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Volume 23, Issue 1
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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Sites Called ‘Ho Hatcho’ in MutsuRyo Kinoshita1971 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 1-32
Published: February 28, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Fukushima, Miyagi and Iwate prefectures, so far as the author knows, there are 17 places named ‘Ho Hatcho’ which means eight cho square. The area covering these three prefectures used to be called Mutsu in ancient Japan as an eastern frontier of the country. In Yamagata and Akita prefectures which correspond to Dewa, a northern frontier of the same period, we do not find any ‘Ho Hatcho, ’ but quite a few sites named ‘Hatcho, ’ several of which are villages of the type similar to ‘Ho Hatcho.’ Neither ‘Ho Hatcho’ nor ‘Hatcho, ’ however, is to be seen in the most northern prefecture Aomori.
Of the seventeen villages of the ‘Ho Hatcho’ type, eleven lie on the low land, three on the river terrace and three on the gently-sloping low upland. The basic form of the first eleven villages is described by their enclosures such as mounds, fences and trenches. The arable lands inside or outside these enclosures are considered to have been allotted on the grid pattern at intervals of one cho.
I would regard the villages on the low land, therefore, as farm villages intentionally built for the purpose of cultivating the land. I also regard those on the upland as stations because they are scattered along traffic roads, and those on the river terrace as having had the function of a river port.
From the later seventh century to the early ninth century, the Government sent many settlers to the frontiers from every part of the country.
To cite the example of Izawa ‘gun’ which holds larger number of ‘Ho Hatcho’s than any other region, many of the ‘go’ names appearing within this ‘gun’ coincide with those of ‘kuni’ originally given to other parts of Japan, like Shinano ‘go’ corresponding to Shinano ‘kuni.’ The inhabitants of Izawa ‘gun’ are thus considered to have consisted of colonists from outside.
The law enforced in the eighth century says, “Keep the people living on the frontier in a fort.” I think, for this reason, that it was in conformity with this law that the ‘Ho Hatcho’ plan was laid down.
But the present Iwate prefecture, where villages of the ‘Ho Hatcho’ type are most found, is known to have come under Government control at the beginning of the ninth century. So it is my opinion that the villages of ‘Ho Hatcho’ type were actually established around that time.View full abstractDownload PDF (3804K) -
Hajime Yamazumi1971 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 33-73
Published: February 28, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the Tokugawa era (around A.D. 17c.-the first half of A.D. 19c), there existed a class of Japanese warriers called ‘Hatamoto, ’ which was under the immediate control of the Shogunate as its vassal group. Although they were given smaller fieves than the Daimyos, the Hatamotos, employed as the Shogunate bureaucracy, held an important position in its caste. But their fieves, found most in the Kanto districts and secondly in the Tokai and Kinki districts, were generally of very small size. Moreover, it frequently happened that a village was ruled over by more than two rulers, so that sometimes the fieves got tangled each other in one village.
In this study I made it clear, by means of various historical materials, how the Hatamotos' fieves were distributed in five provinces generically named ‘Kinai’-Settsu, Kawachi, Izumi, Yamato and Yamashiro-which cover the present Osaka and Nara Prefecture, and a part of Hyogo and Kyoto Prefecture. I also studied why the Hatamotos were given their fieves in these districts, and classified the Hatamotos whose fieves were in Kinai into the following four types:
1) Some were vassals of the Toyotomi family, the virtual ruler of Japan before the Tokugawa Shogunate. They had their fieves near Osaka, which was the stronghold of the Toyotomi family. After the fall of the family they served the Shogunate as Hatamotos and were permitted to have their fieves as they had been.
2) Before the 17th century some proceeded to their posts as local government officials of the main cities in such districts as Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, Sakai and so forth, and obtained fieves near their posts. But after the 18th century any instances of this kind were not observed.
3) Some relatives of the Daimyos who had their castles in Kinai became Hatamotos, given some parts of the Daimyos' fieves.
4) Some others were not Samurais but doctors, scholars, artists and the like living in Kyoto. Having those special occupations by inheritance, they got the position of ‘Hatamoto.’
Thus these four types characterize Hatamotos of the Kinai districts, but it seems that the case is different with the Kanto districts (centering around Edo-now Tokyo).
Comparing the fieves in Kinai with those in Kanto, we will notice another distinct feature; in Kinai the rule by the same family over each of their fieves lasted relatively longer than in Kanto. The reign of the Hatamotos in the Kanto districts became nominal gradually, whereas the Hatamotos in Kinki, who established their mansions in their fieves as a center of their government, maintained their prestige as rulers.View full abstractDownload PDF (4193K) -
Makoto MATSUDA1971 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 74-90
Published: February 28, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
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especially in the Provinces of Tajima, Inaba & HokiTamotsu NAKABAYASHI1971 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 91-103
Published: February 28, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
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1971 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 104-110
Published: February 28, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (684K) -
[in Japanese]1971 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 110-111
Published: February 28, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (181K)
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