All issues
Volume 57, Issue 3
Displaying 1-28 of 28 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Setsuo MORIOKA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 351-359
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA group of 15-year-old trees of ‘Shigeta Unshu’, a midseason cultiver of satsuma mandarin, bearing various fruit loads under natural conditions, was selected as the non-thinned tree group. Another group of the same-aged variety with heavier fruit loads was thinned so that the loads were similar to the former groups. Non-thinned and thinned groups were compared to examine influences of fruit loads and fruit thinning on fruit characteristics, growth, flower bud formation in the following year and other parameters.
1. The Brix of juice increased with increasing fruit load index (No. of fruit per 10, 000 leaves) in the thinning group. The difference between fruits with high and low fruit load indices, however, was small. In the non-thinned group the correlation between these two parameters was non-significant.
2. In the lower range of fruit load indices, Brix was lower in thinned trees than in non-thinned trees with similar loads. For the same-sized fruit from each group, the Brix was lower from thinned trees than from non-thinned trees.
3. Heavier fruit thinning resulted in a lower Brix value independent of fruit load.
4. Acid concentration of juice changed very little with changes in fruit load indices in both groups.
5. Partial correlations between acid concentration and the intensity of fruit thinning were very low. For similar-sized fruits, acid concentration was almost the same between both groups. The results suggest that acid content of juice was not affected by fruit thinning.
6. Average fruit weight and the fruit growth index (ratio of diameter2×height of fruit on November 26 to that on August 8) decreased with increasing fruit load in both groups. The average weight and the growth indices were higher in thinned trees than in non-thinned trees with similar fruits loads.
7. Heavier fruit thinning resulted in greater average fruit weight and higher fruit growth indices in both groups, irrespective of fruit load.
8. There was no clear relationship between the number of leaves on summer-flush shoots and the fruit load indices, in both groups.
9. Trees with low fruit loads had abundant flowers in the following year compared with trees with heavy fruit loads, in both groups. Number of flowers, however, was less in thinned trees than in non-thinned trees with similar fruit loads.View full abstractDownload PDF (648K) -
Influence of Planting Depth on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of M. 26 Interstem ‘Fuji’ Apple TreesHiroo KOIKE, Kazuyuki TSUKAHARA, Yuzo KOBAYASHI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 360-365
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of planting method on the tree vigour of M. 26 interstem ‘Fuji’ apple trees was examined in shallow sandy soil from 1978 to 1986. Trees on M. 26 interstem exposed exhibited a retardation of tree vigour from the 5th to 6th year after planting; particularly, tree growth and yield were significantly decreased. The calculated orchard LAI including alley ways showed 2.5 (interstempiece half-buried) and 1.1 (interstempiece exposed). Fruit from trees with interstem half-buried were larger and the eatin gquality was better than from trees with interstem exposed. Burrknots were formed at the node of the exposed interstem. It was thought that tree vigour was affected by the degree and number of those burrknots. Original roots of trees with ituerstem half-buried were replaced by new roots arising from the M. 26 interstempiece near the soil surface at the 4th year after planting. Root growth of the interstem exposed trees were drastically suppressed. These findings suggest that M. 26 interstem trees, which have been widely used in Japan, must be planted deeply in order to avoid burrknot formation on the interstem piece above ground.View full abstractDownload PDF (415K) -
Masashi SATO, Kazumoto KANBE, Shoichi NAKAGAWA, Eiji YUDA, Shingo FUKU ...1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 366-372
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo study the process of embryo sac development and its abnormality in a triploid apple cultivar, developing ovules of triploid ‘Mutsu’ were histologically compared with those of diploid ‘Golden Delicious’ in a period from 1 or 2 days before anthesis through 20 days after cross-pollination.
1. Mature egg apparatuses were found in embryo sacs of ‘Golden Delicious’, whereas they were not observed in ‘Mutsu’ on the day of anthesis. The percentage of embryo sacs containing a mature egg apparatus of synergids, egg and polar nuclei, and fertilized egg and polar nucleus was 85.4% in ‘Mutsu’, while it was 98.0% in ‘Golden Delicious’ 3 days after anthesis.
2. The percentage of double-fertilized ovules was about 85-86% in ‘Mutsu’ and 97-99% in ‘Golden Delicious’.
3. The percentage of ovules having a non-divided zygote and/or primary endosperm nucleus, vas as high as 19.4-26.9% in ‘Mutsu’, whereas it was 1.9-6.2% in ‘Golden Delicious’. Ovules containing non-divided zygotes and primary endosperm nuclei were most frequently observed in ‘Mutsu’.
4. The percentage of ovules having the embryo and/or endosperm degenerated at an early stage of development was 8.9% in ‘Alutsu’, but 2.5% in ‘Golden Delicious’.
5. In triploid ‘Mutsu’ the percentage of ovules lacking fertilization clue to imperfect female gametophytes was about 13%, and that of ovules containing an abnormal embryo and/or endosperm was approximately 28-36%. Such abnormal ones usually showed zygotes and primary endosperm nuclei without nuclear division.View full abstractDownload PDF (591K) -
Osamu ARAKAWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 373-380
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring maturation of some apple cultivars, changes in anthocyanin synthesis were examined in fruits being exposed to white light (9.3Wm-2) or white plus ultraviolet light with an emission peak at 312nm (white+UV312, 5.3Wm-2 in total).
Varying levels of anthocyanin synthesis under white+UV312 light appear to represent changes in the ability of the fruit to accumulate anthocyanin, since white+UV312 light was very influential in anthocyanin synthesis. Under white+UV312 light, bagged fruit which had been covered with paper bags since about one month after flowering produced much higher anthocyanin at immature and mature stages than non-bagged ones, regardless of cultivar. This anthocyanin synthesis, however, remarkably decreased during ripening, as measured by increased ethylene concentration in the cortical tissue. In non-bagged fruit of most red cultivars, increase in anthocyanin synthesis occurred before the fruit began to ripen. Anthocyanin synthesis in ‘Starking Delicious’ (‘SD’), ‘Jonathan’ and ‘McIntosh’ continued increasing during ripening, while that in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Rails Janet’ peaked concurrently with initial stage of ripening, then decreased sharply.
‘SD’ and ‘Jonathan’ produced higher anthocyanin levels under white light as well as under white+UV312 light. In cultivars such as ‘Tsugaru’ and ‘Fuji’, anthocyanin synthesis was less than in ‘SD’ and ‘Jonathan’, especially under white light. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, yellow-colored cultivars, produced small amounts of anthocyanin only under white+UV312 light. Thus the responsiveness to light, especially to white light, differed considerably with cultivars. In cultivars such as ‘Tugaru’ and ‘Mutsu’, the light of UV region is probably indispensable for developing red color. This spectral sensitivity characteristic of anthocyanin synthesis was not altered by bagging treatment. The beginning of increase in anthocyanin synthesis under white light coincided with increasing ethylene concentration; this suggested that ripening led to increase in the responsiveness to white light.View full abstractDownload PDF (594K) -
Shoji NORO, Niro KUDO, Takaharu KITSUWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 381-389
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSugars and organic acids of the apple skin of six cultivars were analyzed as trimethyl-silyl derivatives by gas chromatography (GC) with a capillary column, from beginning of coloring to the later stages of coloring. Differences in composition were compared between the red cultivars: ‘Jonathan’, ‘Starking Delicious (S. D.)’, ‘Tsugaru’ and ‘McIntosh’; and the yellow cultivars: ‘Golden Delicious (G. D.)’ and ‘Mutsu’.
In all of the cultivars, the main sugars were glucose, fructose, sorbitol and sucrose, and the main organic acids were malic and quinic acids. All the cultivars showed a great increase in sucrose and a decrease in malic and quinic acids over the ripening stage. But no difference in the changes in these substances was found between red and yellow cultivars.
Differences in other minor organic acids between red and yellow cultivars were studied using GC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and citramalic acid was identified as having a difference. In the yellow cultivars, at the biginning of coloring, the acid was scarcely detected and increased very little at later stages of coloring. In the red cultivars, at the beginning of coloring, the acid was also scarcely detected, but at the later stages, it increased remarkably.
When commercial citramalic acid (sodium salt) was applied to disks of unripe skin which had not shown red color under the light of a discharge lamp, using red cultivars (‘Jonathan’, ‘S. D.’, ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Ralls Janet’), and yellow cultivars (‘G. D.’ and ‘Mutsu’), the anthocyanin content of the skin in all cultivars increased more than in the control. But the optimum concentration of the acid was different among the cultivars.
It was concluded that citramalic acid is related to the development of anthocyanin in apple skin.View full abstractDownload PDF (553K) -
Naosuke NII, Shigeyuki KAWANO, Soichi NAKAMURA, Tsuneyoshi KUROIWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 390-398
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnatomical features in the chloroplasts of palisade cells in peach (Prunus persica) leaves during senescence were observed by transmission electron microscopy and epifluorescent microscopy. Changes in the chloroplast DNA (cp-DNA) were examined as were the contents of protein, DNA, RNA and nuclease activity. In chloroplasts, the indications of naturally senescing leaves were characterized by the dilation of the thylakoid system and a decrease in the number of stacked grana. During such changes, chloroplast size was much smaller than those of normal cells and the chloroplast gradually became spherical with the appearance of osmiophilic globuli. In the fully senescent mesophyll cells, the chloroplast envelope ruptured and the plastid contents dispersed throughout the interior of the cell appearing as numerous small empty vesicles. Epifluorescent microscopy with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) showed that the cp-DNA degraded during leaf senescence and disappeared completely at leaf death. Changes in cp-DNA during leaf senescence and chloroplast degradation were concomitant and correlated with cell nucleus degradation. The protein, DNA, and RNA contents of cells decreased significantly during leaf yellowing. During the decrease in DNA levels in senescing leaves the nuclease from peach leaves required Zn2+ for full activation during senescence at Stage III (yellowish-green leaves), while most nuclease activity required Ca2+ and its activity did not change during leaf senescence.View full abstractDownload PDF (1324K) -
Hiroshi SANO, Kiyoharu OONO, Yoshio SUZUKI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 399-407
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effective isolation and culture methods of protoplasts derived from cell culture of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. ‘aotyouhin’) and hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L. ‘waseakabana’) were investigated. Somatic hybrids from the protoplasts have also been obtained by polyethylene glycol (PEG) method.
1. Protoplasts were isolated from 10 day-old hyacinth bean cell cultures suspended in liquid medium and 12 day-old soybean callus on agar medium. The enzyme mixture consisted of 3% Macerozyme R 10, 1% Pectolyase Y 23, 0.5% Pectinase•Sigma, 1% Cellulase Onozuka RS, 1% Driselase, 7mM CaCl2, 0.7mM KH2PO4, 5mM 2-(N-Morpholino) ethan sulfonic acid (MES), 0.2M mannitol and 0.2M sorbitol. Isolation of viable protoplasts required three-hour incubation at 31°C with shaking at 60rpm.
2. Weak osmotic pressure was essential for inducing the division of protoplasts isolated from hyacinth bean cells. The addition of dimetylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the media was effective for regeneration of colonies.
3. Fusion between hyacinth bean and soybean protoplasts was induced by the modified Menczel and Wolfe′s method (12). The mixture ratio 2: 3 of hyacinth bean and soybean protoplasts was necessary for obtaining hybrid cells.
4. Approximately 400 putative somatic hybrid cells formed colonies on a suitable medium for hyacinth bean within 60 days after the fusion. Ninety percent of those putative hybrids were confirmed as real fusion products by Southern hybridization experiment using ribosomal DNA of rice as a probe.View full abstractDownload PDF (782K) -
Yoshihiro KAGEYAMA, Kuniyoshi KONISHI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 408-417
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMorphological characteristics of various portions of the leaf, fruit, stem and root of tomatoes grown in nutrient solution (NS) were compared at various stages of growth with those of tomatoes grown in soil (SG).
The whole leaf area of NS was broader than that of SG at the early growth stage, but not at the later stage. The leaf thickness of NS was similar to that of SG. Stomata of NS were larger and distributed less densely than those of SG.
The transverse diameter of the ovary of NS on the day of flowering was larger than that of SG. The fruit of NS developed better than that of SG, and the fruit diameter was 1.2 times as large as that of SG 23 days after flowering. The larger size of fruit of NS was dependent mostly upon a greater number of pericarp cells and greater enlargement cells of the mesocarp than in SG.
The vascular system of the upper portion of the stem in NS after the fifth leaf had fully expanded was less well developed than in SG.
There were fewer branching roots in NS than in SG. As the apical meristem of the roots in NS was better developed than that of SG, cell division of the root apex was probably greater than in SG. Xylem of the main root of NS was better developed than that of SG.
The physiological characteristics of NS in comparison with SG may be summarized as follows.
The transpiration per leaf per day in NS was 2 times as much as that in SG on a clear day in October when the soil moisture tension was pF 2.0.
The leaf water potential of NS was -5.9 bars, about 3 bars less than that of SG. The sap volume from the stump cut off at the ground surface was 8 times as much in NS as in SG.
The rate of photosynthesis was about 30% higher in NS than in SG under 10-75 klux of light intensity. The light saturation point of photosynthesis was about 50 klx in NS, but only about 42 klx in SG.View full abstractDownload PDF (856K) -
Yoshihiro SHISHIDO, Norio SEYAMA, Yutaka HORI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 418-425
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe association of distribution of photosynthetic assimilates in tomato with phyllotaxis and arrangement of the vascular system was studied. To ascertain the phyllotaxis of tomato plants, which was alternate with four orthostichies with devergence of 90° (270°) and 180°, the vascular system was revealed by methylene blue (0.5%), eothine (1.0%) and fuchsin (1.0%) from leaf petioles and the distribution of photosynthetic assmilates was measured by 14C. The vascular system of tomato basically consisted of four orthostichies with two vascular bundles from each leaf. The arrangement of the vascular systems evidently affected the movement of 14C-assimilates to sinks. Such movement from each leaf was affected by the degree of connection of the vascular bundles.
Since tomato has a sympodial branching system, the leaf which is apparently situated just above the inflorescence differentiated before the inflorescence. The vascular bundles of the leaf of the sympodial branch around the inflorescence developed between the inflorescence and the leaf just above it. This results in a comparatively small proportion of distribution to the inflorescence from the leaf just above it.View full abstractDownload PDF (2264K) -
Koki KANAHAMA, Takashi SAITO1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 426-432
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn tomato plants, first flower bud in the first inflorescence was initiated on the terminal meristem of the main stem. The second and the third flower buds were initiated on the lateral side of the pedicel of the first and second flowers, respectively.
Lines extended from the odd numbered pedicels crossed with those of the even numbered pedicels at right angles. Each flower was arranged toward the last leaf on the first inflorescence′s axis-like peduncle, and was arranged right- and left-sided, alternately, on the peduncle; the latter was helical at the time of first flower opening, but unfolded during fruit growth.
One or two bracteole(s) was (were) observed at the base of leaf, inflorescence and flower in wild type tomatoes. Two bracteoles surrounded petiole, peduncle and pedicel. But when only one bracteole developed, it was arranged alternately on the right or left side of petiole and peduncle in successive nodes. Bracteoles of the peduncle were arranged on the right and left sides of the peduncle on plants with right- and left-handed phyllotaxis. A lateral shoot, inflorescence or flower developed in each bracteole.
Single and double clusters were recognized as monochasia and dichasia, respectively. The fundamental inflorescence type of tomato is regarded as a “scorpioid cyme” of a monochasinm.View full abstractDownload PDF (461K) -
Takasni NISHIZAWA, Yutaka HORI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 433-439
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTranslocation and distribution of photo-assimilates in strawberry plants were studied by pules-feeding 14CO2 at different developmental stages of inflorescence.
1. After feeding the largest leaf at the fruit coloring stage, there were distinguished a rapid phase of about 6 hours and a subsequent slow phase in 14C export on the basis of 14C recovered. The current export was terminated about 16 hours after feeding with a percentage value of 50, about 90% of which was distributed in the berries.
2. When all the leaves were fed, the total export to plant parts other than leaves increased from around 20% after feedings at and before flowering to 52% after feeding at the coloring stage of the 14C exported, about 40% was found in the roots and only 20% in the flowers after feedings at and before flowering. After later feedings, the distribution to the roots decreased and that to the berries increased gradually, reaching 86% at the coloring stage.
3. Within an inflorescence, distribution to the receptacle increased from 70% after feeding at the budding stage to 89% after the coloring stage, although it decreased to 30% temporarily after feeding at the growing stage. Correspoding to this decrease, distribution to the achenes increased to 68% but soon decreased to 9% after feeding at the coloring stage.
4. Within an inflorescence, there was recognized competition for 14C assimilates among flowers; this was especially true between the primary and tertiary flowers.
5. In individual flowers, sink activity decreased, though temporarily, near flowering. This flowering of sink activity seemed to be intrinsic, and should be distinguished from lowering by competition (with other flowers).View full abstractDownload PDF (560K) -
Shoji TACHIBANA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 440-447
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity in roots of both cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Suyô) and figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouchè) grown at a root temperature of 20°C was greatly reduced by low temperature of the enzyme assay medium. In contrast, NR activity in roots of plants grown at either 13° or 20°C root temperature did not differ, based on the temperature of incubation. Activity of root NR was very low compared to that of leaf NR, particularly in figleaf gourd.
The fate of nitrate nitrogen (N) in plants exposed for 2h to K15NO3 solutions at either 13° or 20°C root temperature was determined by chase experiments for 8h in the light after transfer of plants to non-labeled media at the same temperatures as those used for exposure to 15N. Absorption of nitrate-15N at 13°C root temperature was significantly lower than that at 20°C, especially in cucumber. However, in both species the assimilation and translocation of absorbed nitrate-15N were little affected by root temperature. Roots of both species accumulated very slight amounts of reduced-15N. Most of 15N translocated to leaves was assumed to be in the form of nitrate.
These results suggest that nitrate assimilation takes place predominantly in leaves in both cucumber and figleaf gourd, and that the nitrate assimilating capacity is not affected by low root temperature and therefore not responsible for the differential root-chilling tolerance of these plant species.View full abstractDownload PDF (576K) -
Koki KANAHAMA, Takashi SAITO1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 448-453
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe major carbohydrates in cucumber fruit were reducing sugars, which increased to the highest concentration of about 2.0% of fresh weight at harvest for fresh fruit, that is, 6-8 days after flowering and 73-116g in fresh weight.
Starch was highest in concentration at flowering although it was negligible as compared with sugars.
Reducing sugar concentration was higher in the core (septum and placenta) than in the flesh (receptacle and pericarp). Moreover, it was higher outside than inside the curvature at the curvature increasing stage, while the reverse was true at the curvature decreasing stage.
Labelled carbon was fed to the single leaf on the same node as the fruit. Twenty hours after feeding, 14C-activity was higher in carpel II (outside the curvature and opposite to the tendril) than in carpels I (facing the stem) and III (inside the curvature and facing the tendril) when fed at the curvature increasing stage. When fed at the curvature decreasing stage after the curvature maximum stage had been attained, 14C-activity was higher in carpel III than in carpels I and II.
From these results, it was suggested that the curvature of cucumber fruit occurred due to the competition among the carpels, in uptake of carbohydrates under limited photosynthesis. Each carpel is presumed to be different in sink activity according to its congenital developmental order and stages. Differential carbohydrate translocation due to localization of vascular bundle connections between leaves and fruit is improbable.View full abstractDownload PDF (8026K) -
Tadashi YANAGAWA, Itsuhiko ITO1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 454-461
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo compare the difference in regeneration capacity from various positions of bulbscales in Hymenocallis speciosa Salisb. (Amaryllidaceae) and Ornithogalum arabicum L. (Liliaceac), excised explants were cultured aseptically on solid medium of White (1943) supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) at 25°C in the dark.
The explants from the scale base were cultured on media containing various concentrations of NAA and BA. The addition of 0.01mg/l NAA and 5mg/l BA remarkably increased the number of bulblets on the explants of Hymenocallis. For Ornithogalum culture the effect of hormonal additions was not obtained.
In the culture of base explants excised from outer (old) and inner (young) scales in bulbs of both species, no clear difference was noticed in the number of regenerated bulblets. But in the culture of middle explants located 10mm above the junction of the basal plate, a higher rate of bulblet regeneration was noticed on innner-scale explants than on outer ones in both species.
In a circular scale of Hymenocallis, the leaf-blade side is thicker than the opposite side. When the scale-base explants were excised from the thick or thin parts, no difference in the capacity for bulblet regeneration was shown between them. With the scale-middle explants of Hymenocallis, explants from the thin parts showed higher capacity for bulblet regeneration than those from the thick ones. In the case of Ornithogalum culture, however, both from the scale hase and the middle, explants from the thick parts showed a slightly higher capacity for bulblet regeneration than from the thin ones.
The manifestation of dorsiventral polarity for bulblet regeneration differed with the species. The capacity for bulblet regeneration of Hymenocallis scales was higher on the abaxial side, while that of Ornithogalum was higher on the adaxial side. When the scale base explants were bisected parallel to their surfaces, bulblet regeneration was observed even on the adaxial halves of Hymenocallis and on the abaxial halves of Ornithogalum, where regeneration was not observed normally.View full abstractDownload PDF (582K) -
Masao BESSHO1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 462-466
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to make clear the conversion process from flavanonol to anthocyanidin, flavonoid components in sepals of Aquilegia flabellata with white flowers (Fw) and A. hybrida cv. McKana′s Giant with creamy white flowers (Mw) were analysed. Isovitexin and populin were identified in both Fw and Mw while leucopelargonidin existed only in Mw. F1 hybrids between Fw and Mw showed blue-violet sepals and F2 progeny showed two-gene segregation of sepal coloration. Thus the conversion process is controlled by two genes. One recessive gene of Fw controls the reduction of flavanonol and the other recessive gene of Mw controls the dehydration of lcucoanthocyanidin. Complementation of these two genes enables the synthesis of anthocyanidin in F1 hybrids.View full abstractDownload PDF (354K) -
Masakatsu MORITA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 467-474
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhotoperiodic responses in the growth and flowering of Clematis cultivars were studied in relation to temperature variation throughout the four seasons. The results were as follows:
1. In the summer, Clematis plants which had been grown under long-day conditions developed flowers on terminal buds only. Lateral buds did not initiate flower buds under short- and long- day conditions at high temperature. In autumn, terminal buds ceased to grow under short-day conditions. This resulted in alternation of the flower-bud initiation position from terminal to lateral buds.
2. On the basis of flower-bud initiation under different day-length and temperature conditions, Clematis cultivars may be classified into three groups as follows: 1) Group A: Flower buds are initiated under short-day conditions in autumn without winter chilling.
2) Group B: Flower buds are initiated at the apex of new shoots, after being subjected to chilling, irrespective of day length.
3) Group C: An intermediate group between A and B.
3. When subjected to winter chilling for a short period, plants which had initiated flower buds in the previous autumn flowered earlier under long-day conditions. However, no influence of photoperiod was recognized when the chilling period became longer. When the plants were cultivated without winter chilling, growth started immediately after the photoperiod was changed from short-day to long-day. leading to almost normal flowering.
These results revealed that identical cultivars of Clematis show different photoperiodic responses in the initiation and development of flower buds, depending on temperature conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1276K) -
Yukiyoshi OGAWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 475-480
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFlowering of Pharbitis nil Choisy in response to exposure to a single inductive dark period was influenced by the temperature at which the plants were held after the dark period, with the optimum being 20°C. Promotion of flowering by gibberellin A3 (GA3) applied exogenously to the apex before or after the dark period was also influenced by temperature. In both instances, the higher temperature (25-35°C) inhibited the floral response.
There was no or little effect of high temperature on flowering for 24h after the end of the dark period. However, high temperature for 96h or more resulted in inhibition of flowering. When 48h pulses of high temperature were employed, the most inhibitory period was from 48 to 96h after the induction. The inhibitory effect decreased with delaying application of high temperature after the induction. These responses to temperature indicate that action is not directly against the short day stimulus to flowering but, rather, on events of floral evocation at the shoot apex and they also suggest that at low temperature (20°C) floral processes occur at the apex for 10 days after induction.View full abstractDownload PDF (879K) -
DE YUE, Youko KOMI, Hideo IMANISHI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 481-486
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBulbs of ‘Blue Magic’ with 7cm size have not been used for flower production in the open because of low flowering percentage. In this experiment, ethylene was applied to bulbs during storage at room temperature and its effects were investigated.
Bulbs exposed to ethylene from early October to early November showed high flowering percentage but flowers with long stalks were obtained only from bulbs planted in early October. When bulbs, exposed to ethylene for 6 to 72 hours in early October, were planted just after the ethylene treatment, no differences in flowering percentage, flowering date and flower quality were observed.
Soaking bulbs in solution of 6-benzylaminopurine resulted in high flowering percentage but was a little less effective than exposure to ethylene. Ethephon and CaCN2 applications did not show any promotive effect on flowering.
In conclusion, bulbs of ‘Blue Magic’ with 7cm size can be used for cut flower production in the open if they are stored at room temperature and exposed to 10 μl/l ethylene for 6 hours in early October and then planted immediately outdoors.View full abstractDownload PDF (840K) -
Akira ISHIDA, Akira NUKAYA, Hiroo SHIGEOKA, Yasumichi TAGATA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 487-493
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of boron (B) concentration (0.2, 5 and 10ppm) in nutrient solution on the major mineral and B content, and ethylene (C2H4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production was investigated in relation to the occurrence of marginal leaf-burn and deterioration of vase life in chrysanthemums grown in sand. The nutrient solutions containing B were applied the last 3 weeks before harvest. Marginal burns appeared on the upper leaves of the plant at 10ppm B 16 days after treatment and thereafter, developed towards the lower leaves and involucre. Symptoms were found on upper leaves at 5 ppm B only at harvest. However, plants at 0.2ppm B did not exhibit B toxicity symptoms. Vase life of cut flowers decreased by 15 to 17 days at 5 and 10ppm B compared with 0.2ppm B. B in leaves increased significantly with increasing B concentration in nutrient solution. B was much higher in the leaf margin than in the internal leaf areas. Potassium (K) in leaves gradually increased after treatment, but was slightly decreased at harvest. K was much higher in the internal leaf areas than margin. Total-N, P, Ca, Mgand Na in the leaves were not influenced by B concentration in nutrient solution. B in various parts of the flower increased significantly with increasing B concentration in nutrient solution. The B content in decreasing order was involucre>ray floret>tublar flower>receptacle. K in various parts of the flower decreased slightly with increasing B concentration in nutrient solution. The K content in decreasing order was receptacle>ray floret+involucre>tublar flower. The cut flower having marginal leaf-burn produced more C2H4 and CO2 than those with the normal leaves. However, they decreased markedly by removal of the leaf margin. When petals or leaves of the cut flower began to wilt, the vessels of the stem end were plugged with a brownish substance. The substance was stained well with ruthenum red, methylene blue and safranin, although it was not stained with congo red and aniline blue. Therefore, it is possible that the vessel plugging substance is a pectin-like compound. As a result, the marginal leaf-burn is apparently caused by high concentrations of B along the margin of leaves. Higher accumulation of B in leaves or ray floret, and plugging of pectin-like compounds in vessels of the stem may be one of the causes for deterioration of the vase life.View full abstractDownload PDF (1151K) -
Akira ISHIDA, Akira NUKAYA, Hiroo SHIGEOKA, Masaru OKAGAKI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 494-498
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of concentration and application frequency of nutrient solution on growth and vase life of chrysanthemums cv. ‘Seikonohana’ in sand culture.
Five treatments were designated among combinations of 3 levels of nutrient concentration and application frequencies. Base nutrient solution (1S) was applied every day (No. 1) and twice a week (No. 2). Nutrient solution of 3 times strength of 1S was applied twice a week (No. 3), once a week (No. 4) and that of 6 times strength once a week (No. 5). Concentration of minor elements, however, was kept constant in all treatments. The feeding duration with these solutions was from July 27 to flowering.
Plant height at flowring and days from pinching to flowering were not affected by treatments. The fresh weight and root dry weight were less at No. 2 and No. 4, where total amount of fertilizer applied was less. The vase life was improved slightly at No. 2 where the least amount of fertilizer was applied.
Contents of total-N and K in leaves were less at No. 2 and No. 4. However, P, Ca, Mg and Na in leaves were not affected by treatments.
Contents of NO3-N, K, Ca and Mg, and EC values of sand solution at the end of the experiment were less at No. 2 and No. 4. However, there was no clear effect of treatments on P and Na, and pH of sand solution.
As a result, it is considered that applications of nutrient solution of high concentrations, such as 3 and 6 times strength of 1S, every 3 or 6 days are practical when nutrient solution is applied in sand culture, as well as application of 1S every day.View full abstractDownload PDF (808K) -
IV. Introgressive Hybridization of C. sasanqua And C. japonicaTakayuki TANAKA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 499-506
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe chromosome numbers of the natural seedlings of Camellia×vernalis, cv. ‘Gaisen’ (tetraploid, n=15) and cv. ‘Bokyo’ (pentaploid) were determined and the origin of red pigmentation in C. sasanqua is discussed. The seedlings of C.×vernalis cv. ‘Gaisen’ were triploid, tetraploid and pentaploid. When C. sasanqua was abundant around the parent tree, pentaploid seedlings were more numerous than triploid ones. The pentaploid seedlings were considered to be backcrosses with C. sasanqua (hexaploid), and the triploid to he backcrosses with C. japonica (diploid). The chromosome numbers of the seedlings of C.×vernalis cv. ‘Bokyo’, a pentaploid, ranged from 2n=79 to 86, suggesting that only backcrosses to C. sasanqua are occurring. If C.×vernalis hybrids typically only backcross with the C. sasanqua parent, and some fertility is maintained in the interspecific backcrosses with C. sasanqua, then this backcrossing system becomes a mechanism for the flow of C. japonica genes into the species C. sasanqua. Thus, the red flowers of C. sasanqua are thought to have originated from repetitive backcrossing (introgression) with C.×vernalis.View full abstractDownload PDF (5826K) -
Toshiyuki MATSUI, Hirotoshi KITAGAWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 507-512
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn ethylene absorbent in a polyethylene hag containing persimmon fruit works effectively for extending the storage period. When persimmon fruit was stored in polyethylene bags with or without ethylene absorbent at room temperature or 5°C, the effect was compared of invertase on sucrose in the fruit.
Invertase is considered to decline the quality of persimmon fruit during days of storage. Therefore, the activity of invertase was used as indications for the quality of the fruit.
The acid invertase in the soluble fraction of persimmon fruit showed higher activity in the non-use of the ethylene absorbent than in its use at room temperature and 5°C, whereas that in the insoluble one had no significant differences. The activity of acid invertase in the soluble fraction was apt to be higher at room temperature of the nonuse of ethylene absorbent than at 5°C of it, because the optimum temperature (45°C) of invertase is closer to the room temperature than to 5°C. It may be concluded that the ethylene absorbent can be used irrespective of the temperature to be used for storage of fruit, as it protects the decomposition of sucrose.View full abstractDownload PDF (406K) -
Sirichai KANLAYANARAT, Chiaki OOGAKI, Hiroshi GEMMA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 513-520
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe occurrence of rind-oil spot, a postharvest physiological disorder of Hassaku (Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka) fruits stored at 2°, 5°, 10°, 15° and 20°C uder low (75-80%) and high (90-95%) relative humidity for 3 months was investigated. In addition, color development (“a/b” value) of peel surface, weight loss, peel moisture, fruit temperature and fruit firmness were also determined. Rind-oil spot as regards surface pitting occurred mostly at the equatorial zone and the development of symptoms spread to the stylar end and rarely to the stem end of the fruits. The symptom was initially observed at the first inspection after 30 days in storage and became more evident after 60 days in storage and to the end of the storage period. When fruit was stored at temperatures above 10°C, surface pitting markedly occurred, whereas the symptoms appeared at lower temperatures (<10°C). The development of slight symptoms increased under low humidity as compared with high relative humidity.View full abstractDownload PDF (592K) -
Sirichai KANLAYANARAT, Chiaki OOGAKI, Hiroshi GEMMA1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 521-528
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHassaku (Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka) fruits were stored at 2°, 5°, 10°, 15° and 20°C under low (75-80%) and high (90-95%) relative humidity conditions. The changes in biochemical characteristics and physiological behavior of fruit peel, and their relationship to the degree of rind-oil spot were investigated. Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and TSS/TA ratio were not clearly different among temperature treatments until 30 days in storage. Thereafter they apparently varied more in particular under low RH conditions than under high RH. But these characteristics were not associated with the severity of rind-oil spot. Organic acid content of whole fruits and their 3 separated portions was decreased in similar patterns with a longer storage period. TNC and reducing sugar of whole fruit peel decreased without a particular pattern, but, the separated portions showed greater fluctuation. It is noted that low RH conditions had more effect on the changes in biochemical metabolites than high conditions. The change in CO2 and C2H4 production of fruits were relatively constant and were higher level at high temperature as compared to low temperature in storage. After fruit stored at low temperature (2°, 5°C) was transferred to 20°C, abnormal respiration was found. An increment in the rate of CO2 and C2H4 production was associated with the severity of rind-oil spot of fruit stored after 90 days at 10°C under low RH conditions. TNC was also closely related to the severity of rind-oil spot.View full abstractDownload PDF (634K) -
Bing-Shan FUH, Takao ICHII, Yoshitaka KAWAI, Tetsu NAKANISHI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 529-537
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNaruto fruit was sampled at the beginning of maturation period, and lipid composition in their rind (flavedo) tissues was determined during storage. Effects of gibberellin (GA) and ethephon, and different storage temperatures were also investigated.
During storage of the fruits at 18°C, decreases in glycolipid total fatty acid, particularly linolenic acid (18:3) content, and in mono- (MGDG) and di-galactosyldiglyceride (DGDG) contents were paralleled by a loss of chlorophyll content. Neutral and phospholipid total fatty acid contents, and phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanol-amine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) showed no consistent tendency during storage, although there was a decrease in phospholipid 18:3 content. Free sterol content and sterol/phospholipid ratio increased markedly at a later stage of storage. GA treatment delayed the reduction of total (assessed by fatty acids) and major glycolipid contents. In neutral, phospho- and glycolipids, GA delayed the reduction of their 18:3 composition at the expense of oleic (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2), while ethephon enhanced it by reducing a desaturation of 18:2 to 18:3. PC/PE ratio was increased slightly by GA and reduced by ethephon.
Fruits were stored at 5, 10 and 20°C for about a month. Total fatty acid content of phospho- and glycolipid, and MGDG, DGDG, PC, PE, and PI content were negatively correlated with storage temperature. Free sterol content decreased as the temperature increased, but the sterol/phospholipid ratio remained unchanged. Lower temperature retained more 18:3 composition for all lipid fractions, similar to the effect of GA.View full abstractDownload PDF (600K) -
Lung-Ming TSAY, Yeh-Ser HONG1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 538-543
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeveral physiologically-active regulating substances were used to investigage their role on the respiratory climacteric and ripening of sugar apple fruits (Annona squamuosa L.).
Both indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) enhanced the softening and electrolyte leakage of the fruits. Respiration of IAA-treated fruits were also enhanced.
Two ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP), were administered to the fruits to examine the physiological effects. Softening was delayed, the increase of total soluble solids (TSS) approached but did not reach as high a level as the control and electrolyte leakage was greater than in the control.
Cycloheximide (CHI) treatment caused the fruits to remain hard anti unripe during storage, and to have lower TSS content and electrolyte leakage than the normal ones.
Increase in endogenous IAA content of the fruits during storage at 20°C preceded ethylene evolution.View full abstractDownload PDF (373K) -
Katsu ISHII, Fujio SHINBORI1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 544-548
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn turnips, deterioration in appearance such as yellowing and rotting of leaves is very rapid at high temperatures and generally begins with outer leaves. Effects of outer-leaf trimming, different precooling methods and delay in precooling on keeping crop quality were studied in the present experiments.
1. Outer-leaf trimming had little effect on changes in the content of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, β-cartene and total sugars and the spreading rates of yellowing and rotting in each pair of residual leaves. Therefore, trimming outer leaves as much as possible retarded deterioration and helped maintain a fresh appearance.
2. Forced air cooling was the most suitable for precooling of turnips, by which turnips were cooled by a 2°C coolant from about 27°C to 4°C in 2.5h. Vacuum cooling had limitations since it caused cracks in the roots at times. Room cooling was also unsuitable because of slower cooling rates.
3. It was suggested that cooling should begin as quickly as possible after harvest. This is especially important when the temperature at harvest is higher, a slower cooling method is used, or the temperature can not be maintained low after cooling.View full abstractDownload PDF (307K) -
Etsuko KOZUKUE, Hironobu TSUCHIDA, Susumu MIZUNO1988 Volume 57 Issue 3 Pages 549-554
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method for the separation and quantification of homogentisic acid (HGA) in bamboo shoots has been developed by the use of Sephadex G-10 column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For the first purification step, the HGA in bamboo shoots was extracted with methanol: water (70:30, v/ v) and then fractionated into 5ml-fractions from Sephadex G-10 column with 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH=8.0). The final purification was performed on HPLC (strong cation resin column), eluted with 0.2% phosphoric acid (pH=2.0) at the flow rate of 0.7ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 55°C and the column effluent was monitered by uv spectrometry at 210nm. The identification of HGA was performed on gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.
1. From the result of the elution pattern of authentic HGA, it was found that HGA was eluted in fractions 16-26.
2. Partially purified extract of HGA from the Sephadex column was separated and quantificated on HPLC. The peak of HGA from HPLC was well separated with the retention time of 13min.
3. It was found that the overall recovery of HGA was 92.4% and also that HGA was fairly unstable above 100°C.
4. By the determination of HGA in the three sections of bamboo shoots by Sephadex G-10 column and HPLC, it was found that the HGA content was the highest in the top section and also that the content decreased from the top to the bottom section.View full abstractDownload PDF (385K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|