Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science
Online ISSN : 1880-358X
Print ISSN : 0013-7626
ISSN-L : 0013-7626
Volume 76, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
REVIEW
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Diaa Osama El-Ansary, Goro Okamoto
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 13-19
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effects of several irrigation strategies on vine water relations and the quality of table grapes, Vitis vinifera L. ‘Muscat of Alexandria’, were evaluated from veraison to harvest. The treatments included: (1) standard practice irrigation (control): re-irrigation when the soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa; (2) regulated deficit irrigation (RDI): re-irrigation 4 to 7 days after reaching a soil moisture tension of 15 kPa; (3) fixed partial root-zone drying (FPRD): one half of the root system was re-irrigated when the soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa; and (4) alternate partial root-zone drying (APRD): one half of the root system was re-irrigated when the soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa, and every week the irrigated half was switched. Treatments were continued for 7 weeks until harvest. During the experiment, RDI vines received 58% less irrigation water than the controls, while 33% less irrigation water was applied to FPRD and APRD vines. The results showed that only RDI vines had a significantly lower midday stem water potential compared with the control. Vines of FPRD and APRD treatments had the highest efficiency of water use (photosynthetic rate/stomatal conductance). At harvest, RDI fruit had markedly higher TSS, sugars, and amino acids, a similar acidity, and lower firmness and smaller size compared with the control. FPRD and APRD fruits had slightly higher TSS, sugars, and amino acids, a similar firmness and size, and lower acidity compared with the control. Aroma concentrations were high in RDI and FPRD fruits.
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  • Nobuko Mase, Hiroyuki Iketani, Yoshihiko Sato
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 20-27
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To detect genetic mutations in bud sport cultivars of peach, RLGS (restriction landmark genomic scanning) analysis was performed on 7 putative bud sport mutant cultivars after SSR (simple sequence repeats) analysis for identifying false-mutants. Three cultivars, ‘Yawata Hakuho’, ‘Odoroki’, and ‘Kanoiwa Hakuto’, postulated to be bud sport mutants, were confirmed as false-mutant cultivars. This suggests that other false-mutant strains of peach are also likely to be registered with the Plant Variety Authority as bud mutant cultivars. A stable RLGS profile of peach, obtained using NotI as a landmark enzyme, showed about 400 spots in a single experiment. Comparing the profiles between mutant and original cultivars, polymorphic spots were discovered in 2 mutatnt cultivars, ‘Gyosei’ and ‘Nagasawa Hakuho’, but were not detected by SSR analysis. RLGS was thus considered to be an effective method to detect very small genomic variations in mutant strains.
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  • Mikio Shiraishi, Masahiko Yamada, Nobuhito Mitani, Toshihito Ueno
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 28-35
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A rapid determination method has been developed to elucidate the anthocyanin profiles in grape genetic resources. It consists of crude extraction of skin anthocyanins with 50% aqueous acetic acid and analysis of reversed-phase HPLC with a visible spectrum detector. A total of 21 anthocyanins could be rapidly identified without the need for multi-step extraction and equipment such as diode array spectroscopy and/or mass spectrometry. Analysis of 17 colored cultivars exhibited diversified anthocyanin profiles in the levels of hydroxylation, methylation, glycosidation, and acylation of aglycones, suggesting that significant inter- and intraspecific variations exist in grape genetic resources. The anthocyanin profiles for a grape cultivar from the same location appeared to be quite similar between vines or years.
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  • Masashi Yamamoto, Asad Asadi Abkenar, Ryoji Matsumoto, Hirohisa Nesumi ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 36-40
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fluorochrome staining with chromomycin A3 (CMA) was used to characterize and compare the CMA banding patterns of chromosomes in 14 accessions of 12 species of major Citrus species. All accessions had 2n = 18 chromosomes. These chromosomes were classified into seven types based on the number and position of CMA-positive bands: A: two telomeric and one proximal band, B: one telomeric and one proximal band, C: two telomeric bands, D: one telomeric band, E: without bands, F: one proximal band, and Dst: type D with a satellite chromosome. Each accession possessed two to six types of chromosomes and unique CMA banding patterns. The CMA banding patterns were 2B + 8D + 8E in C. medica, 1B + 1C + 8D + 8E in C. limon, 2B + 9D + 7E in C. aurantifolia, 1A + 1B + 1C + 7D + 8E in C. aurantium, 2B + 2C + 7D + 7E in C. sinensis, 3A + 3C + 4D + 8E in C. maxima, 2A + 3C + 6D + 7E in C. paradisi, 2B + 2C + 12D + 2E in C. ichangensis, 2A + 5C + 8D + 3E in C. latipes, 1B + 11D + 4E + 2Dst in C. micrantha, 2B + 1C + 11D + 3E + 1F in C. macroptera, and 3B + 1C + 8D + 3E + 2F + 1Dst in C. hystrix.
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  • Masaharu Masuda, Kenji Kato, Kenji Murakami, Hiroshi Nakamura, Christo ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 41-46
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study was conducted to investigate the influence of night temperature on the restoration of fertility in a season-dependent male-sterile tomato mutant (T-4). Plants were grown in greenhouses, in which minimum and maximum temperatures were set at 10°C and 28°C by heating and ventilation, respectively. Flowers were hand-pollinated and the fruit-set, seed-set, and number of seeds were examined. The rate of fruit-set was high and did not differ much from October to February; almost all fruits formed in October had self-fertile seeds, but 80% of the fruits from November to February were parthenocarpic. The rate of fruit-set dropped from 70% in March to below 10% in May. During this period, most of the fruits were seeded, though fruit-set was low. The number of seeds per seeded fruit varied with the season, being as high as 50 seeds in October, 1–2 seeds per fruit between November and March, and 1–20 seeds per fruit between April and June. A low night temperature of 12°C did not affect fruit-set but resulted in a better seed-set than a high night temperature of 18°C in the greenhouse. Further, pollination of the plants in phytochambers also resulted in a better fruit- and seed-set at 12°C than 24°C. In all cases, the influence of low temperature was more pronounced in autumn than in spring. Fruit-set was 70% at 12°C and 46% at 24°C. Of these fruits, 50% at 12°C and 10% at 24°C were seeded. It was inferred that partial fertility restoration in T-4 can be achieved by manipulation of night temperatures. The female organ was shown to be normal, functional, and compatible with wild-type pollen. From these results, the potential of the male-sterile T-4 mutant for use in a two line hybrid-seed production system was apparent.
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  • Tadayoshi Tanimoto
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 47-53
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A clear modification of sex expression in Sagittaria latifolia from male or trimonoecious to female was induced by a foliar spray of gibberellic acid (GA) at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 ppm. This modification began two weeks after the initiation of treatment. The effect was greater at a higher GA concentration. The number of racemes was increased by the treatment. On the other hand, male and perfect flowers were produced in the female line by a foliar spray of paclobutrazol (PBZ) at concentrations of 100 and 1000 ppm two weeks after the initiation of treatment, and a greater number of male flowers was produced in the trimonoecious line by the spray. The number of racemes was decreased by the PBZ application. GA was effective for the internode elongation of rachises and scapes; on the contrary, PBZ was effective in shortening the internodes. Therefore, it was clarified that endogenous GA controlled sex expression, raceme production, and internode length in this species. Female flowers in the male line developed into fruits with a normal seed; further, female flowers that had been pollinated with pollen grains from male flowers of the female line also developed into fruits with a normal seed. These results will be useful for the breeding of S. latifolia.
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  • Masataka Yamashita, Hitoshi Imamura
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 54-59
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Influences of rosetting on shoot and root growth, and the inner structure of the stem and root of Eustoma grandiflorum plants were studied. The rosetted and stem-extensional plants, regulated by thermal conditions during ripening in the previous season, were grown under the same conditions. Rosetting was marked by the severe restraint of stem elongation, thickening of stems and leaves, increasing leaf width, thickening of roots, and a change in the growth direction of roots. However, it had less of an effect on the shoot dry matter weight, leaf emergence, auxiliary bud formation, maximum root length, and lateral root formation. Furthermore, little difference was detected between the root dry matter weight of rosetted plants and that of stem-extensional plants, excluding the flowering time when the dry matter weight of the roots of stem-extensional plants tended to decrease. Both rosetted and stem-extensional plants developed lysigenous aerenchyma in the cortex of the roots and stem. This structure could contribute to the marked wetness tolerance of Eustoma grandiflorum.
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  • Munetaka Hosokawa, Hayato Shiba, Takashi Kawabe, Akiko Nakashima, Susu ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 60-65
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The economically important Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) were detected from infected chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) plants by a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay developed in this investigation. The antisense hexamer AAAGGA (5′-3′) was designed. The antisense hexamer 5′AAAGGA 3′ annealing at 5′TCCTTT3′ is located at nucleotide positions 186–191 and 245–250 of CSVd (gb: AB006737), and 231–236 of CChMVd in their sequences. Using CSVd- and CChMVd-cDNA templates which were transcribed simultaneously by the hexamer, the following multiplex PCR could detect both viroids from doubly-infected plants without nonspecific amplification. When the hexamer was used for the RT reaction, the sensitivity of detection of CSVd or CChMVd by multiplex RT-PCR was similar to that of standard RT-PCR when each viroid was detected separately. Furthermore, multiplex RT-PCR successfully detected both CSVd and CChMVd in direct templates obtained by inserting a syringe needle into the stem, leaf, and shoot tips of infected chrysanthemum plants. The direct multiplex RT-PCR method developed in this study may reduce the cost, time, and labor required for the production of viroid-free chrysanthemum plants.
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  • Byung-Chun In, Shinichi Motomura, Katsuhiko Inamoto, Motoaki Doi, Genj ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 66-72
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) ‘Asami Red’ plants were grown in a glasshouse for a year and the preharvest environmental parameters, and morphological and physiological parameters of individual cut flowers at harvest and during the postharvest period were recorded. Principal component analysis showed interrelations between the parameters: rose plants grown under “dry” conditions, i.e., high temperature, low relative humidity, and consequent high vapor pressure deficit, produced cut flowers having delayed wilting symptoms, resulting in a long vase life; cut roses with a high transpiration rate in the dark at harvest could not maintain their water relations properly, resulting in a shorter vase life; roses grown under “dry” conditions had small stomata and a low transpiration rate in the dark at harvest. These results indicate that humidity conditions are key preharvest environmental factor affecting the vase life of cut roses, and roses grown under “dry” conditions develop more functional stomata, regulate their water relations properly after harvest, and have a longer vase life. Multiple regression analysis to predict the vase life from preharvest environmental parameters and morphological and physiological parameters at harvest generated a significant equation (Y = −0.0971·X1 + 0.0242·X2 − 0.3275·X3 − 2.84792·X4 − 0.4859·X5 + 15.397, where Y is the number of days of vase life; X1−X5 are the daily minimum relative humidity, ratio of the stem diameter of the neck and cut end, stomatal width, water potential in the light, and transpiration rate in the dark, respectively; R2 = 0.618; P < 0.001).
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  • Junji Amano, Sachiko Kuwayama, Yoko Mizuta, Tomo Oomiya, Toru Nakamura ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 73-78
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Plantlets derived from ovule culture following intra- or intergeneric crosses among Colchicaceous ornamentals, Gloriosa spp., Littonia modesta Hook. and Sandersonia aurantiaca Hook., were subjected to flow cytometry (FCM) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses in order to verify their hybridity. For crosses between plants with apparently distinct relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) of nuclei, i.e., intrageneric crosses between Gloriosa genotypes with different ploidy levels, and most intergeneric crosses, detection of hybrid plantlets could be readily accomplished by FCM analysis. The results of hybrid identification by RAPD analysis supported those of FCM analysis. In addition, RAPD analysis allowed the verification of the hybridity of intra- or intergeneric cross-derived plantlets, which could not be identified as hybrids by FCM analysis due to the similarity of RFI of the parents or appearance of the RFI peak in an unexpected position. Totally, 110 independent hybrid plantlets (60 intrageneric and 50 intergeneric hybrids) have so far been identified by FCM and/or RAPD analyses. Thus, FCM in combination with RAPD analyses offer simple and rapid means for the early detection of intrageneric and intergeneric hybrids in Colchicaceous ornamentals.
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  • Lianhua Li, Koji Kageyama, Naoko Kinoshita, Wenjin Yu, Hirokazu Fukui
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 79-84
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Rose root rot disease caused by Pythium helicoides has caused serious economic losses in rose production in Japan. The use of resistant rootstock against root rot disease is a valuable strategy toward legal restrictions and consumer concerns against fungicide application. So, the establishment of a bioassay for the selection of resistant roses is very important. In this study, the utility of the original inoculation method by a self-made Ebb & Flow watering system was examined using a bioassay for the selection of resistant roses. Rosa multiflora ‘Matsushima No. 3’ and R. ‘Nakashima 91’ were used as resistant and susceptible plant materials, respectively. Rooted cuttings were inoculated by soaking them with a zoospore suspension for 1 h in the situation of them being planted in a plug tray without transplanting, and then zoospore-containing nutrient solution was given from the tank of the Ebb & Flow system 4 times every day, for 2 min each time. Although the conventional phytopathological bioassay could not distinguish between ‘Matsushima No. 3’ and ‘Nakashima 91’ in terms of disease severity, the resistibility of ‘Matsushima No. 3’ and susceptibility of ‘Nakashima 91’ to root rot disease were confirmed through the original bioassay developed in this study, and the reproducibility was high. Therefore, it could be concluded that this bioassay was suitable for the screening of resistant varieties. Histological observation indicated that the density of hyphae in cortical cells of ‘Matsushima No. 3’ was less than that of ‘Nakashima 91’. Hyphae penetrated into the endodermal tissue in ‘Nakashima 91’, whereas they were inhibited from expanding to cortical cells of ‘Matsushima No. 3’.
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  • Mercy W. Mwaniki, Francis M. Mathooko, Kyoko Hiwasa, Akira Tateishi, N ...
    2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 85-90
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: March 06, 2007
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Substantial decreases in cell wall bound galactosyl and arabinosyl residues are two of the most evident cell wall compositional changes that occur during fruit ripening. The roles of β-galactosidase (β-Gal) and α-L-arabinofuranosidase (α-Af), the enzymes responsible for these respective losses, were investigated and compared in European (Pyrus communis L. ‘La France’) and Chinese (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. ‘Yali’) pear fruits which exhibit different softening characteristics during ripening. The increase in the activities of β-Gal and α-Af during ripening in both types of pear fruit correlated well with an increase in climacteric ethylene production, and a concomitant decrease in flesh firmness in ‘La France’ fruit. However, there was no noticeable decrease in ‘Yali’ flesh firmness even after 28 days of storage at room temperature. In both fruit types, enzyme activity and the accumulation of transcripts hybridizing with PpGAL1, PpGAL4, PpARF2, and PcARF1 increased with fruit ripening. Increases in gene expression and enzyme activities in ‘Yali’ fruit with no detectable softening during ripening indicate that β-Gal and α-Af may not mediate difference in fruit softening between two pears, but that they could play some role(s) in cell wall changes, perhaps in cooperation with other cell wall-modifying enzymes such as polygalacturonase.
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