The muds which sedimented on the bottom of the pond, the soils of granite rock origin which were taken from each stratum of the sloping farm, and the mixtures of both with variable percentage, were filled in the earthen pots and some physical and chemical properties of them were precisely studied. On the other hand, peaches, grapes and soybeans were grown in the above mentioned pots and the growth of shoots, stems and roots were observed. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Gravel, silt and clay contained in the soils of sloping farm and pond muds are shown in Table 1.
It is clearly shown that the former contains much higher percentage of gravel, but, lower percentage of silt and of clay than the latter.
Table 1. Gravel, silt and clay contained in the soils of sloping farm and pond muds._??_
2. Physical and chemical properties of the soils taken from sloping farm and pond muds are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.
By Table 2., maximum air content and the percen-tage of the loss on ignition are much higher in the pond muds, but total acidity by Daikubara's method is very much higher in the soils of granite rock origin. The pH value of both soils was nearly
Table 3. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium of sloping farm and pond muds._??_ Table 2. Maximum air content, pH, total acidity by DAIKUBARA's method and the percentage of loss on ignition._??_
equal.
Total nitrogen content of pond muds is thirty ti-mes, total potassium about two times, lime aboutthree times, sulphuric acid and exchangeable lime about four times to the soils from granite rock ori-gin, but total phosphorus is nearly equal.
3. By adding pond muds to the soils from slopingfarm, acidity of the latter was, moderately decreased and water holding capacity was much increased.
4. The growth of vegetative organs of peaches, grapes and soybeans was much accerelated by add-ing pond muds to the soils from sloping farm and the more adding percentage increased, the strongerthe growth of vegetative organs.
5. From above mentioned data, we came to the conclusion that the reclamation of the poor soils fromgranite rock origin might be achieved by adding fer-tile muds sedimented on the bottom of the pond. and other elements contained in the soils

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1. Though the dry pepper of Japan is a famous product abroad and the sweet pepper is gradually becoming more popular as a vegetable in this country, the study of variety has not been extensive enough. So we collected many varieties from the whole of Japan in 1949, then tried to clear the synonym and similarity by studying their differentiation considering their production and use.
2. We surveyed the leaf shape and quality, ha-bit of branching and fruiting, calyx shape, fruit season and foliage type. From these results we classified these varieties into the following 6 variety groups and 17 representative varieties as compared to ERWIN's and BAILEY'S systematic studies of peppers.
1. Goshiki group …… Goshiki
2. Enomi group. ……Enomi
3. Takanotsume group. Takanotsume, Hontaka, Daruma
4. Yatsubusa group……Koyatsubusa, Nagaya-tsubusa, Yatsubusa, Ohyatsubusa
5. Fushimi group……Sapporofuto, Nikko, Fushimikara, Fushimiama
6. Large fruit group……Shishi, Large Bell, Pimento, Squash
3. The variety differentiation is common with those in other parts of the world. And in Japan, Takanotsume and Yatsubusa groups develop nottably but Large fruit group is not so much to look at, and there is no Golden group as ERWIN explained.

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1. Effect of the sprays of mono-ammonium-phos-phate solution on the growth and chemical com-position of plants was studied, using seedlings of peach, persimmon, pear, grape vine and Satsuma orange planted in phosphorus deficient soil.
Mono-ammonium-phosphate solution of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% were sprayed on the seedlings. In addi-tion, one plot was fertilized with superphosphate.
2. Peach, pear and persimmon trees were spr-ayed 8 times from June; grape, 6 times from July; and Satsuma orange, 12 tims from June.
The seedlings were harvested in August or Octo-ber and weighed.
3. Foliar sprays of the phosphate increased plant growth as compared with no spraying.
The effective concentration of mono-ammonium-phosphate solution was 1.0% in peach, pear, and Satsuma orange, and 0.5_??_1.0% in persimmon and grape vine.
4. Persimmon and grape vine plants were more susceptible to the spraying. injury than the other plants.
5. The amount of phosphorus absorbed in seed-lings increased with the concentration of the spraying solution.
6. Although the effect of phosphate fertilization was conspicuous in peach and grape vine plants, it was not clear in pear and persimmon. This is probably due to the planting injury of these plants.

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1. There are some opinions not coincident in re-lation to the method of forcing, especially on the time and the method of low temperature treatment in freesia. Therefore, these experiments were con-ducted to find out the effects of low temperature upon the flower bud formation and flowering in the plant.
2. The materials used were the corms of F. refracta var. alba, which were transported from Ha-chijio Island.
3. The corms of the plant were divided into two groups; one (A) had no treatment before they were planted on every 3 rd day of the month from August to December, and the other (B) had cold storage, which comprised various methods of low tempera-ture treatment by plots, before they were planted.
4. In the plots of group A, the flower bud for-mation occurred from October 24 to December 23, when the average minimum temperatures of 10 days of the months were 2°C to 10°C. and the height of the plants were 3.1 to 22.8cm, according to the planting time.
5. The flowers began to bloom from January 23 to March 16 according to the planting time. And the percentage of flowering, number of flowers per plant, height of plants, number of leaves were all reduced, the percentage of malformed flower were increased and the term of harvest prolonged, as the plants were planted later.
6. In the plots of group B, the flower bud initia-tion occurred from September 14 to November 3, when the height of plants were 13. 1 to 23.6cm, and the flowers began to bloom from December 1 to February 6, according to treatments.
7. The most superior treatment in the time of flower bud initiation and flowering was 10°C for 50 days wet storage, and the next was 10°C for 40 days wet storage. But the percentage of flowering, num-ber of flowers per plant, height of plants, number of leaves were less and the term of harvest prolong-ed more than the other treatments. And the other four treatments; 3°C for 30 days dry storage, 15°C for 30 days dry storage, 10°C for 20 days wet sto-rage, and 10°C for 20 days then 3°C for 20 days wet storage, did not hasten the time of flowering as the plants of group A.

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1. In Spiraea Thunbergii SIEB., the flower bud formation occurred in the lateral buds of current shoots.
2. The cluster differentiation stages of flower buds were observed on October 8, 1951 in Tokyo, and on October 5, 1953 in Kagawa.
3. On October 18, 1951, 10 days after the clus-ter differentiation occurred, the initial formation of pistiles was individually distinguished in Tokyo, and on October 12, 1953, 7 days after the cluster differentiation stage, the initial development of stamens was observed in Kagawa. And then the first flowers of each place began to bloom on Nov-enber 19, 1951 in Tokyo, and on November 2, 1953 in Kagawa. But they flowered little in that time, many of them flowered in middle of March in Kag-awa, and at the end of March in Tokyo.
4. In Spiraea cantoniensis LOUR., the flower bud formation occurred in the lateral buds of current shoots.
5. The cluster differentiation stages of flower buds were observed on October 17, 1950 and on September 28, 1951 in Tokyo. And the initial for-mation of sepales, the differentiation stage of indi-vidual flower buds, occurred on Novembr 14, 1950 and on November 9, 1951.
6. The flower bud development in Spiraea canfoniensis progressed very slowly compared with that in S. Thunbergii; the initial formation of petals, pistiles, and pollen and ovules occurred on February 2, March 28, and April 17, 1951, in Tokyo respe-ctively. The flowers commenced to bloom on May 7.

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The differentiation of flower buds and their development in peas, Pisum sativum L., were studied in 1953. 14 varieties were used and they were sown three times, i.e., on 29 th, Nov. (1952), 10th, March and 10th, April, (1953) except 3 varieties which were sown only once on 10 th, April.
(1) Early varieties generally tend to differentiate their flower buds earlier. Differences in earliness of differentiation among used varieties have almost the same tendencies both in winter and spring sowings.
(2) On the anthesis, the quite same description as above can be indicated.
(3) It requires about twice dates in winter sowing as compared in spring sowing to differentiate flower buds, counting from the sowing date. The seedlings sown on 10 th, April, differentiate their flower buds slightly less number of dates than those sown on 10 th, March.
(4) The number of dates from the flower bud initiation to the flowering varies considerably with varieties, but there is no definite tendency according to the earliness of varieties. This number of dates is larger in winter sowing than in spring sowing.
(5) Pea plants at the time of flower bud initiation are still in very early stage of growth, and have only about six leaves in winter sowing. At this stage the seedlings sown in spring generally have more leaves than those sown in winter, but there are rather considerable differences in the number of leaves among varieties.
(6) The differentiation of flower buds takes place on the main stem at first and then advances to the lateral branches. But in the varieties which have strong power to branch at lower nodes of the main stem, the most vigorous lower branch differentiate the flower bud at the same time as the main stem. On the individual branch the differentiation advances from lower nodes to upper nodes.

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1. It is, hitherto, described that pops and faul-ty spot on the seed of the peanut is caused by soil drought and lack of calcium, but the studies of these mechanism is scarce. So we started on to clear these problems.
2. The influence to pops on the seed was not caused only by the drought of root zone, but the drought of peg zone. When the drought of both zone affected on the seed, the most severe injury took place.
3. When the peg went into the soil and the pod was formed first, soil drought influenced most seve-rely.
4. The effect of calcium was remarkable to re-move injury even if the soil was dry, and we obser-ved this was due to the calcium absorption by pegs chiefly. The effect of calcium was remarkable at the beginning of ovule-growth.

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Temperature is one of the most important environ-mental factor in chrysanthemum growing in cold seasons from late fall to early spring. When growing temperature is too cold, chrysanthemum cannot form flower buds even under short day conditions. In this study, minimum temperature ranges which allow the flower bud differentiation were tested on 49 varieties of fall flowering chrysanthemum.
Plants grown under the long day condition prolong-ed by artificial illumination were transfered to natural day (short day) at ten day intervals from September 15 to November 5. Flower bud differen-tiation, bud formation, and flowering were inspected on those plants.
In some varieties, plants, which had been trans-fered to the natural day as early as September 25, failed to differentiate flower bud, while in some other varieties, plants were able to differentiate flower bud even when they had been transfered as late as November 5. In most varieties, however, flower bud could not be observed on most plants which had been transfered after October 15 to 25. Minimum tem-peratures during October 15 to 25 ranged from 14.6 to 11.4°C. It seemed that this range was the mini-mum temperature which allow the flower bud dif-ferentiation in most varieties tested, though it must be widened from 16.5 to 7.6°C., if all varieties tested were included.
It was found that there was no relation between the season of flowering (earliness) and their mini-mum temperature ranges for flower bud formation.
Flower buds were susceptible to cold injury, and they became more sensitive as they developed larger.

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Winter flowering chrysanthemums which are reta-rded by artificial illumination bear generally some-what deformed flowers, having fewer number of ray-flowers, exposing flower center, then of lower marketable value. In this study, the authors tried to increase number of ray-flowers in the center of flower head by re-illumination after flower bud had differentiated in the chrysanthemums which had been retarded by artificial illumination.
Plants which had been retarded by artificial illu-minaton, were re-illuminated for various length of days after having been grown for certain periods under natural day (short day). Six varieties were used in 1952, and three in 1953.
The results showed that 15 to 20 days of re-illumination were most effective to increase the num-ber of ray-flowers when it was started about ten days after the plants had been transfered to natural day under favorable conditions. Under more adverse conditions the re-illumination treatment must be started a few days later. Shorter, earlier, or later treatments were less effective.
By these treatments, time of flowering was reta-rded as many days as those the plants were received of re-illumination.

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(1) Experiments were conducted with 16 varie-ties of fall flowering chrysanthemum on their sensi-tivity to photoperiod and temperature in 1953. They were grown in the two localities (Nagano, 360m. and Osamura 850m. above the sea-level) having different temperature conditions, and under short day of 10 hours for 20 days or until flowering period, or under natural daylength.
(2) Five out of 16 varieties tested, Hatsunishiki, Harukoma, Shochiku, Hitomesenryo and Hoyoku, differentiated flower bud at the same time irre-spective of photoperiod. Another 11 varieties differentiated flower bud when daylength had been reduced to below 14.5 hours. Time of flower bud differentiation in Shintoa, Ayamurasaki and Shiki-nohikari was somewhat earlier than that of the other varieties.
(3) Development of flower bud in the five var-ieties, Hatsunishiki, Harukoma, Sh6chiku, Hitome-senryo and Hoyoku was not affected by photoperiod, but for the most part by temperature; temperature the cooler, flowering the later.
In another 11 varieties, development of flower bud was affected by photoperiod and temperature. Flower bud developed when daylength had been reduced to 13.5 hours.
In the four varieties, Shintoa, Ayamurasaki, Shikinohikari, and Shikinomidori, bud development was not retarded by higher temperature, while in other seven varieties, Kyowashiro, Renzannotsuki, Shuho, Sakuranohikari, Kurokoma, Hoen and Shin-ginga, it was retarded by higher temperature even, under the short day condition.
(4) When influenced by extreme variation on daylength and temperature conditions before the differentiation of floret primordium, there appeared many crown buds resulting from imperfect flower bud development.
(5) The chrysanthemum varieties tested were classified in the following groups in relation to their responses to temperature and photoperiod.
A. Flowering was influenced mainly by temper-ature ature: Hatsunishiki, Harukoma, Shochiku, Hitome senryo, Hoyoku.
B. Flowering was influenced mainly by daylengtft (flower bud differentiated when daylength had beenn reduced to 14.5 hours, flower bud developed when daylength had been reduced to 13.5 hours or less),
(a) Flowering was forced by rather higher temper-ature; Shintoa, Ayamurasaki, Shikinohikari, Shikinomidori.
(b) Flowering was retarded by higher temper-ature; Kyowashiro, Renzannotsuki, Shuho, Sakurano-hikari, Kurokoma, Hoen and Shinginga.

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