A large variety and number of small-cale factories are gathered in the large cities of Japan, such as Tokyo and Osaka. Considered from both aspects of production and land utilization, they carry various problems. What is being undertaken to solve such problems is the assembling program, involving the establishment of industrial estates and unit workshops, undertaken by the govern ment, both central and local.
The purpose of this report is to examine the nature of the assembling programs being undertaken and what problems these programs have as observed in the measures undertaken to solve the variety of problems held by the small-scale factories compactly gathered in Tokyo, the largest city in Japan.
One type of assembling of the small-scale factories in Tokyo is the industrial estates being established in the perimeter areas of the city. Six industrial estates-such as for production of ready-made clothing, metal toys, and electric implements-have been established. None of these estates have caused to weaken the productive capacity of similar industrial groups established in the internal areas of Tokyo.
The second type of assembling is the assembling projects within the inner areas of the city. Examples are the estabilshment of the industrial estates built on reclarimed land along Tokyo Bay and the construction of unit workshops. The former was established primarily with an anti-pollution objective. It includes industries such as forging, casting, press work, and lumbering. The latter was aimed to lessen water pollution from disposals and includes industries such as metal plating, printing, and book binding.
Each project has achieved its desired results but unsolved problems still remain. First among these is that among the small-scale factories those that can participate in the assembling program are the larger among them and thus the majority of the small-scale factories have not been benefited. The second is the work shop and housing problem. Presently, with most of the small-scale factories the workshop and housing facilities are located in the same place or, in other words, form a unit. This situation has been utilized by such factories to their advantage. Consequently, most small-scale factories do not desire assembling which calls for the separation of workshop and housing. The present program of assembling small-scale factories is not effectively functioning in the internal areas of large cities. The program of assembling small-scale factories must first consider the relation of production activity and land utilization before it can expect to achieve any measure of success.

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The meaning of hierarchy effect as an empirical regularity in the spatial diffusion of entrepreneurial innovation has been ambiguous, and its spatial signification has been imperfect in the past. In the case of profit-motivated polynuclear innovation a hierarchical diffusion viewed from the aspect of spatial process seems to occur through the spatial market division. Therefore in this paper, taking an example of the diffusion of electric light company (E.L. Company for short) in Fukushima Prefecture, the author examined this point (Fig. 1 & 3).
On the whole E.L. Company, which first opened in Fukushima in 1895, spread from the city to the town and from the town to the village, showing the hierarchical diffusion pattern (Fig. 4 & 6). Particularly this time lag of diffusion by the city, town and village-category may be accounted for by the concentration of entrepreneurs on specific places (Table 2). Moreover it also results from the fact that the motive of establishment in the city and town is different from that in the village; that is, while the motive in the former is to make a profit, that in the latter is to raise the life and culture level. So the author investigated the diffusion process of E.L. Company by the city, town and village-category.
The municipal cities in Fukushima Prefecture were only Aizu-Wakamatsu and Fukushima. The reasons why the opening of E.L. Company in Fukushima was earlier than that in Aizu-Wakamatsu whose population was the largest are inferred as follows. (1) The information potential in Fukushima is high by a close relationship to the Keihin district through the export of habutae-silk. (2) Fukushima is in close vicinity to Sendai where the first E.L. Company in Tohoku district opened in 1894. (3) While the economic world in Aizu-Wakamatsu where the traditional industry was located and suffered a blow of the Meiji Restoration War was stagnant, that in Fukushima which was suddenly rising backed by the silk-reeling industry was more enterprising.
For the diffusion process of E.L. Company in the town and village level, the following result was obtained by step wise forward discriminant analysis and multiple regression analysis. The potential adopters in the town level are those where population and textile industry are agglomerated, and whose possibility to be included within the service area of E.L. Company in Fukushima is low (Table 3 & 4). Among towns fulfilling these conditions, the more population, information potential, and possibility to get wide service areas they had, the earlier the openings of E.L. Companies were (Table 5). E.L. Companies thus opened in the city and town extended their service areas toward the neighboring villages where some industrial activities existed within the limit of electric transmission (Table 6 & 7 and Fig. 9). In this regard a significant market division principle restricted by distance definitely operated. Though the market division by E.L. Companies proceeded, those in the city and town didn't lastly include all the villages into their service areas, consciously excluding some small villages (This point is suggested by the fact that from Table 8 E.L. Companies tended to open in smaller villages). In other words it means that the market division principle based on the opportunity distribution such as population size replaced the above-mentioned principle restricted by distance.
But even among the villages not graced with the electric light, if hydraulic power place exists in the vicinity and some industrial activities are located, there is a possibility for E.L. Company to open (Table 8 & 9). Soon after World War I among the villages fulfilling the above conditions, the less possibility to be included within the service area of E.L. Company in Fukushima, the more industrial activities and the higher income level they had, the earlier the openings of E.L. Companies were (Table 10).

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The so called location of settlements in Yayoi Age in the Fukuoka Plain, commonly known as well developed region in Yayoi Age, depended on the cultivation of rice plants. In this article, I examined their location by considerations of geographical conditions and by classifications of it into 7 types as follows:
A: On a upland-A-a: facing shallow valley A-b: facing valley bottom land A-c: the rest
B: On a lower terrace-B-a: near a flood plain B-b: the rest
C: On a flood plain-C-a: micro relief such as natural levee C-b: the rest
As a result of the examinations, I reached the conclusions as follows:
1) Some settlements of the latest period of Jomon(_??__??_)Age continued to Yayoi Age, while some did not. Their continuation depended upon whether or not they had shallow valleys where the soil was suited to the cultivation of paddy rice plants.
2) The A-a type and C-a type settlements prevailed in the early period of Yayoi Age and continued their existence for a long time. Both types had the shallow valleys or flood plains where the soil was suited to the rice plants cultivation. Some of C-a type settlenents ceased to exist. Considerating their relatively lower height in altitude, it could be assumed that they were destroyed by inundations of rivers.
3) The location of settlements in the middle period of Yayoi Age was of various types, due to the technical progress of the rice cultivation. Half of them were of A-a type. The fact showed that it was easy for Yayoi people to develop the shallow valleys. Therefore they developed them first and proceeded the settlements.
4) Among the newly located settlements in the middle period of Yayoi Age, the A-a type settlements existed for a long time and the A-c type and the C-a type settlements existed for a short time.
5) 65% of the location types of settlements in the later period of Yayoi Age were A-a type, the other types existed by just a few. The location types were still varied.
6) Through out Yayoi Age, the duration of the A-a type settlements were long, while that of the B-a type and the B-b type settlements were short. That of the C-a type settlements lay between them.
7) The long duration of the A-a type settlements was due to the fact that they suffered no flood damages situated on high elevations.

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