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Volume 10 (1958 - 195･･･
- Issue 5-6 Pages 317-
- Issue 4 Pages 237-
- Issue 3 Pages 159-
- Issue 2 Pages 81-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 10, Issue 5-6
Displaying 1-25 of 25 articles from this issue
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 317-320
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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Jihei ASAI1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 321-330,443
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe area of the upper part of the River Oi is famous for its rich forests of Japanese cedors (cryptomeria), Japanese cypresses, white firs, hemlork-spruces, ete. It appears that these kinds of wood have since long been cut down by feudal lords at times.
The earliest record concerning the bringing down timber out of the area is that for the purpose of building the main toner of Sunpu (Shizuoka) Castle in the Keicho period (1590-1614) in the beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate Dynasty, and, after that, timber was continuously brought down.
It is clear that the piece of timber was brought down by the stream one by one out of the area more than seventy kilometres away from the river mouth.
It was then innevitable to ship the timber by sea to Yedo (Tokyo) where it was demanded; the timber ought to be loaded on a vessel near the mouth of the river.
However, the River Oi runs through the Akaishi mountains as high as 3000 metres, and the area is rich in rain.
These conditions create a remarkable delta at the mouth of the river, that makes the construction of a sea port most unsuitable.
The question is; How they overcame the difficulty? and From where they shipped the timber?
To answer these points, the present author looked in ancient documents and has found that in the 6th year of Genroku (1693), the famous businessman Kinokuniya-Bunzaemon built a sluice-gate, Kiya Suimon near Shimada, and that he used water-ways on the delta down till Wada Port eight kilometres north-east from the river mouth.
In later dotuments, it was found that the River Shibachi and the River Shinkawa had also been used as route to Wada Port and Fujimori Port.
Both Wada and Fujimori were the rivermouth ports safely protected from the sea by sand-dunes.
The author made field investigations in the area and found the following routes once used for the purpose:
Route A: the River Oi-Kiya sluise-a part of River Tochiyawa-the River Kiya-Wada Port. [since the Genroku period (1688-1704) till 1877]
Route B: the River Oi-Kiya Sluicc-the River shibachi-a small part of the River Tochiyama-the River Kiya-Wada Port.
Route C: the River Oi-the River Kamiizumi-Shinkawa-the River Tanaka-Fujimori port.
Route A and B are historically more interesting and their shipment was more important.
Toward the end of the 33rd year of Meiji (1900), these routes were substituted for by the railway and today what remains is their traces used as irrigation water-ways.View full abstractDownload PDF (1132K) -
Hideo UCHIDA1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 330-344,444
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs religion is so deeply rooted in the nature of man, people of a faith usually share a common consciousness. Thus religion may be viewed as a cultural pattern. Our attempt here is to map the distribution of the ‘Shinshu’ Sect, the Buddhist sect which has the largest number of adherents in this country and is, in its doctrine, somewhat like the Protestantism in Christianity. Churches of the sect will be used as an index to draw the map.
The ‘Shinshu’ sect is, we shall find, a very widely distributed sect, but it finds its followers mainly in such districts as Kinki, Tokai, Hokuriku, Tohoku (especially those provinces of the district neighboring Hokuriku), and the western provinces of Chugoku. In these districts with fertile plains and an advanced civilization, the sect has found most of its adherents among rice-field cultivators. Because of their elements of magic and mysticism, older Buddhist sects such as the ‘Shingon’ sect are mostly distributed among remote mountainous regions. The ‘Shinshu’ sect, on the other hand, has prospered in the plains and other places where people live and work, for from the beginning it asserted ordinary people and their living as such.
Many of the villages where its adherents are concentrated were once visited by Shinran, the founder of the sect. They are also notable snow regions of this country. This suggests that there is some connection among those facts. It is also interesting to note that the ‘Shinshu’ sect has prospered rather poorly at Inada region in the Kanto district, the birthplace of the sect, just as Christianity is not widely accepted in Palestine regions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1880K) -
Yoichi KOIKE1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 344-358,445
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe ‘Koya-gami’ (‘Koya’ hand-made paper) is produced in the area along the Kozawa and the Niu Rivers, which flow down the northern foot of the Mount Koya and join the Kinokawa. While the area included about ten villages in the pre-Meiji Era, nowadays Shimo-kozawa on the lower Kozawa is the only production center of the paper.
The paper manufacture, grown up on the narrow economic zone of the Koya temple estate, has undergone the inevitable process of decline in the developing capitalistic economy since the Meiji Era, on account of its primitive industrial character such as combination of both paper mulberry raising and processing within an enterprise. From the very beginning the paper-making was a subsidiary work in farmers' slack seasons, and as silk culture was adopted as another sideline in the Meiji Era, mulberry growing gradually replaced paper mulberry growing. This particular change did achieve the division between raw material production and processing, but it did not affect the subsidiary character of the industry. No notable progress was seen in either its capitalization or its mechanization; as transport facilities grew and urbanized economy made way, many of the population found jobs in nearby cities and, after the last War, fruit-growing began to expel paper-making.
Under this process of decline, regional differences are seen in the ‘Koya-gami’ producing area. Regional stratification is under way as decline of the paper manufacture and growth of fruit culture, respectively from the upstream villages and from the downtsream villages, proceed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1620K) -
Kokichi SAITO1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 358-372,445
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article is an analysis of the ecological balance of the lagoon. The writer has chosen, as an example, Ochi Lagoon at the Ochi Trough, Noto Province.
In Chapter One various natural conditions of the lagoon are surveyed to see how the land is affected by them, especially by flooding and low tide.
Chapter Two deals with the backgrund of history, specifically the development of newly reclaimed rice-fields since the Tokugawa Era. The reclamation process has also been affected by conditions of nature. Moreover, because the lagoon was a commonage from the beginning, newborn rice-fields would present complicated problems of ownership. The complication once led to the so-called Anei Case, which in turn resulted in the Land Reclamation Law.
Chapter Three deals with the modern history of the lagoon. Prewar partial land reclamation under prefectural sponsorship proved a failure, so that after the last War total reclamation has been under way, sponsored by the national government. This postwar method of reclamation has raised the question of allotment of reclaimed land. One reason why the question has caused so much trouble is the deep-rooted custom of commonage, which should be regarded rather as an instinct of the native inhabitants to maintain their supremacy, than as a left-over from the feudal age.
When the lagoon disappears, the ecological balance of the neighboring district will naturally be destroyed and a new balance will have to be created. This is to my thinking the heart of the matter.View full abstractDownload PDF (1678K) -
Toshio NOHARA1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 373-388,446
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSI. It has been said that agriculture specializing in rice tends to be self-sufficient and stagnant in its economic character, that it caused to retain both feudal landownership and feudal community, and that rice-producing areas are therefore particularly prone to hindering the development of modern agriculture and the formation of parastic landownership.
True, rice cultivation is apt to be technically stagnant as compared with production of such commercially remunerative commodities as cotton or indigo-plant, but it did have own history of progress in the course of its years of development. Besides, rice passed for a commodity among farmers to a fairly large extent. Thus it may lead to misunderstanding to over-emphasize the stagnant and self-sufficient character of rice-producting areas. It will be more correct to say what brought about parasitic landownership was not stagnant, but insufficient progress in agriculture in these areas.
II. In the north-western part of the Nobi Plains, where rice is the dominant farm produce, we find two villages which respectively present the typical cases of both the distinct formation (in the early nineteenth century) and the indistinct formation of parastic landownership: Kida-mura and Nishinohashi-mura. These two villages are here compared on their differences in both technical progress and village structure.
III. In the case of Kida-mura, semi-annual crop raising and intensive utilization of land as result of improved irrigation brought about, through employment of a large amount of labor, a betterment of management in tenant farms since the middle of the eighteenth century. Together, with the influence of urban monetary economy, these new technical development resulted in the shortage of labor, which disabled feudal landownership and gradually liquidated feudal communal structure. However, as the progress in agricultural technology took the direction of intensive farming and did not head towardes increased productivity of labor, which is the only true technical progress, the disolution of feudal agriculture did not lead to modern agriculture but to wide-spread parasitic landownership on the basis of ultra-small farm management.
In the case of Nishinohashi-mura, no such improvement of land or agricultural progress can been seen, and this accounts for the indistict formation of parasitic landownership there.View full abstractDownload PDF (1680K) -
His Stoic CharacterTadashi TAKAHASHI1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 389-403,447
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe philosophy as a background of the history of geography, especially that of the ancient times, has not been made sufficiently clear. In this article, which is an attempt at tracing the methodological history of geography, I have tried to discover the relationship between Strabo and the Stoic philosophy of the Greco-Roman Age.
Briefly, the Stoic elements in the geography of Strabo are:
(1) his orientation of geography in the system of philosophy: geography→gemoetry→astronomy→physics that is àρειη;
(2) the encyclopaedic character of his geography as related to his practical character;
(3) that this practical character also means ethical practice;
(4) that this practical character may also be found in his ideas of poetry, mythology, and history; especially in his interpretation of Homer from the viewpoint of practice;
(5) that his theory of geographical environment originates in his idea of προνοια;
(6) that his theory of environmental possibilism is influenced by the behaviourism of the middle Stoicism.
(7) his cosmopolitanism that the possession of virtue, and not the difference in race, is the criterion of Barbaroi;
(8) his admiration of the Pax Romana that he regards as tha establishment of Megalopolis.
As these characteristics of Strabo are also related with his methodology of geography, this article will serve as prolegomenon to a full study of Strabo's geography.View full abstractDownload PDF (1524K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 404-407
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 407-412
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 412-416
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 416-421
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 421-426
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 426
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
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Susumu Matuda1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 427-434
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 434-435
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 435
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 435a-436
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 436
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 436a
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 437
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 437a
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 437b-438
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 438
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 438a-439
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 10 Issue 5-6 Pages 439
Published: January 31, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2009
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