In recent years, as the integration of markets around the top central wholesale markets of big cities advanced, the structure of collective shipment of agricultural products by chief producing areas to the leading urban central markets has been established. As a result, the interregional competitions for the advantageous position with the giant markets have come to be more and more heightened, though they have pushed forward what is called the modernization of the agricultural industry on the part of the producing areas, in the ways of the management of co-operative shipment and the high standardization of goods in quality and assortment.
Especially nowadays, when such authoritative organs as the Agricultural Co-operative Associations have intensified their integrative influences over the producing areas, the latter's responses to them are not uniform. In the suburban districts of large towns, therefore, it is growing more and more difficult to effect the organization of the producing areas on an extensive scale in compliance to the marketing structure. Moreover, since owing to the development of the market gardening and the transportation facilities, the absolute advantage in distance of the suburban areas located near the city markets is giving way, the suburban producing areas are now placed in the relatively disadvantageous position in the interregional competitions.
In considerations of these circumstances, the present writer has made inquiries into how the strawberry producing areas in Nara Prefecture are coping with these intarregional competitions and how they are acting up to the changed conditions of the marketing systems. And the verified facts are the following.
Once Nara Prefecture monopolized the marketing share of the Osaka Central Wholesale Market in the strawberry supply. Recently, however, its share has seen a sudden fall. Nevertheless, there being no considerable fall in the gross amount of prduction, the natural forecast has been that the producing areas must have found remedies in their changed ways of coping with the modern systems of marketing. And several researches also have confirmed that the areas find the remedies in the multiplicity of the consignment organizations and the marketing distribution systems. The fact is that nowadays Agricultural Co-operative Association, Nara Strawberry shipment Associaions, the respective village shipment associations, and the respective speculative farmers have their individual ways of answering the present marketing systems developed among them. The main causes analyzed for this are: 1. the interregional competitions, 2. the price margins among the markets, 3. the farmers' and the established shipment associations' reactions to the integration through the intercession of Agricultural Co-operative Association, 4. the tie-up of the established associations with the new marketing systems, 5. discrepancies of the agricultural techniques among respective villages and respective farmers.
On the other hand, from the comparison of the producer prices there has resulted a most remarkable fact that the producer price of Agricultural Co-operative Associations is lower than that of the village shipment associations, though the former has many advantages over the latter in point of mass sale. From this it may be suggested that there is as yet much room of re-examination as to the scale and the way of the integration of the shipment associations.

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Southern part of Japan is estimated as one of the places of orgin of lilies. However, lilies have never played important role in horticulture in the region. Gathering of wild lilies in their naturally grown lands has been the principal method to get them. Lilies were thought as wild grasses for long time.
However, after the trade between Japan and European countries and U.S.A. begun in the later half of the 19th century, the traders from these areas were eager to purchase beautiful lilies, for lilies have been indispensable to the performance of Christian rites. They and their agents in Japan encouraged the production of lilies.
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of commercialization of lilies and to evaluate its impacts on the development of cultivating methods. Two islands are chosen for conducting the field research. One is Koshiki Islands which have become the main producing area of Lilium speciosum, and the other is Okinoerabu Island where main producing variety of lilies is L. longiflorum.
1) L. speciosum in Koshiki Islands
The habitat of wild L. speciosum is a sloping and sunny grassland dominated with Miscanthus sinensis. The wild lily bulbs were traditionally utilized as emergency food stuffs at the time of famine. Lily bulbs were exported to China for the first time in 1873 as the cooking materials of Chinense dishes. This was the first step into their commercialization. In 1900, lily bulbs were shipped to U.S.A. through the merchandising companies in Yokohama for horticultural purposes. This opened the path to the development of rudimental cultivation of lily bulbs. The villagers gather the bulbs in wild grown places on mountain sides and transplant them in the edges of sweet potato fields. They were customarily permitted to gather them in the village common grassland and to burn the land away once a year to promote the lily growth. They have never developed further cultivation methods of lilies in these islands. Therefore, the cultivation still remains in the transitional stage between gathering and full-developed cultivation.
2) L. longiflorum in Okinoerabu Island
On the contrary to Koshiki Islands, here, wild lily bulbs were scarcely utilized for eating purposes even during the periods of food shortage, because of their sparse distribution and bitter taste. Therefore, the villagers had no interest in thier utilization. However, as soon as the export of lily bulbs to U.S.A. began in 1904, the farmers with enterprising spirits tried to plant them in their fields and started to select superior varieties from the cultivated lilies as well as from the wild ones. With the success of selection, they have improved cultivating techniques and crop rotation systems including lilies. The cultivated area of lilies increased due to the high profitability and the progress of land reclamation. Their production is found to increase rapidly after 1960's. Now, Okinoerabu Island developed into the most leading producing area of lily bulbs in Japan.

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In the former paper, the research has scarcely written about peasants of temporary labor migration on the structure of village which “Traditional-type” and “Industrial reserve army-type-doken, kojo dekasegi-” coexisted. And then, it is quite significant worthy of a study movements concerning regions of source of supply continuing dekasegi of “Traditional-type”, where strata of villages exist dekasegi-sha of both types. In this regard, it is defined that dekasegi-sha of Traditional-type were seasonal migrants working in the sake brewery industries, doken dekasegi-sha were seasonal migrants working in the civil engineering and construction industries, and kojo dekasegi-sha were seasonal migrants working in the factories.
The author investigated the actual condition through the structure of villages on Sannai Mura, famous dekasegi-mura of “Traditional-type” where has known a usual practice in Taisho Era.
As a result, the purport gist is following to the points.
Sannai Mura is composed of the four types by the number and category of dekasegi-sha.
Seeing the source of supply on Toji by regions it is found that they were gradually removing to from agricultural mountain villages which numerously went out to hiraba-son or flat villages which lacked in chance of employment. In this regard, Toji is a general term about leader of seasonal migrants working in the sake brewery industries.
Also, seeing the source of supply on Toji by strata of agricultural households, it is found that they were supplied by middle and upper strata.
Therefore, it is obvious that agricultural households of middle and upper strata well connected cycle of peasant's paddy crop and shuzo dekasegi or “Traditional-type”.
On the other hand, it is found that doken dekasegi were supplied by all strata, seeing it by strata of agricultural households.

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