Histology of the hindstomach mucosa of two collared peccaries, Dicotyles tajacu, was observed. The tissue samples were collected from 21 loci of the hindstomachs previously fixed and preserved in a buffered formalin. The pyloric mucosa is limited to a small area close to pylorus. Non-glandular mucosa is present in the region oral to the low folds which are continuous to the lips of the gastric groove. Cardiac gland exists microscopically between fundic and non-glandular eoithelia and in the region close to the dorsal transverse fold. The fundic mucosa occupies most of the hindstomach mucosa and is twice as thick as the pyloric mucosa. Its thickness is 2.00mm on an average. The fundic gland is well-developed simple tubular type and the number of the gland cells per one-side of the tubule is as many as 503 on an average. In the very straight neck portion, a pair of the mucous neck cells or chief cells are closely associated with one parietal cell. Owing to the invagination in the isthmus, the parietal cells take the distinct distal position to the lumen. The general histology of the peccary fundic gland appears to be fundamentally similar to that of the pig, though the gland is more developed in the pig. Three kinds of endocrine cells (setotonin-storing EC cells, somatostatin-storing D cells and gastrin-storing G cells) are identified in the peccary hindstomach by the immunocytochemical method.

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The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the lung alveolar development and the fetal adrenal activity, by means of fetal bilateral adrenalectomy. The bubble stability ratio (BSR), to detect the changes in the amount of pulmonary surfactant, was determined in the lungs of rat fetuses and neonates or fetuses retained in utero beyond the normal gestation period. Histologic examination of lung alveolar tissue was also performed. The BSR in normal rats was gradually increased toward term and was still high at 2hr after birth, followed by a subsequent decline in the 1st and the 2nd day after birth. This change was in parallel with the histologic observation that the alveolar walls became progressively thinner whereas the number of great alveolar cells showed a prenatal increase followed by a postnatal decrease. Prolongation of gestation, induced by a maternal injection of progesterone, maintained the late fetal state in the BSR and the lung histology. Fetal adrenalectomy caused a decline in the BSR and a retardation in histologic differentiation of the fetal lung alveolar tissue. These effects were overcome by giving corticosterone to the adrenalectomized fetuses. The results support the view that the fetal adrenal gland participates in the development of great alveolar cells and the surfactant production before birth.

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In athymic nude mice previously inoculated with bovine leukemia cell line (fetal lamb kidney; FLK) the clearance of the same cells was markedly delayed. To know the mechanisms of impairment of clearance rate, we examined natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cell activities of spleen cells against FLK cells by 8 hr-⁵¹Cr release assay. Splenic K cell activity against FLK cells markedly decreased in nude mice treated previously with viable FLK cells when compared to the activity of spleen cells from untreated nude mice. However, there were no significant differences in NK cell activity against FLK cells and YAC-1 cells between the two groups of mice. Treatment of nude mice with glutaraldehyde-fixed and killed FLK cells had no influence on both NK and K cell activities. These results suggest that inoculation of viable FLK cells impairs K cell activity of nude mice and therefore the elimination of FLK cells from the body was delayed. The impairment of K cell activity may result in progress of tumors in nude mice.

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The effect of Phenobarbital (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 5 days) on the absorption of copper from the rat small intestine was studied using an in situ recirculation technique. In untreated animals 45.7% of the initial amount of copper was absorbed after a 90-min recirculation. The pretreatment with phenobarbital resulted in a significant increase in the absorption of copper and at the end of 90 min of recirculation 56.7%, 62.7% and 70.0% of the initial amount were absorbed in the animals treated with phenobarbital at the dosages of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg, respectively. To determine the absorption of copper from different sites of the small intestine, the intestine was divided into three segments of duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The copper absorption varied markedly in different segments and was the largest in duodenum followed in order of jejunum and ileum. Phenobarbital treatment resulted in a marked increase in the copper content in duodenum and jejunum as well as liver and kidney. Together with previous informations, the present data suggest that the phenobarbital-mediated increase in the copper absorption is related to increased synthesis of a carrier protein which may be involved in copper transport.

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In the survey conducted on 10 zebu cattle, Bos indicus L., 1758, in Thailand to make clear the geographical distribution of rumen ciliates, one new genus and one new species belonging to Buetschliidae, one new species of Diplodinium, and one new forma of Entodinium parvum were recognized. They were described as Parabundleia ruminantium gen. n., sp. n., Diplodinium mahidoli sp. n., and Entodinium parvum forma monospinosum forma n., respectively. P. ruminantium is elliptical in shape and 37-50 μm in length, and has two anterior and one posterior ciliary zones. The two anterior ciliary zones are situated around the cytostome and near the concretion vacuole, and the posterior one occupies very narrow area besides the cytoproct. D. mahidoli is one of the largest diplodinia, 117.5-167.5 μm long, and has broad ectoplasm and two caudal processes. Of these processes, the right one forms a spine but the left one a lobe or a spine. So that this species was classified into two formae on the basis of the shape of the left caudal process, namely, D. mahidoli forma mahidoli with a lobe and D. mahidoli forma bispinosum with a spine. E. parvum forma monospinosum is elongated-ellipsoidal in shape with one spine at the left posterior extremity of body. The body is 35-45 μm long. The morphological characters of this ciliate were the same as those of E. parvum Buisson, 1923, except the possession of a caudal spine, so that this ciliate was assigned in this paper to one forma of the species.

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Toxicities of bracken fern were studied for feeding periods of 5-1O days (experiment A), 20-80 days (experiment B) and 11-15 months (experiment C) in 149 albino female and male guinea pigs weighing approximately 200g. Guinea pigs were fed ad lib. the bracken diet containing 30% (Wt./Wt.) dry powdered young fronds, 0.012% thiamine and 0.01% ascorbic acid. In experiment C, animals were fed the bracken diet for 90-100 days and were then returned to the control diet. Control groups received the basal diet containing the same percents of above vitamins. Each experiment was repeated 3 times. Hematuria and intense edema in urinary bladder were prominent at the 5th day in experiment A. Panmyelopathy in the bone marrows and hematuria were manifested in experiment B. In experiment C, 25-38% of survivors had a relapse of hematuria. Tumorous changes were recognized in urinary bladder of all the survivors; transitional cell carcinoma and hyperplastic or precancerous changes were found in 67% and 33% of animals, respectively. In the intestines, tumorous changes including carcinoma (53%) and carcinosarcoma (13%) were recognized in 83.3% of survivors.

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We observed outbreaks of an egg drop syndrome similar to EDS-76 over the period from October, 1979 to March, 1980. A hemagglutinating virus (H-162) was isolated from the faces of a hen in a broiler breeding flock and shown to be serologically identical to the EDS-76 virus by the double immunodiffusion and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. The appearance of HI antibody to this virus was associated with the syndrome. The replication of the H-162 virus was inhibited with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and its infectivity was resistant to treatment by ethyl ether or chloroform. The virus was stable at pH 3.7 and readily filtered through membrane filters with 100 nm or greater pore sizes, but not through 50-nm filters. The virus multiplied with cytopathic effect in cultures of chick embryo liver and kidney cells and fibroblasts and chiken kidney cells. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were observed in the nuclei of infected cells. Electron microscopy revealed typical adenovirus particles often aggregated in paracrystalline array forming a cubic lattice in the nuclei of thin-sectioned cells. The virus multiplied to high titers in the allantoic cavity of duck embryos, whereas no viral growth was shown in chicken embryos. The virus agglutinated chicken erythrocytes and the reaction was specifically inhibited with antiserum against the virus.

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Male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to smoke from 10, 20, or 30 cigarettes twice a day, 5 days a week, in a Hamburg II type smoking machine for quantitative evaluation of biological responses. An additional group received 1% dietary vitamin C supplement and was exposed to smoke from 30 cigarettes in the same manner as the other smoke-exposed groups to study the effect of vitamin C on smoke inhalation toxicity. These hamsters were killed by design after 4, 13, and 53 weeks of exposure. The smoke-exposed hamsters exhibited decreased body weight gain and food efficiency depending on the dose of cigarettes and showed various tobacco-related histological changes in the respiratory tract. Histometrical evaluation revealed that smoke exposure enhanced alveolar macrophage mobilization and thickening of the laryngeal mucosa relating to the dose of cigarettes and duration of exposure. While the vitamin C-supplemented group showed slightly improved body weight gain and food efficiency, significantly lower incidences of rhinitis, focal bronchial epithelial hyperplasia and bronchiolar adenomatoid lesion, and depressed alveolar macrophage mobilization as compared with those in the smoke-exposed group at the same dose of cigarettes. These results indicate that measurement of alveolar macrophage count and thickness of the laryngeal mucosa may be most useful in rating the biological damage elicited by cigarette smoke in hamsters. In addition, it is assumed that vitamin C may have a protective effect in some part on smoke inhalation toxicity.

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Hemoglobinuria (Hburia) was experimentally induced in rabbits to clarify whether the hemoglobin (Hb) excreted into the urine of Hburia was metHb or oxyHb. Rabbits were injected intravenously with the saline solution containing an excess amount of oxyHb or metHb over the Hb-binding capacity of haptoglobin (Hp). Oxidation or reduction of injected oxyHb or metHb in the blood plasma was pursued and metHb and oxyHb in urine of the ureter or the bladder was analyzed by the scanning photometric method. A similar experiment was performed also in goats. The results obtained are as follows: (1) When oxyHb was injected into a rabbit, it remained unchanged in the serum for at least 2 hr. In this rabbit the ureter urine contained only oxyHb for 3 hr. after the injection. The bladder urine, which was collected from another rabbits 1 hr after the oxyHb injection, contained oxyHb and a small amount of metHb. (2) When metHb was injected into a rabbit, oxyHb was found in the plasma 10 min after the injection and almost all the injected metHb changed fo oxyHb in 60 min. The ureter urine collected for 30 min following the injection of metHb contained a considerable amount of oxyHb and the Hb in the ureter urine collected from 1.0 to 1.5 hr after the injection of metHb was mostly oxyHb. The amount of oxyHb in the bladder urine gradually increased following the injection of metHb, and the urine collected during the 1.0 and the 1.5 hr of the metHb injection contained a large amount of oxyHb and only a small amount of metHb. (3) When metHb of an amount below the capacity of Hb-binding of serum Hp was injected, Hp-bound metHb was completely reduced to oxyHb in the plasma, as free metHb was. No Hburia occurred in this case. (4) In goats, similar but moderate changes were observed in plasma and urine Hb after a metHb injection.

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Ibaraki virus hemagglutinin was readily adsorbed onto bovine erythrocytes in a hypertonic diluent (0.6 M NaCl, pH 7.5) at 37, 22, or 4°C. The hemagglutinin thus adsorbed could not be eluted from the cells by resuspending in isotonic PBS, by incubating at 37 or 50°C, or by incubating in the presence of neuraminidase. The hemagglutinin titer was 2- or 4-fold higher in 0.6 M solution than in 0.2 M solution of not only NaCl but also several other salts except sodium citrate which gave no difference in titers. These salts gave the same titers in each of the concentrations. The receptor of bovine erythrocytes for the hemagglutinin was inactivated by neuraminidase, but not by trypsin, lipase, formalin, potassium periodate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The hemagglutinin was inactivated by trypsin, protease, α-amylase and potassium periodate, but not by lipase, ribonuclease, ethylether and chloroform, suggesting the active component of the hemagglutinin to involve glycoproteins. This view was further supported by the results of chromatography of the hemagglutinin on Con-A Sepharose 4B. The hemagglutinin was stable at 37°C or lower temperatures and resistant to ultraviolet irradiation and sonication. In the equilibrium centrifugation of the hemagglutinin preparation on a CsCl density gradient, the hemagglutination activity showed a sharp peak at 1.34g/ml, followed by a broad distribution at lower densities. The activity in the peak fraction seems to be structurally associated with virus particle. The hemagglutinin was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE Sepharose CL6B and Con-A Sepharose 4B.

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A total of 24 conjugative R plasmids were isolated from 19 Salmonella typhimurium strains from human patients with acute diarrhea in Hiroshima City. Moreover, 6 R plasmids were detected in 4 S. typhimurium strains and 1 S. litchfield strain which were isolated from pigeon droppings collected at 3 parks of the city. Genetic properties of these R plasmids of human and pigeon origins were used as an epidemiologic marker to confirm the possibility of transmission of Salmonella between pigeons and humans. Incompatibility (Inc) group H1 (12 plasmids-50.0%) was most frequently detected among the 24 human plasmids, followed by IncIα (4-16.7%) and FII (1-4.2%). Three of the 6 plasmids of pigeon origin were classified into IncIα and 1 into H1. IncIα plasmids conferring resistance to streptomycin (Sm), sulfadimeth-oxine (Su) and tetracycline (Tc) with or without mercury resistance and IncH1 plasmids conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, Sm, Su and Tc with or without mercury resistance were detected in Salmonella strains of both human and pigeon origins. Half of the IncIα plasmids and all of the H1 plasmids described above were derived from parent S. typhimurium subserovar copenhagen strains with the same biovar, respectively. Five IncIα and two IncH1 R plasmids of human and pigeon origins were about 76.9 and 120 megadaltons in size, respectively, and the plasmid DNAs of each Inc group showed identical restriction pattern. On the basis of the distribution of the same R plasmids in particular or non-particular Salmonella strains from humans and pigeons, the possibility of association of pigeons with human salomonellosis was presumed.

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Adrenalectomy (ADX) of pregnant rats on day 14 or 15 of gestation did not induce any hypertrophic feature in the fetal adrenals within 2 days. ADX on day 16 significantly increased both the weight of fetal adrenals and the size of fetal adrenocortical cells in 2 days. However, ADX on day 17 induced some increase in the weight of fetal adrenals, not accompanied with any significant cortical cell enlargement within 2 days. ADX on day 18 caused no increase in either the weight of fetal adrenals or the size of cortical cells. ADX on day 19 or later also induced a highly significant increase in both the weight of fetal adrenals and the size of cortical cells. To know more clearly the pattern of the negative feedback mechanism of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis, metopirone was injected into another series of ADX rats on each of two days after ADX and the animals were autopsied on the third day. Metopirone caused more marked hypertrophy of the fetal adrenals and cortical cells than did ADX alone performed after day 16. These results strongly support the view that the fetal pituitary-adrenal negative feedback mechanism begins to operate between days 16 and 18 of gestation.

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A cludoscopy technique was applied in female goats for the investigation of serial change in the ovarian morphology. The goats were kept prone and head-down on the stanchion under general anesthetic state, and a cludoscope with 90°visual view was inserted into the pelvic cavity through a puncture of the vaginal fornix. Whole surface of both ovaries was observable without special manipulation of the reproductive tract, and cludoscopic observation to be a simple and useful procedure for visualization of the ovary in goats and presumably also in other small ruminants. An intravenous injection of a combination of ketamine HCl (10mg/kg) and xylazine HCl (0.02mg/kg) caused a brief but satisfactory deep anesthetic condition, and repeated ovarian examination was possible at 1 hr intervals.

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Amylopectin synthesis of Eimeria tenella sporozoite was investigated under aerobic condition. PAS stain showed that the amount of amylopectin contents of the sporozoites increased after the incubation with glucose. When the spozoites were incubated with ¹⁴C-glucose, the radio activity in the autoradiograph was located at the area of the body where the amylopectin granules existed. The radio activity was also detected in the polysaccharide fraction extracted from the sporozoites. The results indicated that the sporozoite could synthesize amylopectin from glucose.

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