In Hokkaido, there are some districts specialized in dairy, that are the dairy regions of Tenpoku, konsen & littoral Tokachi, suburbs of Sapporo, eastern part of Eburi and yakumo. While the dairy regions in Ishikari plain and peninsula district were formed before the World War II, the dairy regions of northern and eastern parts of Hokkaido were formed after the war. The latter dairy regions changed into the dairy regions to keep away from a damage of cool temperature in summer, though the farmers of those regions have once attempted to carry on a mixed farming or a grain farming growing cereals and beans. Accumulated temperature (June to September) in this regions is below 2, 100°C. Especially in the littoral part of konsen district it is low, that is below 2, 000°C. The region changed intothe dairy region since 1933, because the farmers in this region were stimulated by the damage of cool summer in the previous year. Another conditions of hindrance for grain farming are that of bad soils such as peat bog, volcanic ashes and heavy clay. In the dairy regions of Ishikari plain and peninsula district, the conditions of soil are bad rather than the climatic conditions, therefore grain farming did not successfully developed there. These dairy regions where are most advanced districts in dairy of Hokkaido, have many breeders who were engaged in the breeding of cattle. And in this regions many young men living in some dairy farms practise cattle rearing, for the sake of learning of technical method concerned with dairy. The development of dairy in Hokkaido was promoted by many social factors too, for instance execution of the law concerned with promotion of dairy etc. But the formation of dairy regions are limited to some parts of all the intensive dairy regions appointed by government. Therefore we have to recognize valuable significance of geographical conditions for the formation of dairy regions in Hokkaido.
Fig. 1. The ratio of forage crop acreage to total area of fields in cities, towns or villages in Hokkaido (1960), The portions where the ratios is more than 30% have a characteristic of the dairy regions.
Fig. 2. The ratio of number of farms keeping cow more than 5 head which are two or more years old, to total number of farms in cities, towns or villages in Hokkaido (1960). If it were omitted the by-work farms which are concentrated on a job other than farming i.e, the secondary class by-work farms, the ratio become far higher. The portions where the ratio is more than 4% have a characteristic of the dairy regions at present.
Fig. 3-4. The spreading ratio of cow keeping i.e, the ratio of number of farms keeping cow to total number of farms in cities, towns or villages in Hokkaido (1960 and 1950), The portions where the ratio is more than 50% corres pond to the dairy regions. on the map of 1950 (Fig. 4), the portion of high ratio does not yet show localization of dairy region especially in northern and eastern part of Hokkaido,
Fig. 5. The change of the rice yield per 10a and the annual milking puantity per cow in Hokkaido. The rice yield per 10a falls severely many times every poor crop years based on low temperature in summer. The milking quantity per cow does not change so. The decrease of milking quantity before and after Showa 20 (1945) is the effect of the World War II.
Fig. 6. The change of the growing area of potetoes and the numfer of domestic animals in Yakumo Town.
Fig. 7. The land use of M farm in west Shihoro, Tsure villaye, Kushiro province.

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On the basis of the “text” of the Siberian Map of 181 (1672-1673), it had been conjectured in Russia since the nineteenth century that the Siberian Map was made up around the years 1672-1673. The original Map of Siberia of 181 (1672-1673) has never discovered yet, but fortunately we have what are believed to be its threedifferent copies.
L. Bagrow, regarding these copies as having much to do with the “text” of 181, asserted that they were reproductions of the original Map of Siberia of 181 (1672). In spite of some opposition, not a few scholars of the Soviet Union have followed Bagrow.
B.P. Polevoy, at the February 1954 conference of the U.S.S.R. Geographical Society, held in Leningrad, presented a report, saying that at least the eastern half of the Map of Siberia of 181 was made by S.V. Polyakov in 1673, and that the author of the “text” of the Siberian Map of 181 was also Polyakov. A.I. Andreyev supports this opinion almost completely.
This view is so plausible that most probably the Map of 181 will hereafter be called the “Map of Siberia of 1673.”
However, I do not believe the view will survive criticism and become an established theory before Polevoy's report, still not made public, be published.

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The regional evolution of agriculture could be estimated by the degree which the natural environment has been changed and the techniques employed to this end. This view-point would be realized in the following indicaters;
1) land utilization 2) crop rotation system 3) the methods adopted to keep or increase the soil fertility and 4) type of rural economy. From such a point of view, how farming type has been changed by the introduction of irrigation, in the semi-arid region, is treated in this article. The author had the opportunity to stay in the northern part of west, Pakistan in 1962. He took the two sample villages for the intensive survey, one is Sagri that is dry farming village and the other is Mohammud Abad that depends on irrigation farming. He found many differences between them and regarded dry farming as the original type and irrigation farming as the developed type.
As his conclusion, the author compared these two types of West Pakistan agriculture with those of Europe and Japan. In Europe, the original type is represented by three field system and the developed type is by Norfolk system of husbandry. In Japan, the original type is by paddy farming before 19th century and the developed type is by it in 20th century. Through these comparisons, the original type of West Pakistan resembles to that of West Europe and its developed type has much resemblance to that of Japan.
Why has such a transformation of farming type occured in the semi-arid region of West Pakistan through the introduction of irrigation? The author pointed out two important aspects of this problem.
1) Although the agriculture of West Pakistan has many cattle, the nature of their association is literally crop cultivation and cattle breeding. As these two branches of agriculture is crudely combined, we could not call them as mixed farming. Mixed farming has no conditions to be developed there because of the dry climate and the low stage of economic development.
2) Agriculture of West Pakistan is characterized by the existence of many small holdings, that is also common feature of Asian countries. This character strengthens the trend to Japanese type of agriculture in its developed type, not to West European way.

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