What traditional narrative elements did Murasaki-Shikibu deconstruct and reconstruct in writing Genji-monogatari? How did the author subvert her own work in her attempt to look for a new literary direction? The aim of this article is to analyze textual and intertextual experiments in Genji-monogatari with the application of Wolfgang Iser's theory of “horizons of expectation” mainly to “Wakana” and “Uji-jūjō.”
Shōtetsu, a monk poet of the Muromachi Period, frequently uses the word “yūgen” in his autobiographical and poetical essay Shōtetsu-monogatari. It is closely related to his aesthetic philosophy; a landscape is simple and beautiful, but the subject seeing it is complicated and ambiguous. The complexity of the subject metaphorically corresponds to that of writing poems. The concept of “yūgen” is a product of such a poetical outlook.
“Kangokusho-no-ura” (1909) is one of the short stories which Kafū Nagai wrote immediately after his return from France. “My house at the back of the prison station,” “the tenements down the bank where the prison station stands,” and “the prison station's noisy backyard.” The prison station thus works as a pivotal device which provides a coherent but multi-layered space for the story. In this enclosed narrative site the narrator quotes from Paul Verlaine's poem about his imprisonment to translate and transform it into his own literary discourse.
“Sangetsu-ki” has been often interpreted with reference to Atsushi Nakajima's profound knowledge of Chinese literature, but here I will shed light on its zoological discourse. Richō's pseudo-Darwinian explication about the beast's consciousness has the effect of making the reader believe that he has metamorphosed into a tiger, but it is too equivocal to decide whether his metamorphosis really happened or not. Such undecidability distinguishes it from its sourcebook “Jinko-den” and indicates the polyphonic nature of the author's literary imagination.