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Volume 75, Issue 1
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE (ENGLISH)
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Mahbub Robbani, Kiyoshi Banno, Katsuhisa Yamaguchi, Noriko Fujisawa, J ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA rootstock trial has been established to develop dwarfing pear rootstock clones from Pyrus species. Seedlings that were raised from the open-pollinated seeds of P. betulaefolia Bunge (PB) and P. calleryana Decne (PC); and showed significant genetic dwarfing growth and good traits based on ease of clonal propagation were screened. Among those, four seedlings of PB named SPRB1, SPRB13, SPRB15, and SPRB22 (SPRB = Shinshu University Pear Rootstock P. betulaefolia clone) and six seedlings of PC named SPRC3, SPRC5, SPRC8, SPRC13, SPRC15, and SPRC20 (SPRC = Shinshu University Pear Rootstock P. calleryana clone) were selected. Clones that were generated from the selected seedlings had significantly higher rooting ability by softwood cuttings compared with the control during an 8-year test. Japanese pear ‘Kosui’ and European pears ‘La France’ and ‘Conference’ revealed a dwarfing growth habit when grafted onto the selected clones. All scion/stock combinations interacted significantly to affect shoot growth, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), and canopy spread. There was no noticeable difference in the fruit yield per tree of three cultivars grafted on PB and SPRB1, but the estimated yields per ha increased more than 20% in all cultivars on SPRB1. ‘La France’ trees on SPRB15 and SPRC20 began to bear early with significantly higher yields. Fruit quality characteristics of ‘La France’ and ‘Conference’ did not differ because of the influence of stock clones, however, ‘Kosui’/SPRB1 had lower average fruit weight that corresponded to the lighter fruit skin color.
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Hirokazu Higuchi, Tetsuo Sakuratani2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 11-19
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWater flows in the stem and peduncle of mango fruit were monitored, and the surface transpiration from the fruit was measured during the fruit-growing season. The stem heat balance method was used on the peduncle to monitor the inward water flow during the nighttime, and the reverse water flow from the fruit during the daytime when the stem transpiration water flow increased. This diurnal fluctuation pattern in the water flow was more evident in mature fruit than in young fruit. In mature fruit, the daily water loss due to the reverse flow was estimated to be 3% of the fruit weight. The reverse flow water loss and transpired water loss were compensated for by nocturnal inward water flow, through the peduncle, of 30 g over 15 h. These results were well supported by measurements of fruit dimensions, which indicated a circadian rhythm of contraction and expansion. The reverse flow amounted to 80% of the water loss from the daytime contraction of the fruit, a much greater proportion than the fruit surface transpiration.
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Yoshinori Kanayama, Misuzu Watanabe, Ryo Moriguchi, Michihito Deguchi, ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 20-25
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH) is known to be a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sorbitol, an early product of photosynthesis, common to fruit trees of the Rosaceae family. Effects of low temperature and abscisic acid (ABA) on the expression of the S6PDH gene were investigated in apple leaves. In leaf-disc experiments, the expression of S6PDH was enhanced by an ABA treatment, as well as by low temperature and high-salinity stresses. The level of S6PDH mRNA increased 8 h after the addition of ABA; the highest level of S6PDH mRNA resulted on exposure to 10 μM ABA. The level of S6PDH mRNA in leaves of apple trees growing in an orchard increased with a decrease in temperature in the fall while ABA content increased. This induction may partly be a stress-response to low temperature, a prerequisite for freezing tolerance during the coming winter. Southern blot analysis revealed that S6PDH is a single-copy gene in the apple genome, indicating that it is a unique, multifunctional one, for sorbitol biosynthesis under various stress responses, as well as for the translocation of photosynthates.
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Benard Oula Muok, Takaaki Ishii2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 26-31
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculation on water stress, salt stress and flooding tolerance of three subspecies of Scleocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. Gigaspora margarita Baker and Hall was used for the inoculation. All the three subspecies of S. birrea had high tolerance both to water stress and flooding even without G. margarita inoculation. All flooded seedlings developed lenticels and survived three months of flooding. Non-mycorrhizal seedlings of S. birrea subsp. multifoliolata survived even under electric conductivity of up to 7.1 dS·m−1. Root colonization by G. margarita markedly improved tolerance of S. birrea seedlings to water stress, salt stress and flooding. In particular, S. birrea subsp. caffra under water stress and flooding conditions showed the highest response to inoculation. Mycorrhizal S. birrea subsp. multifoliolata recorded enhanced uptake of N, P, Ca and Mg at 7.1 dS·m−1. These results demonstrate that even though S. birrea has natural tolerance to water stress, salt stress and flooding, AM fungus is very effective in strengthening the tolerance of S. birrea grown in arid and semi arid areas.
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Daijiro Yahata, Kazunori Matsumoto, Kosaku Ushijima2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 32-37
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of the time of fruit harvest and that of fruit removal in early-July on flower formation and carbohydrate contents were investigated in Wase satsuma mandarin trees. In the spring shoots of the bearing trees, the flower induction seemed to be retarded in comparison with the summer shoots in the July-defruited trees. Both in the defruited trees and the early harvested (mid-Oct.) trees, flower formation occurred earlier and increased markedly higher by mid-March in comparison with the customary harvested (mid-Nov.) and late harvested (mid-Dec. or mid-Jan.) trees. Starch accumulation in the shoots seemed to parallel flower induction. Our data in Wase satsuma mandarin indicate a clear effect of the fruit harvest before November on both flower formation and starch accumulation.
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Kunio Yamada, Yasufumi Suzue, Saori Hatano, Miwa Tsukuda, Yoshinori Ka ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 38-44
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the roles of the five sorbitol- and sucrose-related enzymes important to the development of ‘La France’ pear fruit, we traced the fluctuations in the activities and mRNA levels of these enzymes. Such an approach of simultaneously assaying five sugar-metabolizing enzymes is a first in pear fruit and the Rosaceae family. Both the activity and the mRNA level of NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD-SDH) were high in young fruit, but decreased during fruit enlargement and rose again with fruit maturation. Sucrose synthase (SS) showed nearly the same fluctuation pattern as did NAD-SDH. The changes in both NAD-SDH and SS activities, based on fresh weight, were proportional to that of the relative growth rate (RGR) of the fruit. This suggests that they function closely in supplying hexose from the unloaded sugars in the phloem for active growth. Two isogenes of soluble acid invertase (S-AIV), S-AIV1 and S-AIV2, were present in pear fruit; the former was expressed highly in young fruit, whereas the latter was expressed both in young and mature fruits. The fluctuation pattern of the activity for sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH) was similar to that of NAD-SDH. However, the role of S6PDH in fruit is unclear. Although sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity was higher in young fruit, it decreased and remained low with fruit maturation. This may be attributed to the finding that ‘La France’ pear fruit accumulates hexose but not sucrose. These results showed that NAD-SDH, SS, and S-AIV are of prime importance in supplying sugars for the development and accumulation of hexose necessary for pear fruit enlargement.
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Yasufumi Suzue, Miwa Tsukuda, Saori Hatano, Yoshinori Kanayama, Kunio ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 45-50
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe activity and gene expression of sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH), NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD-SDH), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS) and soluble acid invertase (S-AIV), in developing ‘La France’ pear leaves in relation to the metabolism of sorbitol and sucrose as translocated sugars, were investigated. The levels of activity and mRNA of S6PDH were significantly higher in mature leaves than in folded and young ones. S6PDH activity was more than ten times higher than SPS activity. SPS activity remained at an almost constant level throughout the developmental stages; it was undetectable except in the very young leaves although its mRNA was present. NAD-SDH and SS activities were higher in young leaves than in mature ones; the levels of mRNAs, however, exhibited an inverse patterns to that of activities. The levels of both activity and mRNA of S-AIV were significantly higher in folded and young leaves than mature ones. The distinctly higher expression of S6PDH than that of SPS in mature leaves suggests that the former is more important than the latter in relation to CO2 assimilation (source activity). Thus, the most important change in the transition from sink to source of the pear leaf is the increasing expression of S6PDH gene with leaf maturation.
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Teruo Wada, Hideo Ikeda, Kenji Matsushita, Akira Kambara, Hiroaki Hira ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 51-58
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to examine the yield and quality of tomato fruits grown on a single-truss system shaded during the summer. Tomato seeds were sown on the 10th of every month from February to September and the seedlings were grown in NFT. The plants were covered with cheesecloth at the shading level of 0 (control), 30 (light shading), 55 (medium shading), and 83% (heavy shading) from 10 days after the first anthesis. The nutrient solution was cooled to 25°C from July to September. As the shading level increased, total fruit yield decreased with loss of fruit weight. The total fruit yield of each crop was individually correlated linearly with the mean value of daily integrated solar radiation during fruit development. Regression analysis indicated that the decrease of total fruit yield, corresponding to the loss of 1 MJ·m−2 of the daily integrated solar radiation, would increase from 84 to 100 g/plant if the average air temperature increased from 19 to 27°C. Marketable fruit yield in the control plot was highest in the Feb. crop and significantly lower from Apr. crop to Jul. crops, because of the high incidence of cracked fruits. The incidence of cracked fruits was decreased by shading. It was estimated that shading which decreased daily integrated solar radiation to 5–6 MJ·m−2 effectively increased marketable fruit yields when the air temperature exceeded 25°C. Summer harvested fruits had high titratable acidity. Shading was apt to decrease the brix and increase the titratable acidity of fruits.
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Takaaki Nishijima, Nobuko Fukino2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 59-65
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe re-examined the role of light in head formation of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. var. pekinensis Rupr.) in terms of the hyponastic midrib bending that is induced autonomously during leaf growth. This bending occurs in the basal midrib and can be simulated by a double-truncated-cone geometric model. Before head formation, darkness induced hyponastic bending of the midrib in the uppermost mature leaves. This bending was not simulated by the model, and was not induced autonomously by leaf growth. During early head formation, however, the hyponastic midrib bending of the uppermost mature leaves occurred autonomously, irrespective of irradiation. Light intensity on the abaxial face of erect leaves increased compared with levels before head formation. Alternating light and dark treatments did not affect bending at this stage. Consequently, the main developmental factor for erect leaves during early head formation is likely to be autonomously induced midrib bending during growth rather than a response to reduced light intensity and shading by outer leaves.View full abstractDownload PDF (670K) -
Hiroko Shimizu-Yumoto, Kazuo Ichimura2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 66-71
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSenescence of Eustoma flowers is accelerated by pollination which is accompanied by an increase in ethylene production by flowers. We investigated the influence of pollinating different areas of the stigmatic surface on senescence in the flowers of 6 Eustoma cultivars. Anthers were removed from the flowers whose stigma had not yet opened. After the stigmas opened, freshly collected pollen from anthers of same cultivar were placed on them. The pollination levels on stigma were all area, 1/8 area or none (control). Senescence of flowers was significantly accelerated by all and 1/8 area pollination compared with the control. All area-pollinated flowers wilted significantly earlier than did 1/8 area-pollinated ones in three cultivars. In the remaining three cultivars, senescence of flowers by all area pollination tended to be earlier than that of 1/8 area pollination. In ‘Asuka-no-nami’ flowers, ethylene production of flowers rapidly increased 1 day after all area pollination. However, in flowers with 1/8 area pollination, ethylene production slowly increased for 3 days after pollination. A large number of pollen tubes reached the base of the style 2 days after pollination in the all area-pollinated flowers, but on 3rd day in the 1/8 area-pollinated flowers. All area-pollinated flowers required silver thiosulfate complex (STS) at high concentration to delay senescence induced by pollination, compared with the 1/8 area-pollinated flowers. These results suggest that in Eustoma flowers, senescence that is induced by pollination, depends on the pollinated area of the stigmatic surface which resulted in ethylene production.
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Satoshi Ohta, Shinsuke Osumi, Toshio Katsuki, Ikuo Nakamura, Toshiya Y ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 72-78
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenetic variations among flowering cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) were analyzed by spacer sequences between ribosomal protein L16 (rpl16) and ribosomal protein L14 (rpl14) genes of chloroplast DNA, these sequences were named plastid subtype ID (PS-ID), by using a total of 40 individuals from 11 species and 3 cultivars. Nucleotide sequences of ca. 420 bp were identified as part of rpl16 gene and PS-ID regions. One mutation site was found in partial nucleotide sequences of rpl16 gene. Five different A-repeat types were found at PS-ID region, which were denoted as 9A-T-10A, 10A-T-9A, 13A, 14A, and 15A, respectively. One base change also existed in the downstream of A-repeat. Many individuals (20/22) in species that originated from Japan, except for P. pendula f. ascendens, were 14A type, whereas all 9 individuals of P. pendula f. ascendens were 10A-T-9A type. Therefore, the maternal line of cultivars related to P. pendula f. ascendens can be revealed by the analysis of PS-ID region. In addition, P. pendula f. ascendens differs from other Japanese taxa based on morphological traits. The difference is supported from the nucleotide sequences of PS-ID in this study. The A-repeat types of cultivars, i.e., ‘Someiyoshino’, ‘Ichiharatoranoo’, and ‘Shirotae’, were 10A-T-9A type, 14A type, and 14A type, respectively, which suggests that the female parent of the ‘Someiyoshino’ was P. pendula f. ascendens. The results of ‘Ichiharatoranoo’ and ‘Shirotae’ analyses were not contradictory to the morphological taxonomy. PS-ID region was highly variable and useful for evaluating genetic variation and elucidating the origin of cultivars.
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Hideki Murayama, Ichiro Konno, Shoji Terasaki, Ryoichi Yamamoto, Naoki ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 79-84
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe elastic index of ‘La France’ pears was measured during ripening by a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). Fruit were harvested thrice during the 1999 season. After harvest, samples of fruit were just allowed to ripen at 20°C. A portion of optimum-harvested fruit was stored at 1°C for 2 weeks or 1, 2 or 4 months and transferred to 20°C for ripening. The value for the elastic index of early-harvested fruit was 36.4 × 105 Hz2·g2/3 just after harvest; the values declined with a function of time. The elastic index of optimum-harvested pear showed a bi-phasic decrease, whereas that of late-harvested fruit exhibited a sharp decrease with a single-phase pattern as the fruit ripened. Storage reduced the elastic index and modified the decreasing pattern. Optimum-harvested fruit that were stored at 1°C for 2 weeks showed a slight bi-phasic decrease in the elastic index, whereas fruit stored for 1 or 2 months did not. Fruit stored at 1°C for 4 months showed the lowest initial value (4.3 × 105 Hz2·g2/3) and little decrease. The correlation coefficients between flesh firmness, measured by a conventional probe method and the elastic index, was significantly high, independent of harvest date or storage periods. The only exception was with fruit stored at 1°C for 4 months. These results indicate that ‘La France’ pear fruit exhibit bi-phasic decreases in the elastic index when they were harvested at optimum period and stored for periods up to 2 weeks; furthermore, fruit firmness of ‘La France’ pears is amenable to analysis by an LDV.
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Mecit Hakan Ozer, Bulent Akbudak, Bahattin Cetin2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 85-90
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was carried out with fresh olives ‘Gemlik’ that were to be processed as a table black cultivar. Following harvest, the olives were transferred to a cold storage facility within a few hours and placed in plastic trays. The olives were stored at 5 ± 0.5°C and 90–95% RH for 9 weeks under different controlled atmosphere (CA) combinations in plastic cells. During the period, physical and chemical analyses were conducted on samples at 3-week intervals. Our results indicate that olives can be stored, with acceptable quality losses for 6 weeks especially under 2% CO2: 2% O2: 96% N2 CA. This situation may be beneficial for the prevention of chilling injury, the preservation of olives in the processing plant and the reduction of waste water.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE (JAPANESE)
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Haruyuki Kuroda, Kazuhiko Chiba2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 91-99
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of planting density on root growth was studied in 11 to 13-year-old ‘Starking Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grafted on M.9, M.26, M.7 and MM.106 without pruning. At the 330 trees/ha plot the root system was composed of major lateral roots with few vertical sinkers, but at the 3178 trees/ha plot it was mainly of lateral roots. The root spread decreased as planting density increased, but the degree of intermingling of adjacent root systems increased. At the 3178 trees/ha plot the adhesion phenomenon between adjacent root systems was observed. The root/canopy spread ratio decreased as planting density increased, indicating that root spread was more strongly inhibited than canopy spread by an increase of plant density. The distribution ratio of root weight with depth was not affected by planting density, but the root dry weight per tree in each depth decreased as planting density increased, particularly in the major (>15 mm) root of the 0–30 cm layer. On all rootstocks, the root dry weight per tree (R) decreased as planting density (ρ) increased. The relationship between R and ρ could be represented by the reciprocal equation: 1/R=ARρ+BR—(1), where AR and BR are the coefficients depending on the tree age and rootstock. The relationship between root dry weight per tree (R) and trunk cross-sectional area (θ) could be represented by the relative growth equation with h>1: R=Hθh—(3), where H is the coefficient depending on rootstock. The root dry weight per hectare in each depth increased as planting density increased, and the increase was markedly in the fine (<1 mm) and small (1–5 mm) roots. On all rootstocks, the root dry weight per hectare (¯R) increased as planting density (ρ) increased. The relationship between ¯R and ρ well fitted the theoretical equation obtained from R=Hθh (equation 3), 1/θ=Aρ+B (equation 4) and ¯R=Rρ (equation 5): ¯R=Hρ/(Aρ+B)h—(6), where A and B are the coefficients depending on the tree age and rootstock. The planting density (ρ¯Rpk) that ¯R becomes the maximum is given by ρ¯Rpk=B/A(h−1)—(7). These results indicated that root dry weight per hectare increases as planting density increases, while it starts to decrease at the ρ¯Rpk.
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Daisaku Okamoto, Yuji Noguchi, Takato Muro, Masami Morishita2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 100-108
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSQuercetin glucoside content was investigated in the various genetic resources of onion (Allium cepa L.). Quercetin glucoside content of long-day cultivars was higher than that of short-day cultivars. Among the long-day cultivars, Rijnsburger cultivars from North Europe and their close relatives had higher quercetin glucoside content than those of Hokkaido and North American origins. Quercetin glucosides were undetectable in all white cultivars. Red onions had a higher quercetin glucoside content than that of their closely related yellow onions. In the Hokkaido, North American and short-day cultivars, quercetin glucoside content, although low, had positive correlation with percent dry matters and bulb diameter. Hence, to breed cultivars with higher quercetin glucosides was considered possible. When this thesis was tested by crossing pollen parents with higher quecetin glucosides with a common seed parent, F1 progenies with increased levels resulted. From these results, we conclude that high quercetin cultivars can be bred by using Rijnsburger cultivars with high quercetin glucosides and moderate dry matter contents as parents.
Furthermore, quercetin glucoside content had positive correlation with storage, i.e., the percent quercetin-3,4'-D-O-β-diglucoside increased during storage. Some Rijnsburger cultivars showed high quercetin glucoside levels even though they had the same dry matter content as those from Hokkaido.
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Ken-ichiro Yasuba, Mikio Yashiro, Kentaro Matsuo2006 Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 109-115
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 21, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo investigate the growth of spinach by root-zone cooling, we made a cooling tube consisting of a duct of microporous film and a polyethylene tube. Gas is able to permeate the microporous film, but the film is impervious to water. A duct made from a nylon mesh tube (3 cm diam.) that was covered with a cylindrical microporous film was passed through a polyethylene tube 18 cm in circumference. The cooling tube was 5 m long and bent up 50 cm from both ends; the space between the duct and the polyethylene tube was filled with 6 L of water. The relationship between the cooling tube temperature and air flow rate through the duct above the foam polystyrene boards was investigated. Air flows of 1, 4 and 8 m·s−1 decreased the cooling tube temperature at 1 m from the air intake, whereas treatments above 4 m·s−1 decreased the temperatures at 2.5 and 4 m from the air intake. The cooling tube, which was placed in the center of the row, decreased the soil temperature just under it. The shoot fresh weights of spinach growing near the cooling tube were higher than those grown in the absence of the tube from August 20 to October 5, 2004. These results indicate that the use of the cooling tube with a duct of microporus film improved spinach growth compared with those exposed to a higher root-zone temperature.
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