In ancient times excellent horses known to the gentle men of the old capital were raised in important members in Tohoku. Certain of the natives of the region had reared horses since very early days. It appears that these horses were seen on open ranges. Whoever kept horses let them graze freely about the fields and mountains and this being the custom people enclosed their houses and garden plots with fences. This practice was allowable in that land of broad hills and occasional fields. Where vestiges of these ways linger they reflect that this was the general pattern before the middle ages. However, the fenced-in pastures brought into being in more recent times are not the corals to which horses from the ranges were once herded.
When hearing the word “open range” it would be hasty to assume that in ancient Tohoku horses were pastured, for the word does imply that they were free ranged in the fields and montains.
Even in the Nine Pastures of Nanbu in the early middle ages there were no enclosures and horses were grazed in the open. Of course as lands ever developed limits were imposed on this practice.
From the early Heian period horse breeding throve and by the end of the era Mutsu had become the leading horse producing region. The famous horses of these ranges were favoured tribute at the capital and in Kamakura times this region was patronized by the Kamakura-bushi (the soldier of Kamakura). In the same age Dewa, too, fournished fine horses but in the territory lying between Nambu and Date of Shirakawa, Mutsu had becone the more celebrated. This may be concluded from the numbers of horses given in tribute by the great families the whole country over. It is worth noting also that the horses from this region commanded high prices.

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Among persons who have thought about the old capital at Nagaoka (784-794, the capital directly preceeding the one at Kyoto and to the south-west of modern Kyoto), there have been some who believed that the fact that in its center an ancient flood plain extended from north to south and that in its southeast quadrant there was a wet depression was an important reason for abandoning it. Having myself personally walked over the sites of the capitals which succeeded one another after the Taika Reform, 646 A.D., at Naniwa, Asuka, Otsu, Fujiwara, Heijo, Kuni, Heian, I have thought upon the natural conditions peculiar to the founding of the capitals.
The first one was built along the upper reaches of the Asuka River where floods were few, and the later capitals gradually moved down toward broad plains and to wide slopes giving way to the southward. Still it is clear that the imperial palace which was the center of these capitals always stood upon an eminence or on the slope of one. And as their populations grew sites abundant in sail and water resources were looked upon with faver as capitals. As a result I perceived that Nagaoka with its hillock must have been a rather desirable site. I found, too, that the damp bottoms in its southeast were not in the old times flooded as much as people think. Therefore, I think it is not suitable to say that Nagaoka was abondoned because its site was disadvantageous.

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In this paper the author have studied, from the histrico-geographical point of view that the function and morphology of a transportation settlement were changed chiefly by the advanced moder transportation.
The traffic of Kimitoge Pass in Kii province was began in 798 by the foundation of the Nankaido (public road). In Tokugawa shognate the public coaching station (Denmasyo) of Kisyu-Han was established at Kimitoge Pass (1648). Such feature went on the early part of Meiji-Era and this settlement have had the landscape of town.
At that time, main road beyond this pass was jisonin-road which had different course from present road.
The Denmasyo continued under the financial support and the protection of the Han and Koyasan Temple. Beside Honjin, Waki-Honjin, and this settlement had many inns and tea-houses.
It had lost, however, the characteristic as the key-point of traffic since the Kiwa-railway was established in 1900 and the Koya Tozan-raiway in 1915. Peoples who lived in the sttlement removed to Kutukake, Togesita settlements, and a part of them have come to commute to Osaka as laborers.

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The total population of South America, covering a large area of about 177 million square kilometers, was only 125 million in 1955, or about 7 persons per square kilometer. This population was distributed very unevenly over various regions. In order to investigate the distribution of population, the author attempts to show a distribution map of population density of the various geographical regions. (Fig. 1 & 2) In this attempt South America is divided into 21 geographical regions, following O. Schmieder's divisions in “Länderkunde Südamerikas”, but amended by the author as follows.
Geographical Regions Population Density (after landscape) per sq. km. (1) Northern Andes 23.0 (2) Llanos of the Orinoco 2.4 (3) Middle Andes 8.1 (4) Coast of Peru 17.0 (5) Northern arid Chile 1.4 (6) Mediterranean Climate region of middle Chile 29.2 (7) Southern Chile 12.7 (8) Western Patagonia 0.7 (9) Semi-arid plateau of eastern Patagonia 0.5 (10) North-western Argentina 3.3 (11) Pampas 19.3-13.6 (12) Grand Chaco 2.4-0.2 (13) Llanos of the Mamoré 0.5 (14) Lowland east of the Paraná 8.5-7.9 (15) Southern Brazil 20.6 (16) Eastern Brazil 15.0 (17) North-eastern Brazil 12.9 (18) Brazilian Plateau 0.9 (19) Amazonian Basin under 0.5 (20) Guiana Highland 0.06-0.4 (21) Coast of Guiana 4.0
There are five cities in South America with populations of over one million. On this continent the development of cities with a million in total population is greater than in other continents. And the concentration of population in capital cities is very remarkable, especially in Uruguay, Argentine and Chile. (Table 2) These three countries are situated in the temperate climate zone and their capitals having very excellent geographical locations are the centers of economic activities in their own countries. In Brazil the degree of population concentration in the capital city is the lowest on this continent, because she has another city with a million inhabitants and has vast undeveloped areas in the Amazon basin in the north. And the concentration of population in capital cities in South American countries is growing year after year. This tendency is most remarkable in Peru and Venezuela. Lima was “the capital of Kings” in the colonial period and the growth of white inhabitants is very striking in recent years. Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, had in 1956 about one million inhabitants inclucing the suburbs. The development of Caracas is due to the recent rapid growth in the production of petroleum in this country. In Andean countries the capitals are situated in the high mountain basins, avoiding the tropical coast with its high temperature. There are 52 cities in South America with populations of over 200, 000. Half of these cities are port cities and those on the Atlantic coast are more numerous than those on the Pacific coast. Most cities in the inland are found in the Andean mountains. Some cities containing 200, 000-500, 000 inhabitants are situated in the Pampa region and along the margin of the Brazilian Plateau. But in recent years new small cities and towns are growing up in the inner parts of the plateau with very low population densities and as these small cities are not always on rivers and as have not railways and good roads, they are connected by local air lines.

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