as large as those of the former ones in area, is that they needed as large areas of the lands for getting fertilizers and straw-as hes the lands for farming. It is due to the use of Nuka or rice-bran as a new fertilizer that the land productivity of farms has increased since the middle days.
In this way, indeed, farm-houses have increased in their harvests, but the use of purchased fertilizer hindered them from increasing remarkably in their income. The diminution of the just and fair scale of the farmhouses, however, resulted in the Accommodation Increase of Musashino.

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The quick-mastery map, the scale of which was one to twenty thousand, was completed in seven years from 1880 A.D. (13 of Meiji) to 1886 A.D. (19 of Meiji).
Its surveying areas get to 176km from east to west, and 180km from south to west, centering around Tokyo Prefecture and 15, 511 square miles in its surveying areas, and is completed in 235 maps.
In this surveyworks, the numbers, of the army survey department of the general stuff office completed lots of topographical maps which is so detailed that there was no precedent for it, after making a survey of comparatively extensive regions by using the new western surveying instruments in a short time.
It is uncommon that they adopted the French system in a diagram of the the topographical map, and used two kinds of map sizes in a ream of map.
Anyhow, a group of these maps was achieved five years ago, and was the first successiful attempt in our country.
The temporary surveymap like the former was completed by the hand of army survey department in general stuff office, for six years from 1884 A.D. (22nd of Meiji). The surveying regions are through out the Metoropolitan District, centreing around Osaka, and get to 91km from east to west, and 110km from south to north, and also 4, 668 square miles in araea, they made 92 surveymaps in all. It is similar to the former that the longitude and latitude of the map are 6' and 4' each, and this survey map, too, does not adopt the result of the triangular serveying.
They apparently adopt the German system in the diagram of this topographical map, so that we can find out the gravity and toughness of the latter in contrast with the softness of the former, in the topographical description and the form of expression.
And also these topographical maps were the first significant ones having campleted about 70 years ago for all over the Metropolitan District.

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Fishing villages of Japan had their own inshore fishing groud and fishermen of one or more villages shared fishery from these common fishing ground. When shared by more than one village, strict regulations were established to control the use of the area. Trouble resulted when one village insisted their rights were paramount to that of another village. It is the purpose of this paper to trace the changing character of the common fishing ground as a community tie of fishing village since the Meiji Restoration, 1868.
Ajiro, a fishing village and port of the east coast of Izu, owned Ajiro Bay as its common fishing ground before the Restoration, but the ownership was canceled by the Meiji government while several new fishing rights were admitted in the same area. Those fishing rights were opened to tenderers of fishing enterprise. Owing to the political registration of the early Meiji the character of common fishing ground as a community tie began to change gradually. Village people wanted to maintain their owner-ship against the new stage; they retained one of fishing rights, the set-net right which was economically the most valuable, under the village ownership, and they registrated to distribute equally its fishing interest to each door, 1916.
On the other hand the modernization of the village by the Meiji government was embodied in the Law of 1889. The Japanese village, since the reshuffling of 1889, was both community and an administrative unit with modern selfgoverning rights, as contrasted with the feudal villge. Under the feudal village system village, pleple were forbidden to change their occupation or to move out of their village. Since the Restoration, however, feudal registrations were abolished. There fore, a village could not consist of old village households only and a new village should be one new community including some new inhabitants. The registration to distribute fishery interest was an expression of conservatism by old village people to preserve the traditional community against a modern village.
However, owing to the development of village management under the new village system, the growth of various kinds of fishery and occupation except fishery within Ajiro village, the distribution of interest was substancially abolished, 1928. After all the set-net fishery right owned by the village itself was transfered to the Ajiro fisherman's association, 1936. And the common fishing ground almost entirely changed its character as a community tie.

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This report has been made on our enquiry into the relation market chains have had to the process of making of the central area of a city, as observed in the case of Osaka city.
In the case of Osaka, the following facts have been revealed, that is;
(1) A large number of street-stalls in workmen's home region; encircling the central area.
(2) Also in the central area, there were once seen lots of Markents, but these gradnally have died out, as the phenomenon of urbanization has kept going.
(3) In view of (1) and (2), the determining oft he central area has been made possible by the existence or non-existence of market chains.
(4) By examing market chains periodically, the process of urbanization can be illustrated.
Nevertheless, as there are still many facts to be probed ino by a further research, we hope for our more constructive study, together with a comparative study in the other cities.

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Recently ecological views have become the centre of interest in the realm of Geography and Medicine. It is natural that Medical Geography dealing with the disease phenomenon should require the introduction of ecological views. J. May is of opinion that Medical Geography making researches in relation between diseases and environment, might be better called, “Ecology of health and diseases.”
M. Sorre's opinion is that Medical Geography researching in the state of compléxes pathogénes requires the Human Ecological study.
In the realm of Epidemiology, J. Gordon manifested his standdpoint that Epidemilogy is Medical Ecology.
On the one hand, in the realm of Biological Ecology, there have come out rather couspicuous opinions from the methodological point of view. As a result of several discussions on Environment and community, it seemed that the opinion that Biological Ecology is a science studying the biota or biotic society, in other word the structures and the functions of the biotop system or the ecosystem. I'm going to express my brief opinion on the relation between, Medical Geography and Ecology, and on the methodology on Medical Geography.
I consider that Medical Geography is a science having intersections with Medical Ecology considerably on a wide scope in a realm of their researches, and also having a common object of their researches.
Moreover, it has a very deep connection with Biological Ecology.
We can't, however, introduce the concepts on Biological Ecology as they are, to Medical Geography, for in such researches as Medical Geography which deals with the human society as its object, there exist several problems accompanied with the productive relations as a fundamental ones, which are nonexistent in the biological community.
I would like to give a definition that Medical Geography is a science which, from the historical point of view, treats the discriptive and explanatory researches on the deseaese phenomenon in the human society of various regions, and moreover is a science which establishes several laws by generalizing the knowledges thus acquired.
In medical Geography as a social science, it is always the human society that becomes the biota. In such a case, diseases the object are the community phenomena reflecting one side of the sociel-life. Indeed they reflect the actions of the social and economic laws and of the biological laws, but it is in the wrong to connect these two actions coordinately, because, in the human society, it is the action of the social and economic laws that is fundamental, and the biological laws play only a subordinate part in it. On the topography and the climate have an effect on diseases as so-called Geographic Environment.
Lastly the statical method may be required so that we may grasp the problems on Medical Geography from their quantitative sides.
Now that the problems dealt with are under the action of the social laws and the biological laws, such a character peculia to this phenomenon is obliged to be reflected on this statistical method. In this sense, the inquiry of the substances of statistical method in needed to be done from the substancial and scientific point of view.
Besides this, I discussed the allotment of mathematical statistics which has been introduced to all quarters recently in connection with the statistical method from the substantial and scientific standpoint as mentioned above.

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