Campbell Early grapes in Kyushu have been suffered from early defoliation. In severe cases older leaves turn to yellow and bigin to fall from late June, and ultimately most of leaves fall off in July, leaving on lateral canes.
A preliminary study in 1953, showed that the early defoliation is induced by Bordeaux sprays. In 1954, the authors conducted some experiments on the factors affecting the early defoliation of the Campell Early grapes, especially on the com-position of Bordeaux mixture.
Experimental results revealed that the commonly used 4-2-100 mixture which have been recomme-nded as the formular for grapes, induced most severe defoliation. On the contrary, dilute and high-calcium mixture of 2. 4-4. 8-100 formular was most safe for the grapes, and induced no defoliation, while it was effective to control the fungus diseases.
The Bordeaux injury development was accompanied with rainfall. Even the 4-2-100 mixture caused no defoliation when no rain falled.

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1. The moisture content and respiration of twigs of some varieties of apple tree were studied.
2. One year-twigs of two varieties, Ralls Janet and Dolgo, were used as material. The former was known as less hardy and the latter as very hardy.
3. The decrease of moisture content from the beginning of autumn was correlated with the hardiness of plant.
4. In autumn the water content of Ralls Janet was about 10 per cent larger than that of Dolgo. The difference, however, became small and their water content became rather constant in the beg-inning of winter.
5. Cambium and upper cortical layer were more resistant to the cold injury than the other tissues. A good correlation between the hardiness and the moisture content of the varieties was found from September to the end of November and since then was not the case.
6. Output of CO₂ of dormant twigs in hardy varieties was less than in unhardy ones.
7. As a rule, the CO₂ elimination of twigs per hour decreased as the time passes. The difference in values of CO₂ productoin in varieties was not found at least after seven hours.

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Origin and development of adventitious roots in grape-cuttiugs were examined.
All root-primordia arose from between the outer part of newly formed xylem and phloem region, and no callus-roots were found in this examination.
It takes 30 days from insert of cuttiugs to the first root-primordia observed, and number of visible roots or root primordia was shown in Table 1.
The root-primodium shown in Fig. 4 was one of the smallest root-primordia which was observed in this examination, and the iniciation and development of root-primordia have specific optimum temperature respectively.
The root-primordia developed in the order from Fig. 4 to Fig. 12.

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The authors carried out some experiments on the, deposits on grapes sprayed with parathion and on the residues in the must added at the beginning of fermentation.
The results obtained are as follows.
(1) Residues sprayed on grapes decreased rather quickly with the elapse of time: Namely they amounted 3.64-1.54mg/kg at first. After five days, however, they were 1.55-0.75mg/kg and after 20 days toxic parathion was barely detectable on grapes even in the absence of rainfall.
(2) Rainfall tends to dissipate the parathion-deposits on the grapes.
(3) Parathion-residues were found out mostly on the skin and very few in the pulps of the grape.
(4) Parathion-residues in wine, were detected for a comparatively long time, probably because of acidic nature of the wine. The residues in the must to which 5.21mg/l of the chemicals were added at the beginning of fermentation amounted about 1.50 mg/l even after 70 days, but only trace was detected after 140 days.
(5) Parathion-residues in the wine were gradually disappeared, accompanied with the deposition of the lees in which much residues of the chemical were proved to contain. The former had probably been adsorbed to the latter.
They had no harmfull effects on color and flavour of the wine.

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1. It has already been known that in the com-mon cabbage the inhibiting substance that prevents self-fertilization is secreted not at all or a little in the pistil of bud stage, while abundant at the flowering time, and that it is again decreased in the pistil of old flower. In the present experiments these phenomena were corroborated by examining the behavior of pollen and pollen-tube after bud-pollination and after old flower pollination.
2. The activity of incompatible pollen on the stigmas after bud-pollination was more rapid than that of compatible pollen after crossing of open flowers. The fact that immature stigma was more receptive than mature one indicates that pollen is inhibited to some extent on the mature stigma even though it is compatible.
3. The stigmas mutilated at the time of anthesis increased self-fertility. The results of mutilation experiments show that the inhibiting substance exists chiefly in the stigma at the flowering time. This fact was also confirmed by the behavior of pollen and pollen-tube after stigma shaving method.
4. The results of experiments in which the stigmas mutilated in the bud stage were applied with their own pollen at the flowering time indicated that the stigmas mutilated were superior in the percentage of pollen germination and that of emptied grains to the control. It seems probable that in these cases the inhibiting substance was not secreted by removing stigmas in the bud stage.
5. An experiment to graft stigma upon style with the aid of gelatine indicated that pollen germination and tube growth on the stigma are affected by the character of the stigma, but not at all by that of the style.
From the results of these experiments it seems that in the common cabbage the inhibiting substance is chiefly secreted in the stigma.

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The effects of early defloration on the growth, flowering and fruiting in peanut were studied. Variety “Java” was used. The seeds were sown on 6 th, May and on 6 th, June. All buds just before anthesis were removed during 15, 30 and 45 days from the beginning of flowering both in the two sowing dates. In the check plots no buds were removed. The results obtained were as follows:
(1) As the defloration period became longer, the growth was more vigorous and the branching increased.It may be due to the fact that no nutrition was consumed for flowering and fruiting during the defloration periods.
(2) The defloration increased the number of flowers per plant. For example, in the series sown in May, the number of flowers of plants deflorated during 30 days was about 1.5 times as much as that of check plants, and that of 45-days defloration was about 3 times indeed. The increased number of flowers in the plots of longer defloration periods may depend upon the increased number of nodes which is caused by the increased branching and also upon the increased number of flowers per node.
(3) As the defloration period was longer, the number of flower set increased, but at the same time the number of flowers increased also, and thus the set percentage did not show the same tendency as the number of flower set.
(4) The longer the defloration period, the worse the fertility of ovules in pod. That is, the percentage of normal seeds decreased and that of incomplete seeds and aborted ovules increased. On the other hand, the plants deflorated longer had the larger number of pods, and so the total weight of seeds per plant showed little differences among each plot, except the plot of 45 days defloration sown in June which showed very low yield of seeds.

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In the field or during storage, potato sprouts sometimes form new small tubers instead of to elongate normally. The authors studied the mechanism of the abnormal sprout formation by at-tempting to induce artificially those sprouts. The results obtained were as follows.
1. The factors favorable to induce the abnormal sprout were those conditions such as inhibition of sprout elongation, decrease of number of healthy sprouts, damage of the terminal bud, unfavorable storage conditions, and physical resistance of soil.
2. Varieties were classified by the frequency of their abnormal sprout formation as follows:
Frequent…Benimaru, Pawnee, Shimakei No. 30, Menominee, Triumph
Medium…Irish Cobbler, 529-1
Rare…Chitose, Norin No. 1, Norin No. 2
None…Hokkai No. 1, Hokkai No. 2 Kennebec
3. The varieties which formed slender sprouts had tendency to form the abnormal sprouts frequently. Length of rest period seemed to have some relation to the tendency, too. Age of seed potato and earliness of maturity had no relation. Fairely high but not constant correlation was found between the property to form secondary growth of tuber and the tendency to form the abnormal sprouting.
4. The abnormal sprouting was induced by the treatment of potassium indole acetate. It seemed that its formtion related to the activation and accumulation of growth hormone.

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In the present paper, the mechanism of the 2nd and subsequent tillering of welsh onion was studied using var. Sapporo-Futonegi. The results ob-served may be summarized as follows:
1. After the 1st tillering occurs, the 2 nd and subsequent tillers are produced in succession. The mechanism of these tillerings is similar to that of the 1st tillering in that tiller is developed from lateral bud.
2. Since the phyllotaxy of welsh onion is alternate, the first tiller which is developed from lateral bud is formed in the phyllotaxy plane of mother plant. Hence, when the Ist tillering is completed, the mother plant and 1st tillering are arranged in the same plane mentioned above.
3. The arrangement of plants in the 2nd tillering may be divided into three fundamental types, namely
(a) Three plants (mother plant, 1st and 2nd tillering plants) standing in line on the phyllotaxy plane of mother plant. (Fig.4-1)
(b) Three plants arranged in a triangle. (Fig. 4-2)
(c) Four plants arranged on each corner of a quadrilateral. (Fig. 4-3)
The type of these arrangements is determined by nodal sequence from which the 2nd tillering bud develops.
4. Though, after the 2nd tillering, the arrangement of plants resulting from further tillering tends to become more complex, it was ascertained that the resultant plants were essentially arranged by combination of the above mentioned three fundamental types.

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This investigation was carried out to know the morphological characters of Brassica seeds in relation to their classification and identification. The results obtained are as follows.
1. Form and color of the seeds
Though there are variations among indivduals due to their stages of maturatuation and environment under which they matured, form and color of seed are useful charcteristics of Brassica seeds for their identification (Fig. 1).
2. Size of the seeds It was found that species or varieties can be distinguished by the size of seed in majority of cases, and there is distinct correlation between size of the seed and size of plant or date of bolting.
3. Network on the seed surface
There are three of networks: distinct type, indistinct type and intermediate type. This character is specific to species or varieties and useful for idenification of seeds (Fig. 2).
4. Anatomical features of seed coat
Anatomical observations revealed that there were four types in cross sectional features of Brassica seed coat: A, B, Ac, and Bc types (Fig. 3). Those types were also specific for species or varieties.

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This paper reports the results of the morphological studies on the growth of inner scales of stored onion, employing Imai-wase, Sapporo-ki and Aichi-shiro.
(1) New scale formation was simultaneously recognized when the inner scales begun to grow in stored onion.
(2) Increase of number of scales and elongation of scaly leaves in stored onion began at about 30-60 days after harvest in the three varieties used. From these results it was found that the true rest period of onion bulbs was for about a month on average under ordinary storage conditions, and the period from the beginning of growth to the sprouting was for 1-2 months.
(3) Accordingly, it is necessary for prolongation of non-sprouting period in stored onion to find out the suitbble condition to lengthen the rest period and to suppress the elongation of inner scales after the end of the rest period respectively.

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1. The responses of freesia to photoperiod was studied by shading and lightening before and after the flower bud differentiation.
2. By shading, the time of flower bud differentiation of the plants was hastened a little, about 10 days, but was neither hastened nor prolonged by lightening, as compared to the check plants.
3. By lightening, the flower bud development of the plants was promoted more or less.
4. Total number of flower buds on a plant was increased by shading, and was reduced by lighten-ing.
5. Height of plants in the shaded and lightened plots was slightly taller than the height of plants in the check.
6. No significant difference was found about stem length, number of leaves, term of harvest, and number of flower buds on a main stalk, by the treatments.

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(1) Some experiments were carried out on the chemical changes in bulbs or corms which were waking from the rest period due to the cold storage. The materials used in these experiments were gladioli (summer flowering), tulips and others, and these were stored in low temperature in 5°C or below.
(2) Taking as an example, the sucrose show a tendency to increase and the starch decrease in gladiolus in comparison with the control when the corms were stored in 5°C for 20-30 days. But the opposite result was showed according to inquality of the materials.
(3) There is a tendency of the decrease of the sucrose following the course of days when gladiolus was held in 20°C and high humidity by means of artificial method, but the difference is few. The reducing sugars was not found in the non-warmed section in spite of the course of 30 days. In 20 days warmed section, some reducing and nonreducing sugar was found. 10 days warmed section did not show the reducing sugar.
(4) Total nitrogen, crude protein of tulips and freesias which were stored in low temperature decrease as compared with the control, but gladiolus is not so. It seems that this is cause of tight rest period after digging of corms. Because gladiolus is spring-planting corms.

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1. The experiment which was started in the late spring of 1952 and was continued up to March, 1955, was designed to compare the merits of various practical methods of common calla growing and to determine the effect of cool storage of tubers during summer months on the growth and the cut flower production.
2. Planting in an irrigated field under shade in the summer months immediately after digging brought about favourable performance in the subsequent growth and cut flower production, while the planting in an exposed field without irrigation results in an undesirable crop.
3. When tubers were stored after digging, the storage under low temperature of about 10°C in dry condition till planting in early autumn was the best practice, and the planted out calla demonstrated satisfactory results as was seen in the former case.
4. Either storing under high temperature or storing in the well brought undesirable result for the following growth.
5. The growth of calla was sensitive to the night temperature in winter. When the temperature went down below 5°C, the growth and the cut flower production were cheked in every plot.
6. The flowers were initiated and developed normally under the conditions favorable for vegetive growth.
7. The contents of starch and sugar in the tubers before and after storage were analyzed. Storage under any condition resulted the increase of reducing sugars, especially in the 2-month-cool-storage plot. Non-reducing sugar content increased obviously after cool storage treatment, reaching 7 times after 1 month and 13 times after 2 months as much as that of before storage. The similar increase of non-reducing sugars as in the 2-month-cool-storage plot was observed also in the wellstorage plot. After the storage, the starch content decreased regardless the conditions stored. In the tubers stored in a well the decrease of the starch contents was remarkable and the elongated and etiolated sprouts had emerged while in storage.
8. From the results of this experiment, such practices are recommended that, when the tubers are to be planted in the summer month thorough irrigation and shading are necessary, and in case the tubers are to be placed into storage, it is better to store under the low temperature of about 10°C and not too moist conditions untill early autumn. By the late autumn when the first frost will come, the plants must be protected from low temperature below 5°C at the lowest at night. It is harmful to storing the tubers at high temperature or in a well under wet condition extending over many days.

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