Studies analysing metropolitan areas utilize many forms of analysis and indices. In this study, network analysis based on graph theory is adopted to investigate traffic patterns in the Chukyo metropolitan area.
In the first stage of the study, I utilized a measure of degree of connectivity based on graph theory in order to analyse the development of transportation network in the area from 1952 to 1978. The second stage was an investigation of regional transportation network structure in 1978, using an accessibility measure, also based on graph theory.
Results of this study show a highly-developed transportation network. The railway system, which was developed prior to 1952, remained relatively unchanged during the study period, however, there was remarkable development of the bus system between 1952 and 1978.
The complicated structure of the Chukyo regional system, centering on Nagoya city is ilustrated in figure 8. Figure 9 shows the connections among municipalities within this system.
In order to provide more precise analysis, comparative studies of other regional system are required.

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In this paper, the structure of bus service network is analysed as a system of bus routes connecting a pair of unit areas. This research is based on graph theory, in which transport networks are interpreted as systems of connections between pairs of places.
The paper is concerned with the region served by the municipal bus service of Kyoto City. This consists of 164 unit areas, including 162 mesh areas and two secluded areas among mountains, Onogo, and Yase-Ohara (Fig. 1).
A connectivity matrix C is defined on the basis of the existence of the connection by a bus route between any pair of unit areas. Then, a shortest path matrix D₄ is derived from C. The sum across any row of D₄ indicates the accessibility from one area to all other areas (Fig. 2). The peak of this accessibility is at the city center of Kyoto, Shijo-Karasuma, and ridge lines radiate from there along Shijo street and Karasuma avenue. The matrix L⁴ is derived from the matrix L, with elements of numbers of services, whose pattern of accessibility resembles that of D₄ (Fig. 3).
The accessibility index of the matrix L⁴ between any pair of areas is multiplied by the population indeces of the two areas, and the resulting matrix is defined as interaction between the two areas. Among these interactions of an area, the largest is specified as a link comprising the nodal structure of the region (Fig. 5). The resulting nodal structure indicates that a great majority of the unit areas are oriented to the city center, and that this region lacks an intervening level of centers. This means that, in the scale within the city, there is no system covering changes between rapid mass-transit, such as trains, and municipal bus service.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the urban system in the Kinki district and its tendency of change from the viewpoint of the structure of functional regions and the change of accessibility.
Firstly, factor analysis is applied to the OD matrix of telephone calls in 1969 and 1977. The matrix consists of 56×56 elements which are the sums of calls from one area to another. As a result of this analysis fifteen functional regions can be identified in 1969 and fourteen in 1977. But a few differences between the spheres of functional regions in each year can be found.
Secondly, the hierarchical linkage systems are analyzed by the application of the Graph Theory Method to the same data matrices. In 1969 two hierarchical orders can be pointed out, but in 1977 three orders. The centralities of regional centers such as Otsu, Kobe, Nara, Yamatotakada, and Wakayama, tend to increase, and of regional centers such as Himeji, Kyoto and Toyooka to keep their high level. On the other hand, that of Osaka is lowering relatively. Functional regions which are classified into nodal regions tend to increase in number at present. The reasons for these tendencies are supposed as follows.
Many inhabitants are moving from the center of Osaka to satellite cities and therefore enterprises such as shopping centers, banks, etc, extend their business to these cities. Regional centers are also developing according to the inflow of people and enterprises. Thus the accessibiliy of satellite cities and regional centers seems to be increasing and that of Osaka decreasing relatively.
Thirdly, the accessiblity of each area is indicated by the potential of population and computed from the number of enterprises' workers there.
In all areas the accessibilities are increasing and the average of the rate of increase from 1969 to 1975 is 12.3%. But the rate in Osaka is 5.1% and it is the lowest of all. Therefore the accessibility of Osaka can be interpreted to have decreased relatively.
By the three analyses mentioned above, the structure of functional regions is shifting from one in which each region is subordinated to Osaka, to one in which each region is subordinated to a regional center and it to Osaka because regional centers have developed remarkably.

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The lower Iwaki river area is known as a typical rice monoculture region, where the damp rice fields extend extensively and the seasonal labor emigration prevails.
Since the latter half of 1960s the private capital investment in small or mediumsize farming machinery has developed gradually, and in 1970 the policy of rice product regulation began. These factors have accelerated the exodus of farm labors.
In the second stage of the policy of rice product regulation after 1974, the portion of summer labor emigration has gradually increased. At the same time the farmers who had suspended farming began to release their farm lands to reduce or leave off farming. In this process some farmers with high capital equipment have the opportunities to obtain the released lands and enlarge their farming.
In 1971, the project of promoting the rationalization of land tenure and that of proper farm land transfer service were started to adjust the relation between land supply and demand. As one of the most remarkable results of these projects in the Tsugaru Plains, it would be pointed out that about 10 percent of whole paddy fields in Nakazato machi have transferecd in 7 years.
In this paper, the case of Nakazato machi is studied to analyze the factors that prescribe the spatial pattern of farm land transfer and characteristics of the farmers intending to enlarge their farming.
The results are as follows.
I. The farm land transfer by buying and selling generally prevails in Nakazato machi as well as the rest region of Tsugaru Plains. But in the former, the farm land transfer by lease has gradually increased. In these circumstances, the extension of farm land transfer is spatially limited within this district, and depends on social relations, especially kinship relation. This fact reveals that there exists very closed structure of land market.
II. We can point out two factors prescribing the farm land transfer. One is the policy of rice product regulation and other is the increase of population who works away from home. With respect to the first, we can point out the fact that the farmers who had decided to work in non-agriculture in the first stage of the policy have never return to work in agriculture in the second stage of the policy. As to the second factor, the change of temporary labor emigration pattern, that is, the increase of the laborers who work away from home both in summer and winter, has put the farmers away from agriculture.
III. As to the farmers intending to enlarge their farming, three common features are found out. 1) establishment of consistent medium-sized mechanization system. 2) concentration or accumulation of their own lands and tenancy lands. 3) expansion of farming scale by trusting of work. And the funds for farm land transfer might be raised from the institutional credit funds, but in many cases the income from the seasonal labor emigration or temporary employee or stable part-time jobs has been appropriated for that purpose. This fact would explain why the full-time farmers who had intended to enlarge their farming necessarily depend on non-agricultural income, whereas the stable part-time farmers who rarely depend on the agricultural income could enlarge their farming.

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