Marine Farming is one of the unique type fisheries latest in Japan. It requires much trouble, for instance, rational management by scientific concern, and steady administration by long-dated planning, so it is of different from other fisheries. It is known that some sorts of marine farmings are the most adequate remedies for retardating coastal villages. Above all, pearl culture, which was begun by K. Mikimoto and others at Ago Bay about 1900, and yellow-tail fish (hamachi) culture, begun by W. Noami at Ado-ike about 1950, are diffusing very rapidly all over western Japan, to some inlets, peninsula-sides, island-sides, rias-coasts or shallow seas.
In the process of production, it is able to be pointed out very special case in these two sorts of marine farming, namely, they have divisions of labours in their farming stages. By the case of pearl culture, there are several fishing-farms by its culturing stages as followings; fishing-farms of mother-shell culture, of nuclei operation and of pearl wrapping. Yellow-tail fish culture also needs some fishing-grounds. And according to these farming stages, it comes into existence of so called “fishing villages, specialized for seed collecting”.
Akoya-shell, the mother shell of pearl, spawns at warm sea which amounts to 15°C in early May to middle August. Larvae of the shells, after floating few days, attach to some solid body on shallow sea bottom, then, if there are some hanging things in middle stratum to which larvae may attach, these things become instruments of collecting them. At Ago Bay, formerly, empty shells of oysters were the most popular instruments, but now-a-days, twigs of cryptomeria are the best collecters especially at Sukumo Bay. These larvae of Akoya-shells are seeds for pearl culturing.
Yellow-tail spawns by 19°C at Kuroshio current on May or June. Infant fish called “mojako” flows with seaweeds. From Kagoshima to Wakayama spreads the best fishing-grounds of mojako with a distribution of such floating seaweeds, which are so called “nagare-mo”. These infant fishes are seeds for yellow-tail fish culturing.
Sukumo Bay is a large bay locating south-western end of Shikoku. Temperature of water along this district is so high owing to Kuroshio current, as to fit to fishing-farm of pearl and yellow-tail. On 1903, one of the oldest pearl culturers established his management on this bay. Year by year, especially after the second world war, increases its number arround the bay, but almost all of them are not so big managements without Takashima Pearl, Kitamura Pearl and Tazaki Pearl. The other side, yellow-tail fish culturers established their managements from 1961, here. Among them, the biggest one who came from Kochi rented a fishing-ground at Naigainoura, but without him, there is no company of yellow-tail culturing.
Arround the bay, several villages locate on every small branch inlets. There are six fishing-guilds which belongs to Sukumo City, are standing on this coast, namely, from south to north, Sakaki, Kozukushi, Omi, Naigainoura, Sukumo and Mokuzu. Fishermen of these fishing-guilds are engaged in collecting seeds for two sorts of marine farmings. Plenty of seeds of pearl are found at Naigainoura and Sukumo, but price is not constant, and sometimes one can get very much money by price-raising, but more often one may be beaten down. Mother shell culturers from Ehime buy the best seeds here, and second class seeds remain here. The former is named Ehime-shell, and the latter, not so good one, is so called Sukumo-shell. As to Yellow-tail, there is another problem according to fishery law. Surrounding nets for mojako fishing are engaged only by permission.

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The author's object is to clarify the factors of the areal establishment of silviculture. Up to this time, the areal expanding of silviculture has explained by the forestry rent theory that the height of timber market price had realized it. But it must be emphasized that the afforestation is supported by the many farmhouses mainly in the pirvate forest land in Japan, so we must analyze the economic basis of them.
The ratio of the area of artificial forest land is higher than the other country. It is about 30%. But we can admit the areal difference of it in Japan, namely higher in south-western part of Japan, lower in north-eastern part of Japan.
The private forest land in north-eastern part of Japan has been famous for the large production of firewood and charcoal made of unartificial broad-leaved trees. But the production of it has decreased rapidly by the change of energy demand in recent years. So, many farmhouses had to ask the other incomes. One of it was the way of silviculture of needle-leaved trees. Nowadays, the area of afforestation changed from unartifitial forest land is increasing. But the ratio of it remains lower.
Now, the author tried to analyze the factors of the new establishment of silviculture through the economic basis of farmhouses in Kawai-Mura (village), central part of Kitakami mountaneous region, Iwate prefecture, north-eastern part of Japan.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. The scale of large greater part of the farmhouses of this village is small and the income of them depends on the production of agriculture (mainly, rice, tobacco, mulberry, vegetable and millet), firewood and charcoal, breeding of calf and subsidary of other buisiness. And the greater part of it depends on agriculture, and almost farmhouses breed a few calves. But, before 10 years they depended on mainly the prodution of firewood and charcoal.
2. There are two types of settlement in this village. One is that the way of silviculture spread in each farmhouse, the other is that the way of it hardly spread. The former depends on commonly the rice production, the most of which is consumed for themselves, the later depends on commonly the ordinary crops (mainly tobacco and mulberry). These crops need much labour, so the adaptation of silviculture is difficult.
3. The beginning of the spreading of silviculture in this village was about 1955. The ratio of the area of silviculture in the woodland in this village is about 10% in the present time. Especially with the change of energy demand, each farmhouse has oriented to the enlarging of paddy fields in the first place on account of the rising of rice price by the supporting price system, and in the next stage, they have enlarged the scale of culture of mulberry or breeding, or introduction of dairy, tobacco or silviculture.
4. Then the farmhouses with woodland below 20ha. oriented to the adaptation of silviculture which supported by the system of subsidiary for silviculture beginning from 1954 by the government. But the economy of these farmhouses is extremely small, so the annual realizing scale of silviculture is also very small. And the rice production is important in the economic basis of these farmhouses.
The farmhouses with woodland over 20ha. which number is a few possess also larger paddy, ordinary and pasture fields. Therefore they enlarge the each part of them, and they ignore the input to silviculture due to the slow growth and turnover of capital.
This trend is opposite to them in the south-western part of Japan.

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