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Volume 65, Issue 4
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Yong-Li Liu, Takashi Harada1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 663-669
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNodal segments of current shoots of wild tara vine (Actinidia arguta Planch.) were cultured (primary culture), and the nodal segments with one lateral bud from the primary culture were transferred and subcultured (secondary culture) repeatedly on Miller medium containing NAA and BA at 25 °C under light or dark condition.
1. In the primary culture of wild tara vine, the rate of shoot formation increased with the addition of BA, and decreased with high concentrations of NAA, whereas shoot elongation was promoted by the combination of BA and NAA. the number of lateral buds per shoot was largest on the medium containing 1 μM NAA and 10 μM BA. Roots formed on the medium with NAA.
2. In the secondary culture, shoot formation was suppressed with a high concentration of NAA, but was promoted with the addition of BA. In the dark, etiolated shoots with long internodes grew more rapidly and formed more lateral buds, compared with those grown under light.
3. When etiolated shoots were subcultured in the dark, shoot length, internode length, and number of lateral buds increased more promptly compared with those in cultures under light.
4. When the propagating-culture procedure was repeated at 15, 20, and 25 days (unit culture duration) under darkness, shoot length and number of lateral buds on etiolated shoots increased significantly with the lengths of unit culture duration, but did not vary after the 3rd subculture among the 3 treatments.
5. The number of lateral buds propagated was greater on the 15-day unit culture duration than it was on the 20-and 25-day unit.
6. The number of propagated lateral buds, N in the total culture duration D is represented by N=bD-r/b (b: number of buds available for the next etiolation culture; r: propagation rate). When b became equal to e, the total number of propagated lateral buds, N, attained maximum value as expressed by: Nmax= eD•r/e; the unit culture duration, p, was expressed by p=e/r. The relationship between the propagational number N and the unit culture duration p was represented by N= (r•p)D/P.View full abstractDownload PDF (3245K) -
Yong-Li Liu, Hiroki Namiki, Noboru Kasai, Takashi Harada1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 671-676
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo culture internodal segments of Actinidia kolomikta Maxim. and establish an efficient method for vegetative propagation and possibly for genetic improvement, BW medium (Sugawara et al., 1994, a combined medium of half strengths of both broad-leafed tree medium and woody plant medium) and Miller's medium supplemented with 16 combinations of CPPU (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM) and IBA (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM) were used.
1. Callus formation was promoted by increasing CPPU and IBA concentrations. In BW medium, the rate of shoot formation was 100% with CPPU above 0.1 μM, and IBA of 0.01 μM. The rate of shoot formation and the number of shoots per segment were higher in the BW medium than were those in Miller's medium.
2. The callus actively proliferated in Miller's medium containing 1 μM NAA and 10 μM BA. The rate of shoot formation was 100% in the culture of internodal segments and the 1st subculture of callus. The number of differentiated shoots per segment increased significantly, because multiple shoots were formed in the 1st subculture of callus.
3. When the whole shoots were transferred to the medium supplemented with combinations of NAA (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM) and BA (0 and 1 μM), 100% rooting was obtained in a medium containing 1 μM NAA, and the plantlets obtained were healthy and grew vigorously. When the plantlets were transplanted into a soil: vermiculite mixture (4 : 1, v/v) and acclimated, nearly all plantlets developed into nursery stocks 40 days later.View full abstractDownload PDF (336K) -
Masao Yajima, Hisayuki Nakamura, Kumiko Takahashi, Yasumitu Watanabe, ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 677-683
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSShoots of Shinano walnut cv. 'Mituru' (main cultivar in Nagano prefecture) which is said to be a hybrid between Teuchi walnut (Juglans regia var. orientis Kitamura) and the Persian walnut (J. regia L.), was treated in 1970 with 0.4% colchicine solution containing 1 ppm NAA. Scions from the colchicine-treated 'Mituru' trees, known as 'Col-Mituru', were grafted on several rootstocks and grown to maturity. 'Col-Mituru' trees were then selfand open-pollinated. Shoot tips from 'Mituru', 'Col-Mituru', and F1 seedlings were reacted with Feulgen's reagent and silver iodide (Ag-I) to stain the chromosomes; their chromosome were then counted.
1. In 'Mituru' with 32 chromosomes, 62 nuclear plates were observed in the shoot tips, an amount which is twice the normal diploid number in J. regia and 'Mituru'.
2. Chromosome number of 'Col-Mituru', and its grafted propagagules, 84-1, 84-2, and 84-3, is 64 in 90 out of 95 nuclear plates counted. This is four times the basic haploid number; thus, the trees are tetraploids.
3. The chromosome numbers in 7 F1 seedlings obtained from open-pollinated 'Mituru' is 32 in 192 out of 193 cells counted; hence, they are diploids.
4. Twenty seedlings obtained from 'Col-Mituru' (4x) × 'Mituru' (2x) and 'Housho' (2x) have 48 chromosomes. Likewise, the 14 open-pollinated seedlings of 'Col-Mituru' had 48 chromosomes in 408 out of 410 nuclear plates. They are triploids.
5. In two seedlings obtained in 1983 from self-pollination of 'Col-Mituru', one had 64 and the other 48 chromosomes; they are tetraploid and triploid, respectively. The pollen for the triploid probably came from a diploid source. Of 10 self-pollinated seedlings derived in 1984. all had 64 chromosomes; they are, therefore, believed to be tetraploids.View full abstractDownload PDF (2516K) -
Toshiaki Motomural, Tetsushi Hidaka, Tomoya Akihamal, Shinsaku Katagi, ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 685-692
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSElectrofusions between embryogenic callus protoplasts from Citrus species and mesophyll protoplasts from other Aurantioideae representatives, including Clauseneae, Triphasiinae, Balsamocitrinae, and Citrinae, were performed to estimate the range within which fusion could produce embryos. Production and regeneration of hybrids between Citrus and allied species depended on the taxonomical distance of the parents; the closer the mesophyll parent were taxonomically to Citrus, the greater the potential of forming viable hybrid plants. The most successful fusions were obtained between Citrus and other Citrinae species. Most of these combinations produced embryos that generated normal plantlets with good rooting ability. Embryoids from fusions with Balasamocitrinae species initiated numerous adventitious buds, but they were incapable of rooting. When these shoots were grafted onto existing stocks, some produced deformed leaves. In fusions between Citrus and Clausenae species, most of the regenerated shoots were weak and abnormal, but a few normal plantlets were rescued. In fusions with Triphasiinae species, the embryos which survived failed to develop shoots. Thus, from fusions involving Triphasiinae species, which considered closer to Citrus than are Clausenae species, we were unable to regenerate any somatic hybrids.View full abstractDownload PDF (2802K) -
Hitoshi Ohara, Makoto Kato, Hiroyuki Matsui, Naomi Hirata, Eikichi Tak ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 693-705
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeasonal changes in the endogenous levels of IAA-, GA-, cytokinin-, and ABA-like substances in the seeds and mesocarp and endocarp of CPPU [N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea: (4PU-30)]-treated and-untreated kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv. Hayward] were determined.
The growth of untreated fruit followed a double sigmoid curve and was divided intothree stages, but that of CPPIJ-treated fruit did not. The nucellus and endosperm in theseeds of treated and untreated fruit developed rapidly during stage I, whereas theembryo developed rapidly during stage II. Embryo development in CPPLJ-treated fruitwas slightly slower than that of untreated fruit.
The levels of IAA-and GA-like substances always tended to be higher in the seedsthan they were in the flesh of treated and untreated fruit throughout the growing season.The levels of cytokinin-like substances were higher in the seeds than in the flesh duringstage I, but the reverse occured during stage II. The levels of ABA-like substances inthe seeds and flesh were nearly equal throughout the fruit growth period.
Among the growth substances tested, the level of IAA-like substance in the seedscorrelated most strongly with fruit development and tended to increase toward the fruitmaturation time. The seasonal levels of GA-and cytokinin-like substances in the seedsparalleled the initial rapid developments of the fruit and seed tissues. ABA-like substance might be associated with maturation of kiwifruit because its levels in the seedsand the flesh increased toward harvest.
Application of CPPU increased levels of IAA-and GA-like substances in the seedsearly in stage I and at the beginning of stage U ; it increased cytokinin-like substancesin the flesh during stage II. It is suggested that CPPU enlarges fruit not only by its highcytokinin activity but also by activating endogenous IAA, GA and cytokinin.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K) -
Kenji Beppu, Shigeki Okamoto, Akimasa Sugiyama, Ikuo Kataoka1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 707-712
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of temperature on flower development and fruit set of 'Satohnishiki' sweet cherry were studied.
1. Trees were grown in sunlit growth chambers controlled at 10, 15, 20, and 25°C during the day and grown under field condition at night (average minimum temperature during treatment was 7.7°C) from one month before anthesis to petal fall. The high temperature hastened blooming but markedly reduced flower size. When flowers were hand-pollinated with pollen of 'Takasago', the fruit set at 10, 15, 20, and 25°C were 36, 50, 29, and 2%, respectively.
2. In another experiment, the anatomical characteristics of flowers were compared between the trees grown in low temperature regime; 10 to 15°C during the day/natural temperature at night (average minimum temperature during treatment was 5.4°C) and those grown in high temperature regime ; 20 to 25°C during the day/10 to 15°C at night from one month before anthesis to petal fall. High temperature suppressed ovary growth and induced small ovules and nucelli. At anthesis, most of the embryo sacs were still immature in both temperature regimes. At high temperature, the nucelli and embryo sacs degenerated rapidly thereafter. At low temperature, the embryo sac development continued so that 48% of the embryo sacs reached the eight-nucleate stage two days after anthesis.
These results reveal that the rapid degeneration of embryo sac and nucellus is a major reason for the reduction in fruit set when the developing buds are exposed to high temperatures.View full abstractDownload PDF (3163K) -
Man-Hyun Jo, Masatoyo Yamamoto, Sachiko Matsubarl, Kenji Murakami1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 713-722
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fruit yield and ascorbic acid (AscA) and capsaicinoid contents of F1 hybrids between Capsicum annuum L. 'California Wonder', four Japanese native cultivars, and five Korean F1 cultivars were evaluated and the results compared with parental cultivars.
The yields of F1 hybrids between the Japanese cultivars were higher than those of the parental cultivars, especially those of 'California Wonder'.
AscA content in the fruit flesh increased for 4 to 5 weeks, but decreased at 8 weeks after flowering. In all cultivars, AscA content, which differed little, gradually increased until September, and decreased in October. The AscA content in the fruit flesh was three times that of the placenta.
The capsaicinoid content was higher in the placenta than in the flesh of fruit. Fruits of 5 cultivars including 'Yatsufusa' were most pungent, with capasaicinoid content exceeding 1000mg/100gDW, whereas 'California Wonder' and 'Fushimi Amanaga' contained trace amounts. The content of capsaicinoids in F1 hybrids varied with reciprocal crossing. Red mature fruits had lower capsaicinoid contents than did green immature ones. The capsaicinoid contents also varied with the stage of developement of the fruit, being low in the first week after flowering, rapidly increasing in the 2nd to 3rd week, reaching a peak at the 5th week, and declining thereafter.View full abstractDownload PDF (497K) -
Tae-Ho Lee, Tohru Kato, Yoshinori Kanayama, Hajime Ohno, Kiyotoshi Tak ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 723-729
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents of melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Prince) fruits were plotted during their developmental stages. The IAA content of mesocarp was almost constant during fruit development but that of seeds increased for 20 days after pollination, then decreased significantly. Hence, seeds contained much more IAA than the mesocarp throughout fruit development. The seeds may effuse IAA to the enlarging mesocarp, so that its IAA content remain constant.
Exogenous application of IAA on the activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, which are closely related to the sink activity of fruits, stimulated activities of the cell wallbound and soluble acid invertases, but not those of sucrose-and sucrose phosphate synthases. Thus, endogenous IAA may play an important role in the induction of cell wallbound and soluble acid invertases.
We postulate that exported IAA from seeds to mesocarp stimulate cell wallbound and soluble acid invertase activities, thereby strengthening its sink activity during fruit development.View full abstractDownload PDF (369K) -
Hiroshi Hamamoto, Masayuki Oda1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 731-736
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of day temperature (DT), night temperature (NT), their difference (DT-NT=DIF), and their average ((DT+NT)/2=AT) on hypocotyl elongation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) were investigated. Hypocotyl elongation correlated in decreasing order with DT, DIF, AT, and NT for cucumber and with DT, AT, DIF, and NT for pumpkin. The different responses of hypocotyl elongation to DIF and AT by cucumber and pumpkin plants were attributed to the difference of the effective NT for promoting hypocotyl elongation which was lower for cucumber than pumpkin.View full abstractDownload PDF (461K) -
Masuo Yamanouchi, Satoshi Tanaka, Hideyasu Fujiyama1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 737-745
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSalt tolerance was compared among 19 cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 40, and 80 mmol•liter-1 NaCl. The relative growth indices (growth ratio of Na-treated plants relative to that of untreated plants) of the shoots correlated negatively to the Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the leaflets, and positively to the concentrations of these elements in the roots. The indices showed higher correlation coeffiClents with Na+ than with Cl- concentrations in every organ. Among the cultivars tested, 'Shuttle' and 'Himetebou' were most tolerant, 'Shirokinugasa' and 'Chang Jiang' were least tolerant to the high level of NaCl in the nutrient solution. Salt tolerance of bean cultivars depends on the plants' ability to restrict the absorbed Na+ to the root and to keep the Na+ concentration in the leaflets low.
Supplying NaCl to the nutrient solution caused an increase in 1) the concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ in the plant, and 2) the transport of K+ from roots to shoots, of Ca2+ from the stem + petioles to the leaflets and of Mg2+ from roots to the leaflets. There were no correlations between salt tolerance and changes of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations in plant parts of NaCl-treated plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (499K) -
Norio Dohya, Sachiko Matsubara, Kenji Murakami1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 747-752
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnthers and microspores of Apium graveolens L. (celery) were cultured in vitro to obtain haploid plants.
Anther culture: Immature anthers of 'Cornell 619' and 'Cornell 19' at three stages of development were cultured on eight different media containing a half strength of Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) and B5 media supplemented with combinations of 2, 4-D, BA, NAA, and zeatin plus sucrose and Gelrite from May to June in 1994.
Calli developed from 'Cornell 19' microspores at tetrad stage on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D and B5 medium supplemented with 2, 4-D. In 'Cornell 619', calli developed from tetrad microspores on B5 medium supplemented with 2, 4-D, and from early uninucleous microspores on B5 medium supplemented with 2, 4-D. Adventitious embryos regenerated from calli transferred to MS medium with or without NAA and BA; plantlets grew after 40 to 60 days.
Isolated microspore culture: Celery microspores at different developmental stages were cultured in liquid B5, NLN, and 1/2 MS media supplemented with 2, 4-D and BA, with or without glutamine and with serine at the density of 2.5 x 103 microspores/ml medium. In 'Cornell 619', many microspores of early uninucleate stage developed to colonies in the B5, NLN, and 1/2 MS media; the colonies in B5 and 1/2 MS media developed into heartshaped embryos; microspores, plated in modified 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D and BA, developed colonies and calli.View full abstractDownload PDF (301K) -
Katsumi Ohta, Takashi Hosoki, Ken Matsumoto, Masahide Ohya, Norihiro I ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 753-759
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe course of cracking in cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in water culture in a glasshouse in relation to the diurnal changes in fruit size and the rate of solute uptake was investigated.
1. When cracking in 250 fully ripe 'Sun Cherry' was checked hourly during 10 days in July, about 83%of the cracking occurred between 4 : 00 and 10 : 00.
2. Diurnal changes in diameters of fully ripe fruits measured by a laser beam sensor system starting at 0 : 00 and during summer and autumn revealed that in summer, 'Sun Cherry Extra' diameters increased from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00, then decreased from 8 : 00 to 14 : 00, after which it again increased gradually during the daytime but sharply after sunset. A similar trend was observed in the autumun with 'Sun Cherry' but to a lesser extent. A rapid increase in fruit diameter coincided with the time of fruit cracking.
3. The diurnal change in solute flow rates through plants of 'Sun Cherry Extra' was investigated using a sap flow system, the flow in the stem and petioles was always directed distally during the day and night cycle; the flow rates in both tissues were much faster during the day than at night. In contrast, the solute in the peduncles flowed prox-imally during the late morning to evening and distally during the dark period, indicating that solute flow to fruits occurs during the evening and early morning hours.
The results suggest that the rapid expansion of fruit was induced by solute inflow into the fruit during the night to early morning; fruit skin cannot endure the internal pressure, leading to the cracking of the fruit.View full abstractDownload PDF (366K) -
Isao Ogiwara, Yukiko Takura, Isao Shimura, Kuni Ishihara1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 761-767
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe bases of varietal differences in the frequency of unfilled grains at the distal end of sweet corn cultivars in relation to : (i) the dry matter production, (ii) partitioning of dry, matter within the ear, and (iii) changes in the florets with emerged silk were investigated.
1.Cultivars with delayed silk emergence had the largest total plant dry weight at silking time, the fastest dry matter accumulation rate during grain filling, heaviest ear weight at the harvesting, and the maximaum number of filled grains. A low negative correlation was obtained between the percentage of unfilled grains and dry matter accumulation during grain filling period.
2.A positive correlation exists between percentage of the decrease of a single grain weight (SGW) at the distal positions and percentage of the occurrence of unfilled grains on the ear. Ears on cultivars which have significantly lighter SGW at the ear distal end compared to the basal grains had large proportions of unfilled grains.
3.A negative correlation exists the percentage of the florets with silk emerging 5 days after the first silk appearance and percentage of the decrease of a SGW at the distal end of the corn ear. The difference in SGW within an ear was small in the cultivars in which silk emerged relatively early, proceeding from the basal to the distal florets.
Therefore, the varietal difference in the frequency of unfilled grains are caused, not only by the dry matter accumulation during grain filling, but also by the partitioning of assimilates to the distal grains. Cultivars in which, silk emerged relatively early had : (i) uniform partitioning of dry matter within ear, (ii) greater translocation of assimilate to the distal grains, and (iii) fewer unfilled distal grains.View full abstractDownload PDF (447K) -
Shinji Monma, Yoshiteru Sakata1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 769-776
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEighty-three sweet or hot pepper accessions (Capsicum annuum L.) and 57 other Capsicum spp. accessions were screened for resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Most C. annuum accessions developed symptoms after the first inoculation with CMV but 45 plants in 22 accessions were symptomless. When the latter were reinoculated, 15 symptomless plants in 10 accessions were selected for progeny testing. The resistance of some progenies derived from symptomless plants was higher than that of the parents. The resistant progenies are preserved as seed stocks.
Of the 57 Capsicum spp. accessions, most showed CMV symptoms after the first inoculation. Five, 21, 7, and 7 symptomless plants were observed in accessions of C. chinense Jacquin, C. frutescens L., C. baccatum L., and C. pubescens Ruiz & Pavon, respectively. Of the symptomless plants which were reinoculated, 19 symptomless plants mostly of C. frutescens were progeny tested. As a result, five progenies of C. frutescens and one of C. baccatum were selected as seed stocks for future testing.View full abstractDownload PDF (391K) -
Hui-lian Xu, Laurent Gauthier, Andre Gosselin1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 777-784
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGreenhouse tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Capello) were grown in a peat-moss based substrate (70% sphag peat and 30% perlite, v/v) and treated with a salinity stress (4.5 mS cm-1 of electrical conductivity, EC) and a low (55 ± 8% on gra-vimetric basis) substrate water content (SWC) to examine the effects of salt accumulation and a prolonged substrate water deficit on photosynthesis and plant water relations. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased by 24% compared to the control one day after SWC was depleted to 55%. However, as SWC was maintained at the same level for several days, the effect of water stress diminished, with the decreasing extent of 14%, 15%, and 14% compared to the control on the 11th, 16th, and 28th days, respectively, from the beginning of treatments. This demonstrated that tomato plants acclimated to substrate water deficit. One day after SWC reached 55%, leaf turgor potential (ΨP) decreased sub-stantially as leaf water potential (ΨW) declined. However, as SWC was maintained con-stant over a period, ΨP recovered to a large extent even at the same Ψw level. This tur-gor recovery was based on osmotic adjustment shown by the decrease in osmotic poten-tial (Ψπ) at fully hydrated status. The effect of salinity on Pn was not observed under both high and low SWC one day after the beginning of treatments, but that effect became larger and larger as the treatment was prolonged. Although ΨW and Ψp declined steadi-ly in salinity stressed plants during the experiment, osmotic adjustment also occurred, re-sulting in a partial turgor maintenance. The combined treatment of salinity and water de-ficit imposed an additive effect on Pn, ΨW, and Ψp, which did not allow Pn to recover despite the osmotic adjustment.View full abstractDownload PDF (486K) -
Harumi Takahashi, Hiromitsu Furuya, Takatsugu Takai, Tsutomu Matsumoto1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 785-790
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCultural characteristics, morphology, and pathogenicities of ICMP-2487, a New Zea-land isolate of Alternaria alternata strawberry pathotype were compared with 5 Japanese isolates (OH-5, 90-12, MO-1, SN-3, and MA-2). Concurrently, the resistance of a new strawberry cultivar designated as 'Akita Berry', a somaclonal variant to a New Zealand isolate (ICMP-2487) was examined. The following results were obtained.
1. No differences between the New Zealand and Japanese isolates were found in the growth and colors of colonies, shapes, sizes, and septa of conidia.
2. Pathogenicities of ICMP-2487 to 58 strawberry cultivars and strains, 4 pear culti-vars, 3 cabbage cultivars, 3 tomato cultivars, 3 Welsh onion cultivars, 2 carrot cultivars, and 2 sunflower cultivars were similar to those of Japanese isolates.
3. No lesions on 'Akita Berry' were formed by inoculation of ICMP-2487 and Japanese isolates. This cultivar is, therefore, resistant to the isolates of Alternaria alternata straw-berry pathotype occuring in Japan and in New Zealand.View full abstractDownload PDF (292K) -
Yuichi Yoshida, Yoshihiro Morimoto, Kazuhira Yokoyama1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 791-799
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in the CO2 concentration were measured, in 15 commercial strawberry greenhouses where various amounts of organic substances had been applied. With these data, the rate of CO2 evolution and the number of exchanges during the night were estimated for each greenhouse, the effects of the soil organic matters on the CO2 environment in greenhouse, and CO2 assimilation and yield in strawberry were investigated. The soil carbon content was higher in greenhouses, where a large amount of organic substances had been applied over a long period, compared to greenhouses where lesser amounts were applied. The rate of CO2 evolution from the soil was positively related to the total carbon content of the soil: the CO2 in the aerial environment increased with the high rate of CO2 evolution, especially in greenhouses with low ceilings and a small number of atmospheric exchanges. In greenhouses where strawberry plants were grown with nutrient film technique and no organic substance was applied, the rate of CO2 evolution was low. The light conversion efficiency and the net amount of CO2 assimilated in the morning increased with the increases in the rate of CO2 evolution and maximum CO2 concentration before sunrise. There was also a significant correlation between the soil carbon content and commercial yield. To supply plant nutrients and/or to improve soil physical conditions are important functions of soil organic matters; for protected strawberry production, the source of organic carbon for respiratory substrate for soil microorganisms, should be one of the most important functions of organic fertilizers and soil amendments.View full abstractDownload PDF (549K) -
Kenji Yamane, Emi Kuchii, Nobuaki Fujishige, Nagatoshi Minegishi, Ryos ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 801-807
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPretreatments of BA significantly suppressed ethylene production and prolonged the vase life of cut florets in Laeliocattleya Irene Finney 'York' and Brassolaeliocattleya Mem. Helen Brown 'Sweet Afton'. A combination of BA pretreatment and spray of silver thiosulfate (STS) had synergistic effects on the vase life of Cattleya Carl Hauserman 'z-784c'. Cut florets of Laelia (L.) purpurata produced ethylene at the highest rate and neither BA nor STS treatments affected their ethylene production and vase life. BA had little effect on the total soluble sugars (TSS) contents in the petals of all the alliances. TSS contents did not change in turgid to slightly wilted petals. Ethylene seems to be involved in senescence of the cut florets but BA suppresses its production, thus extending vase life. Lowering of TSS could not be a direct cause of the wilting process.View full abstractDownload PDF (364K) -
Akiko Itol, Tamotsu Hisamatsul, Norio Soichil, Mizuo Nonaka, Masayuki ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 809-816
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of difference between day temperture (DT) and night temperature (NT) and constant temperature regime ranging from 15° and 25 °C on the elongation and development of Matthiola incana (stock), Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), Viola × wittrokiana (pansy) and Impatiens walleriana (Impatiens) seedlings was investigated.
The 25 °/15 °C (DT/NT) treatment (positive DIF) promoted plant height and internode and petiole lengths more than did constant 20 °C (zero DIF), on all four species, whereas 15 °/25°C treatumet (negative DIF) suppressed growth compared to zero DIF. On the other hand, the increment of growth during rapid elongation stage was more influenced by average temperature than by DIF. Leaf length and leaf unfolding rate responded to average temperature rather than to DIF.
By taking advantage of DIF effects, production of compact seedlings might be facili-tated because DIF regulates tha final height of seedlings, whereas average temperature controls elongation speed. Our data indicate that controls of elongation for a short period may be easier by altering temperature than by changing DIF.View full abstractDownload PDF (441K) -
Akiko Itol, Tamotsu Hisamatsul, Norio Soichil, Mizuo Nonaka, Masayuki ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 817-823
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of diurnal fluctuations between day and night temperature (DIF) during the early seedling stage of Matthiola incana (stock), Antirrhinum mains (snapdragon), Viola × wittrokiana (pansy) and Impatiens walleriana (Impatiens), were investigated to test whether they persisted.
Under positive DIF, seedling height, internode length, and the 1st leaf petiole length were longer than in plants grown under negative DIF. Although positive DIF tended to favor leaf elongation and leaf unfolding rate, in that the leaves during the rapid extension (13 days after treatment started) were always longer than those grown under negative DIF, no significant difference was observed in the final measurement.
The elongation response to DIF alteration during the rapid elongation was reflected in plant height, internode length, and leaf petiole length in all plant species. After DIF was altered, a significant difference on the final length was observed between the corresponding treatments (i. e. between positive DIF and alteration from positive to negative DIF, and between negative DIF and alteration from negative to positive DIF treatment). The response to DIF alteration from negative to positive was greater than that from positive to negative. The elongation after DIF alteration was greater in seedlings which were smaller at the time of DIF alteration than in the larger seedlings; the former were under the negative DIF until the alteration while the latter were under the positive DIF. This result could be summarized that the DIF during early nursery stage had a small effect on the growth after the treatment. We concluded that DIF could be applied in seedling production.View full abstractDownload PDF (378K) -
Motonobu Endc, Jung-Shim Kim, Ikuko Inada1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 825-833
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSmall-flowered garden chrysanthemum cv. YS is unique in that it has the smallest chromosome number (2n=36) among chrysanthemum cultivars. Although cv. YS has a potential as a breeding parent, it has low pollen fertility. To improve pollen fertility, chromosome-doubled plants of cv. YS were produced and their characteristics investigated.
1. Shoot tips were cultured on solid MS medium containing 0.050.2% colchicine for 1248 hrs. Chromosome numbers of root-tip cells in 68 regenerated plants were counted one month after potting. Six plants, which regenerated in the treatments with 0.2% colchicine for 24 or 48 hrs, were regarded as chromosome-doubled plants (the first examination).
2. Six months after potting, a second examination of two plants of the above six revealed that the chromosome numbers differed between root-and shoot-tip cells. Out of 156 plants propagated from the six plants by crown division, 96 chromosome-doubled plants were selected after counting the chromosomes in the root-tip cells. From the above 96 plants, 78 were selected after chromosome counting both root-and shoot-tip cells (the third examination).
3. Examination of the chromosome-doubled plants of cv. YS cultivated in unheated greenhouse revealed that in comparison with cv. YS, the propagules were: 1) obviously dwarfed, the number of branches, leaves and flower buds reduced, and the first flowering dates were late; 2) the pollen fertility was considerably improved; and 3) the size of the pollen grains and stomata were equal.View full abstractDownload PDF (5091K) -
Yoshiji Niimi, Tong-Hua Li, Katsuhito Matsuo1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 835-842
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCross-pollination (L. hybrid 'Enchantment' x L. maculatum Thunb.) was made before or after anthesis. The receptivity of pistils was observed from 6 days before anthesis (day-6) to 6 days after flowering (day +6). On crossing made on day 0, the number of mature seeds was 185 per capsule, whereas those on day + 2 yielded 236 seeds per capsule. Flowers self-pollinated on day 0 yielded no seeds, and the ratio of pollen-tube length / style-length in the pistil was 0.85. Numerous abnormal pollen tubes with swollen or deformed bulbous tips with delayed generative nuclear division were observed compared with flowers selfed on day +3. Self-pollinated flowers on day-3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +4, and +6 developed capsules. Capsules from day +6 flowers produced 46 mature seeds, whereas the others yielded only 13 to 27 seeds per capsule. These findings show that L. X 'Enchantment' is a relatively weak self-incompatible cultivar. When seeds resulting from flowers self-or cross-pollinated at different stages were planted, differences in germination time and final germination percentage were observed. Of the cross-pollinated mature seeds made on day 0, 75% germinated; of the self-pollinated seeds made on day + 2, 72% germinated, whereas those made on day + 6, only 44% germinated.View full abstractDownload PDF (5163K) -
Takashi Hosoki, Tomomi Nagasako, Daisuke Kimura, Kaori Nishimoto, Ryui ...1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 843-849
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed to classify 21 herbaceous peony cultivars or species. Forty 10-mer primers were screened; 11 of these produced 99 reproducible amplification DNA fragments, useful as polymorphic markers. With these markers 21 genotypes were distinguished and the similarity values among the genotypes calculated. A dendrogram by cluster analysis revealed that cultivars of P. lactiflora are clearly separated from those of P. officinalis which are related to cultivars of P. peregrine, P. tenuifolia, or Manchurian peony. Except for a few cultivars, those of P. lactiflora can be grossly divided into Japanese, Chinese and Western groups. The classification of 21 genotypes by RAPD corresponds well with their morphological and biochemical characteristics, e. g. with flavon/flavonol compounds in the petals, but not with the anthocyanidins.View full abstractDownload PDF (2731K) -
Xu-Wei Ma, Kimiko Ikeda, Kaori Kadohata, Keishi Shimokawa1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 851-857
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEthylene-enhanced chlorophyll degradation in the peel of banana fruits (Musa sapientum L.) was measured in vivo, with a Minolta chromometer. N, N-Dimethylformamide was used for chlorophyll extraction from peel slices. (L+b)/2+a value is useful as a color index during degreening, based on the high correlation coefficients between extracted chlorophyll concentration and Hunter's color index.
The ethylene-enhanced chlorophyll degradation in vivo is inhibited by 2, 2'-bipyridyl, 1, 10-phenanthroline, bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid, NaN3 and ascorbate, but not by N-ethylmaleimide, DIECA, dithiothreitol, monoiodoacetate and KCN. PCMB, EDTA, Tiron and hydroquinone had a weak inhibitory effect.
The possible in vivo participation of Fe2+(Fe3+) and 02(02-) requiring enzyme as a key system in the chlorophyll degradation process is discussedView full abstractDownload PDF (378K) -
Yasunori Hamauzu, Kazuo Chachin, Chang-Kui Ding, Hiroshi Kurooka1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 859-869
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo study the compositional and physiological difference of 'Mogi' loquat fruits, the fruits harvested at different maturity stages were analyzed for surface color, flesh firmness, sugar content, acid content, phenolic compounds content, carotenoids content, re-spiration rate, and ethylene production. The index of maturity was 1 (green, small)7 (yellowish orange, harvest maturity) and 8 (slightly over ripe).
1. Changes of surface color of loquat fruit expressed by Hunter color value indicated that the green color faded out and yellow color appeared over maturity stages 14, the reddish color appeared over the stages 58.
2. Flesh firmness decreased between stage 4 and 5, but there was no detectable softening of the flesh afterwards to full ripe.
3. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were the dominant sugars; sorbitol was the minor sugars. Sucrose content decreased from the stage 5 to 8, fructose as the dominant sugar at maturity stage 8.
4. Malic acid was the dominant organic acid; citric, fumaric and succinic acids were the minor ones. Malic acid content decreased through fruit maturation, while citric acid content remained nearly constant.
5. Phenolic compounds content and ratio of orthodiphenol to total phenolics increased during fruit maturation.
6. β-Carotene was the dominant carotenoid in stage 2; cryptoxanthin became predominant in maturity stage 7. Cryptoxanthin was seemed to exist mainly as 4 esters.
7. Respiration rate of loquat fruit decreased during maturation. Ethylene production of the fruit increased simultaneously with the decrease of green color and the appearance of reddish color.
8. Our results indicated that stage 7 is the optimum harvest maturity.View full abstractDownload PDF (466K) -
Kazuhiro Dan, Setsuko Todoriki, Masayasu Nagatal, Ichiji Yamashita1997 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 867-875
Published: 1997
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe development of an off-flavor in anaerobically kept broccoli was studied by sealing the heads in a 100-μm-thick polyethylene film and storing them at 20°C for 4 days. 02 and CO2 concentrations in the package were less than 0.5% and more than 20%, respectively, within 8 hours after storage; undesirable odors developed rapidly under these anaerobic conditions. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, methanethiol, and dimethyl disulfide were identified as the volatile compounds in the headspace of the anaerobic package. Volatile sulfur compounds, such as methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide, are the main contributors to an off-odor. When the activity of C-S lyase, a key enzyme for the formation of volatile sulfur compounds, was measured, no significant changes were observed in C-S lyase activity between an anaerobic packaged and nonpackaged broccoli during storage. The electrolyte leakage from an anaerobically packaged broccoli increased to a greater extent than that of nonpackaged broccoli during storage. In addition, the level of free fatty acid in the microsomal membrane was higher in an anaerobically packaged broccoli than in the nonpackaged broccoli. These results suggest that, under anaerobic condition, the volatile sulfur compounds are formed by the deterioration of cellular membrane lipids and loss of intracellular compartmentation, allowing the enzyme-substrate reaction to proceed.View full abstractDownload PDF (468K)
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