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Volume 56, Issue 2
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Hino MOTOSUGI, Akira SUGIURA, Takashi TOMANA1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 135-141
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSalt tolerance was compared among 9 different apple rootstocks (Malus prunifolia [weeping type], M 4, M 7, M 9, M 11, M 16, M 26, M 27 and MM 106) and cv. Fuji trees grafted on these rootstocks.
1) Pot-grown rootstock cultivars (all propagated by layering) were watered daily with NaCl solutions at 0, 20, 40 and 80mM for 30 to 60 days during the growing period in 1983.
Injury symptoms appearing on leaves were severest in M 4 and M 27, followed by M 11, while relatively slight in M 16 and M 26. Leaf Cl and Na content after salt treatments increased in all rootstocks. Cl content in the leaves of M. prunifolia, M 9 and M 26 was lower than in the other rootstocks. Leaf content of Na was highest in M 11 and lowest in M 16 and M 26.
2) Pot-grown ‘Fuji’ trees grafted on the above 9 different rootstocks were watered every 3 days with NaCl solutions at 0, 25, 50 and 75mM for 2 months during the growing period in 1984.
Salt treatments reduced stem growth of scions on all rootstocks. Visual symptoms of salt injury to leaves were severest in trees on M 4 and M 11, while slightest in those on M 26. Cl and Na content in leaves of salt-treated plants increased with increasing salt concentrations in watering solutions and with time. Leaf Cl content was higher in trees on M 4, M 7 and M 11 than in those on M 9 and M 26. Trees on M 4, M 11 and M 27 contained more Na in leaves, while those on M 26 had least. K content in leaves on M 11 was reduced as Na content increased.
3) In conclusion, among 9 different apple rootstocks tested, M 4, M 11 and M 27 were sensitive to NaCl, whereas M 26 was considered most tolerant, followed by M 9 and M 16.View full abstractDownload PDF (796K) -
Satoru KONDO, Yuzi TAKAHASHI1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 142-150
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe daily rate of fruit growth and elongation of the terminal shoots increased under the high night temperature (HNT). Fruit abscission was induced on the trees under NHT from 27 days and 34 days after full bloom (AFB). Under shading from 20 days, 27 days, and 34 days AFB, the daily rate of fruit growth decreased and fruit abscission was induced. The reducing sugar content per fruit was lower in the fruits under shading, in the fruits with interrupted growth and a yellow peduncle.
Ethylene evolution and carbon dioxide production per fruit weight were greater at the early stage of fruit development and increased with the increase of the environmental temperature. AVG application inhibited ethylene evolution and reduced the fruit abscission under a HNT, but hardly under shading.
From these results, it appears that fruit abscission under HNT was caused by the consumption of the nutrients associated with the increase of the vegetative growth and respiration rate and by the amount of ethylene evolved under a high temperature in the nighttime, while fruit abscission under shading was considerably affected by the reduction of the supply of metabolites.View full abstractDownload PDF (1030K) -
Kenichi HAGIWARA, Ichiro OOI, Isao ITSUKAGE, Tadakazu OKUNO1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 151-158
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSampling methods for estimating soluble sugar content in Brix degrees were investigated in a mature block of‘Cabernet franc’grapevines. One of the purpose of this study is to find out the differences in soluble sugar content among: 1) berry positions in a cluster, 2) cluster positions in a shoot, 3) shoot positions in a vine and 4) grapevines within a block.
1. One berry was taken from each of three positions in each of two clusters of each of the three types of shoots in each of 100 grapevines on September 30th and on October 10th respectively. Main effects, two-factor interactions and error variances were calculated from this four-way classification data, factors being positions of berries, clusters, shoots and grapevines.
2. The differences in Brix readings among shoot positions on a vine were found variable from vine to vine, while those among cluster positions on a shoot and berry positions in a cluster almost common and the differences were statistically significant for the sample on September 30th.
3. The Brix readings of soluble sugar content in the first cluster was higher, in average, by 0.26°than in the second cluster (September 30th).
4. The Brix readings at the top of cluster showed usually the highest sugar level, and those at the middle less by 0.40°and at the tip again less by 0.40°. The differences of sugar readings of berries among the top, the middle and the tip of a cluster increased steadily with the primary scaffold, the secondary scaffold branch, and the branch next to the trunk (September 30th).
5. The differences in Brix readings among berries from the top, the middle and the tip, tend to reduce as they mature.
6. The differences in Brix readings among grapevines in a block were much larger than those among berry positions and clusters. Hence it is recommended to take as many grapevines as possible in order to obtain better estimate of the mean Brix degree of a vineyard.
7. By sampling 30 berries from each of 30 random vines, the mean Brix degree of a vineyard can be estimated within 0.85°with 95% confidence.
8. Systematic sampling (e.g. berry sampling from the top on the first cluster on the primary scaffold branch from each vine) could give a more appropriate estimate than that by random sampling.View full abstractDownload PDF (902K) -
Xiang Rong ZHU, Kazuo MATSUMOTO1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 159-165
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAbsorption of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) combined with [8-14C] BA by abaxial and adaxial surfaces of satsuma leaves as well as the effects of the surfactant Tween 20 on BA absorption were studied. In addition, the movement of BA combined with 14C-BA in a one-year-old shoot was examined after application to the surface of buds and leaves with cotton swabs and to the vascular tissues of the shoot by the cotton thread method.
Absorption of 14C-BA began immediately after treatment and reached a maximum level in about 8 hours. Absorption of 14C-BA by the abaxial leaf surface seemed faster than adaxial absorption, although similar time course trends of absorption were shown in both abaxial and adaxial applications. Most of the BA applied seemed to be taken in by penetration, perhaps through the ectodesmata, but also slightly through stomatal pores. Even under low temperature conditions, BA was absorbed either by quiescent axillary buds or their subtending leaves, resulting in the break of bud dormancy. Inclusion of Tween 20 in the treating solutions clearly enhanced the absorption of BA by the epidermal tissues. An optimum concentration of Tween 20 for obtaining maximum BA absorption was about 0.1%. The 14C-BA applied directly to the vascular system by the cotton thread method was translocated mostly toward nearby axillary buds and their subtending leaves, although the amount of 14C recovered from each location was quite limited. Dormancy-release effects of BA applied directly to the bud surface were restricted to the treated bud and not transmitted to untreated neighboring buds.View full abstractDownload PDF (4687K) -
Shin HIRATSUKA, Eikichi TAKAHASHI, Naomi HIRATA1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 166-172
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCrossability of self-compatible mutant‘Osa-Nijisseiki’was investigated in the field and in vitro by crossing with the other cultivars possessing various S-alleles (S1S4, S2S4, S4S5, S5S7).
‘Osa-Nijisseiki’crossed successfully with all cultivars tested when used as female, whereas it did not cross well with cultivars having S2S4 genotype when used as male. The mechanism of cross-incompatibility of‘Osa-Nijisseiki’is elicited when S2S4-alleles are present in female tissue. However, the degree of incompatibility of‘Nijisseiki’(S2S4) was different from that of‘Kikusui’(S2S4) when crossed with ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’: the former combination was completely incompatible but the latter resulted in some fruit setting which persisted on a tree until harvest time. This shows that the S-gene in pollen of‘Osa-Nijisseiki’acts differently on the 2 cultivars, even though they have the same S2S4 genotype.
By using the excised-stylar system, crossing tests were also carried out. Pollen tubes with various S-alleles penetrated‘Osa-Nijisseiki’styles well, but pollen tubes of‘Osa-Nijisseiki’were completely arrested in excised styles of‘Nijisseiki’and partially arrested in styles of‘Kikusui’. Pollen tubes of selfed‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ penetrated relatively well to the cut ends of its excised styles. Fluorescent microscopic observations showed that the growth ratio of pollen tubes in selfed style of ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’was inferior to that in a crossed style.
These facts suggest that the style of‘Osa-Nijiseeiki’loses its ability to arrest sefl pollen tubes but that the crossing barrier of‘Nijiseeiki’and‘Kikusui’with ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’is present in their styles. However, it seems that ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ still possesses the properties of weak self-incompatibility.View full abstractDownload PDF (809K) -
I. Morphological and Ecological DifferencesTakashi HOSOKI, Tadashi ASAHIRA, Yutaka TSUCHIHASHI1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 173-179
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo estimate drought resistance of melons (Cucumis melo L.) collected from dry and wet regions, a water restriction test was carried out using potted plants. Melons grown or cultivated in dry regions showed high drought resistance. The stomatal density and ratio of transpiration to water uptake rate were significantly correlated with drought resistance, as estimated by water saturation deficit. Although most melons with high drought resistance were not resistant to waterlogging (soil flooding), some melons showed resistance to both kinds of stress.View full abstractDownload PDF (824K) -
Shoji TACHIBANA1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 180-186
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of root temperature on phospholipid concentration and its fatty acid composition in the roots was studied with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cvs. Kurume-ochiai H and Suyo) and figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) which have contrasting tolerance to low root temperature.
Phospholipid concentration in roots increased at 14°C and more so at 12°C in figleaf gourd, which is highly tolerant of low root temperature compared to cucumber. In both cultivars of cucumber, however, the concentration increased only at 12°C. The increase in phospholipid concentration in figleaf gourd roots was assumed to be due to the net increase of phospholipid synthesis within roots, but that in cucumber roots seemed to be a result of root growth inhibition. Composition of phospholipids was relatively unaffected by root temperature in all crops; phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the main phospholipid species in the roots of all three crops.
The degree of fatty acid unsaturation of total phospholipids increased steadily in figleaf gourd as the root temperature was lowered from 25 to 12°C. By contrast, in‘Suyo’, which is the most intolerant of low root temperature among the three crops used, degree of fatty acid unsaturation was highest at 17°C and tended to decrease toward the lowest root temperature. In‘Kurume-ochiai H’it was almost unaffected by root temperature. With reduction in root temperature, fatty acid unsaturation of PE increased with little changes in that of PC in figleaf gourd. Conversely, in both cultivars of cucumber fatty acid unsaturation of PE varied little, and instead, that of PC decreased at 12°C, more greatly in‘Suyo’.
From these results it is suggested that the response of roots to low root temperature in phospholipid synthesis and its fatty acid unsaturation is related to different tolerance of these crops to low root temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (808K) -
Yasuo TATSUMI, Keiko MAEDA, Takao MURATA1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 187-192
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMorphological changes in cucumber fruit‘Megami 2 gou’and‘Horai’associated with chilling injury were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
1. Stomata, trichomes, scars of trichomes, warts with or without spines and epidermal cells with thick cell walls were observed on fruit surfaces immediately after harvest. Many of trichomes, warts and spines were found to be detached from epidermal tissue. Since these appendages were very fragile, they became detached from epidermal tissue during pre- and post-harvest handling, and preparation for SEM. The wart (multicellular hair appendages) had spines consisting of 5 cell parts. There were stripped epidermal tissues under part of the detached warts, and many scars on epidermal tissues. These injured parts may be easily infected by decay organisms during storage.
2. Morphological changes were found on the fruit surfaces after storage at 5°C, while there were no notable changes on the epidermal tissues of fruit stored at 20°C. Slightly wrinkled epidermal tissues were found on the fruit surfaces after storage at 5°C for 3 days. When visible symptoms of pitting began to be seen on a surface, several small pores (about 70-130μm in diameter) were observed in sunken areas of epidermal tissues. There were also several cracks around the stomata and sunken guard cells in the chilling-injured fruit stored at 5°C.
3. mucilage leaked out from the epidermal tissue where several small pored (about 10μm in diameter) were found after long term storage at 5°C. However, we could not clarify how these small pores were produced. Some pitted areas of fruit stored at 5°C for more than 10 days were covered with a thick layer of hyphae. Judging from the observations by SEM, the pitting associated with chilling injury of cucumber fruit may have occurred as a combination of the following factors: a) cracks around the stomata, b) collapse of inner tissues including the parenchyma tissues, c) sinking of epidermal cells near the stomata and stimulation of transpiration from pores, and e) deposit of mucilage.View full abstractDownload PDF (1553K) -
Kazuko OTA, Yukio YAMAMOTO1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 193-201
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhile radish and carrot plants, respectively, sensitive and tolerant to NH4+ were grown in aerated nutrient solutions containing NO3- or NH4+ or NO3- plus NH4+, growth and chemical constituents in their leaves and root portions were examined.
The radish plants grew poorly in NH4+-solution, but well in solutions of NH4+ plus NO3-(10:>1). A large quantity of NH4+ was accumulated in the radish leaves with NH4+-supply, whereas the NH4+-level was 50% low with NH4+ plus NO3- (10:1) supply. The NH4+-toxicity on plant growth was thus overcome with the simultaneous supply of a small amount of NO3-. The values of titratable acidities in roots and leaves of the radish plants supplied with NH4+ were high, whereas those supplied with NH4+ plus NO3- were low and those supplied with only NO3- were the lowest.
On the other hand, the carrot plants in NH4+-solution grew well and showed the similar growth with the NO3-fed plants. The carrot plants in the solution of NH4+ plus NO3- (10:1) also grew well. The carrot plants always contained lower NH4+ than radish plants with any nitrogen sources. The carrot plants showed almost the same value in titratable acidity regardless of any nitrogen sources.
The contents of Ca and Mg per dry weight in radish and carrot plants were high with NO3--supply and low with NH4+-supply or with NH4+ plus NO3- (10:1) supply. The contents of K per dry weight in these plants were almost the same among NH4+-, NO3--, and NH4+ plus NO3--supplies. Besides, both radish and carrot plants grown in NO3--nutrition contained some organic acids at high levels per fresh weight, but those in NH4+- or NH4+ plus NO3--nutrition showed low contents of organic acids.
The variations in contents of Mg, Ca, K per dry weight and of organic acids per fresh weight are not directly correlated with the NH4+-toxicity on growth; because in both radish and carrot, differences in the contents of Ca, Mg and organic acids between NH4+-fed plants and NO3--fed plants were observed, but no difference in these contents was observed between the NH4+-fed plants which grew poorly and the NH4+ plus NO3--fed plants which grew well. The NH4+-toxicity on radish growth is, thus, closely related to the increases of NH4+-level and titratable acidity in the leaves.View full abstractDownload PDF (1053K) -
Eisuke MATSUO, J. M. VAN TUYL1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 202-207
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe scale propagation resulted in the highest yield of bulbs, when the outer or middle scales were used, and the lowest one, when the innermost scales were used. These results were dependent on the differences in number of scale bulblets formed, leaf emergence from them and their plant type.
The outer or middle scales produced greater numbers of large scale bulblets than the innermost scales. Most of these bulblets showed bolting. The innermost scales produced less numbers of scale bulblets than outer scales. Leaf emergence of these small bulblets was lower than those from the outer or middle scales, and most of them did not show bolting but hypogeous type of growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (644K) -
Yusuke SAKATA, Ken-ichi ARISUMI, Ikuo MIYAJIMA1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 208-214
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present investigation was conducted to obtain detailed figures concerning the phylogenies of the genus Camellia belonging to the Section Camellia of Japanese and Formosan origin by the use of petal-anthocyanins as chemical markers.
Wild forms of camellias, C. japonica, C. japonica ssp. rusticana, C. japonica ssp. hozanensis and C. japonica f. macrocarpa were characterized by the pigments of lower Rf-values on TLC-plate. Of these pigments, C. japonica ssp. rusticana and C. japonica ssp. hozanensis of Formosan origin contained only spot 1, as compared with C. japonica, C. japonica ssp. hozanensis of Japanese origin and C. japonica f. macrocarpa which contained spots 3, 4 and 5 along with a major spot 1. Furthermore, the former two subspecies contained a relatively large amount of cyanidin 3-galactoside, from 48 to 60% of the amounts of spot 1, and the latter three contained a small amount of this pigment, from 9 to 29%.
From these standpoint of the constitution of anthocyanins, it is assumed that these two camellia-groups differed from each other in the processes of phylogenetical differentiation.View full abstractDownload PDF (758K) -
Satoshi TAIRA, Yasutaka KUBO, Akira SUGIURA, Takashi TOMANA1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 215-221
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFruit quality and storage life of Japanese persimmon (cv. ‘Hiratanenashi’) were studied following three types of treatment for removal of astringency (postharvest alcohol treatment, postharvest CO2 treatment and on-tree alcohol treatment) and followed by storage of the fruit at cold (2°C) or at room temperature (20°C).
Development of peel color of fruit treated with alcohol on the tree was reduced by cold storage, whereas in fruit treated with alcohol after harvest, peel color developed progressively regardless of storage temperature. In fruit treated with CO2, color development was intermediate.
The firmness of flesh of fruit treated with alcohol on the tree slowly declined under cold storage. Fruit treated with alcohol after harvest softened more quickly than fruit treated with CO2, but there was no effect of storage temperature on the rate of softening in the two treatments. When stored at 2°C, watery breakdown of fruit occurred in all treatments in about 2 weeks.
A conciderable amount of alcohol remained in the flesh of fruit treated with alcohol after harvest at either storage temperature.
Total sugar content in all fruit changed only slightly during storage, but the level of sucrose declined gradually. Loss of sucrose occurred more quickly at 20°C than at 2°C.
Ascorbic acid content in all treatments changed slightly during storage at both temperatures.
Judged by appearance and flesh firmness, storage life at 20°C was best in fruit treated with alcohol on the tree, followed by fruit treated with CO2, and then by fruit treated with alcohol after harvest.View full abstractDownload PDF (795K) -
Etsuko KOZUKUE, Susumu MIZUNO1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 222-228
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUniformly 14C-labeled L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine were administered to tissue slices of both top and base sections of bamboo shoots. Alcohol soluble substances were extracted and then separated into organic acid, sugar and amino acid fractions by ion exchange chromatography. The homogentisic acid fraction among the organic acids was collected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and its radioactivity was measured, while the alcohol insoluble residue was used for the analysis of lignin aldehyde by the method of alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation.
1. The two labeled amino acids were steadily incorporated into the tissues during incubation and rapidly converted to organic acid, sugar and alcohol insoluble residue, especially the latter.
2. On determining the amount of phenylalanine converted to tyrosine, it was found that this was extremely small.
3. The incorporation of phenylalanine-U-14C into alcohol insoluble residue was higher than that of tyrosine in both sections.
4. Although the conversion into lignin aldehyde from phenylalanine-U-14C was higher than that from tyrosine-U-14C, it was found that tyrosine incorporated into the shoots was converted to a remarkable extent for formation of lignin aldehyde.
5. The incorporation of phenylalanine and tyrosine into homogentisic acid was very low.
From these results, we assume that the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine or of tyrosine to homogentisic acid is very small, and that a part of the high amount of tyrosine in the shoots may be used for formation of lignin.View full abstractDownload PDF (726K) -
Toshio KITAMURA1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 229-235
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of harvest date, ripening temperature, and ethylene treatment on the ripening physiology and quality of ′La France′pears. Fruits were harvested on 3 dates (Oct. 14, 21, and 24, 1985), and then were held at 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C, respectively. Weight, flesh firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, total suger, soluble pectin, respiration and ethylene production were measured at harvest and during ripening.
1. As harvest date was delayed, the climactric rise developed more rapidly. In the preclimactreric fruits at harvest (Oct. 14, and 21), the fruit reached the climacteric peak much earlier when held at 20°C than at 15°C and 10°C, while the magnitude of the peaks in both respiration rate and ethylene emanation were lower in the fruit held at 20°C than at 15°C and 10°C. This trend was striking in ethylene emanation.
2. As harvest date was delayed and ripening temperature was raised, the number of days from harvest to full ripeness became short. No clear differences in eating quality of ripe fruits were found among those fruits, but the quality was reduced more rapidly in early-harvested fruits ripend at 20°C than in late-harvested fruits ripened at both 15°C and 10°C.
3. As harvest date was delayed, total suger content became high and starch content became low at harvest. There were no differences in total suger content in fruits ripended at 20°C among different harvest dates.
4. As harvest date was delayed, the maximum content of soluble pectin was reduced during ripening.
5. Fruit treated with 500ppm ethylene for 24 hours at 20°C showed a higher rate of respiration, and became edible 3 to 4 days earlier than untreated fruit.
6. Flesh firmness seems to be a useful indicator for harvest of′La France′pears, as it is related to ripening capacity.View full abstractDownload PDF (864K) -
Akira SUZUKI, Yuriko MURAKAMI, Toru MAOTANI, Hideto IWANAGA, Akira IMA ...1987 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 236-241
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simple method for measuring ethylene evolution in intact persimmon fruits on growing trees was studied, so that the role of internal ethylene on early drop of young fruits may be examined.
1. Wound ethylene from fruits was not generated within 2 hours after picking.
2. There was a high correlation between ethylene evolution and internal ethylene concentration, and it was not affected by changes in weather. Hence, this method can be used to study ethylene production during early drop of young fruits.
3. The diurnal pattern of ethylene evolution and internal ethylene were measured. Ethylene evolution and internal ethylene concentration were high during the day and low during the night. The diurnal pattern of ethylene evolution had a close relation to solar radiation and stomatal aperture of the calyx. Internal ethylene concentration varied with changes in ethylene evolution.
4. ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) in the pericarp was detected in significant amounts during the day, but in the calyx it was not detected all day.View full abstractDownload PDF (668K)
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