There have been two types of location theories; one is the agricultural location theory of Thünen, and the others the industrial location theory studied by A. Weber. Agriculture and manufacturing have often been investigated separately from different stand-points, but in reality they ought to be considered without discrimination. Thus various attempts have been made to conquer the dualism of the two location theories; but so far a satisfactory resolution is yet to be sought.
The two location theories have each their own precondition, and the degrees of generalization of theories are different. So they ought to be considered again on the same condition.
The land factor in farming does not resemble to raw materials but to productive power in manufacturing. Seeds and fertilizers are to farming what raw materials are to manufacturing. Seeds are ubiquitous raw materials. Fertilizers are purchased from cities. When we apply the way of thinking in the industrial location theory to agriculture, the relation between market and margin of cultivation in their location attracting capacity is introduced in. Moreover, agricultural location is a relative one. It is not fixed by immovability of land. The competition of location between farming and manufacturing is supposed to happen if a conception of rental-index in introduced into industrial location. The Orientation to cheap labor-place is comparable with the location of economizing production cost based on physical conditions, when differences in the physical conditions are considered. In the competition of same locations upon the same land, that which suffers the maximum by leaving the land occupies the best land. The importance of the differences of special conditions in natural order decreases as it becomes more distant from market-place. In Weber's industrial location theory, the precondition thet the places of raw material producing districts and consuming areas are given, have to be got rid of. So, his view point of “Lagerungsschichten” is brought in. Though this conception comes nearer Thünen's theory and is very excellent itsef, it is nothing but a little knowledge of correlations among industries. Various other factors ought to be considered as well.

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From the point of view that the recent alluvial plains are formed by running water and man's activities, the writer made a thorough investigation of the Naka River's deltaic plain in order to survey the growth of plain and the development of the plain.
The result can be summarized as follows:
1) Plain of the lower Naka has 10 topographical features. The fan surface is composed within the sphere of a circular arc (semidiameter: 6km) traced with Kami Ôno as the vertex, and delta higher and delta lower lie in the margin. The former occupies the central part of plain, the latter is developed mostly on the delta side, excepting some lines radiately stretching in the central plain. Beach ridge and sand shore are largely growing at the advancing shores, but in the retreating shores they could not be found.
2) At the time of the last glacial age, this region was covered all over with depesits of coarse gravels and formed a fan land which had moresteep slope than the surface of present land; later, clayey soil beds (about 10m deep) were deposited as the result of submergence. The basis of plain was gradually formed with the submergence after the middle part of Jômon Age. There were two old distributary channels, at first, flowing from the hills towards the north-east by east and the south-east by east. Therefore, alluvial action in this region had its origin in depositing on the delta side. With natural agency and artificial activities, after that, these channels changed by slow degrees their courses from west to east. Then the deposition in the central part of plain began. The number of distributary channels has become larger on the north side of the present course. This may be attributed it diastrophic movements in the direction of SW-NE. The changes of shore line are conspicuous on the north-side of the mouths of principal dis tributaries. Though the shore line that links river mouth and Wada Jima (lies to the north; not island) had taken a shape of convex about two handred years ago, it became to be in straight-line about 1870 and shows a concave shore line at present.
3) In ancient times, the development of land reclamations on clearing was set forward around delta side, and in the Middle Ages it was gradually expanded into the central part of plain. The development of tidal land is characteristic of the Tokugawa-era, and nowadays the reclaiming work is kept on to make a new arable land at the rising part of delta.
4) The land development in ancient times was selective, and in the Middle Ages the land utilization was made according with physical formation. The development in the Tokugawa-era, however, is getting to urge the slow physical development of plain. This artificial urging of development began from about 1750. And at present the inhabitants are reclaiming the foreshore from the sea.
In short, the developments in ancient times and the Middle Ages were passive, leaving itself to circumstances; men were in the situation of being acted upon. In the Tokugawa-era and present times, on the contrary, challenges to the circumstances are being made actively.
Not that the plains keep a record of the victory of man's activities over the physical history. In the Middle Ages, the land system of Jôri type buried in the ground, and breaks of Bandai artificial levees and the other breakwaters shows a case of a temporary defeat of human history in the Tokugawa-era. Even now, shore lines are gradually receding because of erosion. The land depression attributable to earthquakes is increasing the damaged districts from sea-water.
Concerning the study of recent alluvial plains, there is much that requires consideration from various angles in human activities.

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After the end of the World War II about 100 repatriates settled here on 710 hectares area. Because there were no other cultivated lands around and they were already in groups, they founded here an agglomerated settlement around Nobeyama Station (see fig.1), which also enabled them to cut down the cost of electric installation.
They raised exclusively vegetables, i.e. chinese cabbage, cabbage, radish, etc. But such monoculture was unstable at times of depression. So their leaders decided to adopt the mixed-culture of vegetable raising and stockbreeding instead. To realize it, it was necessary to remove some farmhouses to the environments to shorten the distance between home and field. Thus the agglometated settlement has changed into a dispersed settlement (see fig.2), which uncommon in Japan except in Hokkaido.

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