1. Purpose of this paper
The fishing labor market in Japan seems much more separated into sub-markets of various types of working systems than in many other industries. From a geographical point of view, the regional or territorial separation of the fishing labor market is very interesting. In this study, the territorial bonds of a group of squid fishermen and territorial separation of the labor market at Hachinohe are surveyed. Hachinohe is a large fishing port in the north of Sanriku Coast where is located one of Japan's prosperous fishing regions. Squid fishing is the primary industry at Hachinohe, which is the largest squid fishing port in Japan and perhaps in the world.
2. Classification of squid-fishing managers
The squid-fishing labor market at Hachinohe consists of about 2, 500 fishing laborers and 254 squid-fishing boats which are employed and run by 147 managers. These managers are classified into five classes:
I. A class of multiple-fishing managers, whose main business is the deep-sea fishing other than squid-fishing. Squid-fishing is a subsidiary business. The average total tonnage of fishing boats managed per manager is about 900t. Most of the large fishing companies belong to this class.
II. An upper squid-fishing class. Squid-fishing is the main business. Total tonnage of fishing boats run by each manager is more than 600t.
III. A middle squid-fishing class. Squid-fishing is the main business. Total tonnage is 200∼600t.
IV. A lower squid-fishing class. Squid-fishing is the main business. Total tonnage is 100∼200t.
V. A bottom squid-fishing class. Squid-fishing is the main business. Total tonnage is less than 100t.
These five classes can be regarded as the sub-labor markets of squid-fishing at Hachinohe.
3. Segregation of territorial groups in the squid-fishing labor market and its territorial separation
The native villages of fishermen on 182 fishing boats, about 70% of the total, were surveyed in order to clarify the territorial composition of crew members of each fishing boat. The fishermen who come from the same villages are defined as members of the same “territorial group”. Then, a segregation index of each group in each of five sub-markets was produced, in order to measure the strength of collectivities of these territorial groups.
The findings are summarized as follows:
1) There is a general tendency that the lower the classes are, the higher the indices of each group shows. That is, in the sub-market of lower classes (especially IV and V), the crew of a squid fishing boat consists of fishermen who come from very few, often only one, territorial group. On the contrary, the sub-markets of higher classes (I, some of II, III) have very weak territorial separation and fishermen from many territorial groups are mixed on boats.
2) The territorial groups which have remarkably high index values are those who come from particular fishing villages in the coastal region to the south of Hachinohe port, that is, Okonai and Uge in Taneichi-machi and Kuki and Kosode in Kuji-shi.
3) The laborers belonging to the Hachinohe group are mainly employed by the managers of lower and bottom classes, while the fishermen from Taneichi and Kuji are mainly employed by the upper class (II) managers.
The above analysis shaws that the labor market of squid-fishing consists of three sub-markets; (1) A bottom and lower class sub-market, whose laborers are mainly gathered from Hachinohe, (2) An upper class sub-market of which fishermen are from Taneichi and Kuji, and (3) A higher class sub-market of which fishermen come from many territorial groups. As a whole, squid-fishing at Hachinohe has a rather territorially separated labor market because of the firm separation between the first and the second sub-markets.
4. Establishment of territotrial separation

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In this article the author tried to investigate the character of a recently semi-urbanized rural village in a paddy-cultivated area of Japan. For the purpose one rural village situated at the urban fringe, Matsuhashi (Tsubame-shi, Niigata Pref.), was selected. The village has recently taken on the characteristics of a dormitory village after rapid increase in population, although it belongs to the highest productivity area of paddy cultivation in Japan.
In order to understand the character of present-day Japanese villages it is important to investigate the degree of diversity of the residents' spatial behaviour and the social integration of the village community. Such investigation was conducted by the following procedure: The residents' spatial behaviour should be grasped on two significant dimensions of human spatial behaviour: spatial mobility and spatial directivity. Therefore, first the residents and their households were divided into several groups according to their working or shopping place as an indicator of mobility, and the organizations they joined as indicator of directivity. Secondly the relation between these groups and the attributes of their members were analyzed. Finally, in order to clarify the integrating functions of the community, the author investigated the community organizations and their functions by interviewing the residents.
The results are as follows: (see Fig. 5).
The spatial behaviour of individuals shows a high degree of diversity with different types of mobility and directivity owing to different types of attributes, i. e. sex, age and occupation. This diversity of individuals' behaviour is recognizable all over the village, both in the case of farming and non-farming families. On the other hand, although in terms of mobility the households are divided into many types, in terms of their directivity they are composed of only two types, that is one showing directivity to the community, and another not showing it. The former are the farming family type and the latter are non-farming families.
Both farming groups and non-farming groups form several neighborhoods as lower units of the village community. The neighborhoods of farmhouses are connected with the village community agriculturally, socially and administratively. However, those of non-farmers are only connected administratively. The two groups sometimes act against each others' interests. And the non-farming group seems to be excluded from the traditional functions of the community. In this case the only chance for the non-farming group to be connected with the community comes from taking part in the organizations of the territory of the former municipality, which is now the area for the elementary school and agricultural co-operative and includes the village of Matsuhashi as a component.

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