Ise, a woman poet of the Heian Period, rendered a long waka poem in memory of Empress Onshi to represent general condolences on her death at a memorial service. As it was common to sing long poems for funeral ceremonies in the Nara Period, Ise might have followed the tradition in making her dirge. In the Heian Period, however, this type of memorial poems became less ceremonial and more personal. In this sense, her emotional dirge embodies a transitional stage in the history of memorial poetry.
In recent studies on esoteric cosmology Onmyōdō much has been written about the accounts of Taizan-Fukun, a Buddhist deity, in historical documents and ceremonial writings, but little has been so about those in legends and tales. The aim of this article is thus to delineate the narrative image of the god in the descriptions of the Taizan-Fukun Ceremony in the Abe-no-Seimei legend of Konjyaku-monogatari-shū and the Fujiwara-no-Arikuni legend of Imakagami.
Since he moved to Kyoto after the Great Kanto Earthquake Junichirō Tanizaki hadn't ceased to take a negative view of Tokyo. His skepticism about disavowal of lack characteristic of the optimistic outlook of the age lay behind his criticism of the reconstruction plan and the sense of metropolitan sophistication. It also developed into his criticism of the rise of nationalism in the late 1930s. The author's attitude of gazing at shadows in Inei-raisan was his own way to resist such historical trend. Tanizaki is often regarded as an apolitical aesthete, but his obsession with shadows is charged with political implications.
It is not until recently that Yasunari Kawabata's unfinished story Namichidori has received proper attention in literary studies. As many critics point out, the quoted letter from a woman plays a very important role in it. One of its effects is to strategically involve the readers in the interactive relation between the characters. Another is to force them to be engaged in interpretive work because they are left without knowing how the characters read the letter. In this way the question of the letter turns the novel itself into a question which will help to shed a new light not only on its prequel Senbazuru but also on Kawabata's works in general.