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Volume 22, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Histological studies on the abscision layer in calyx of mature fruits of“Hassaku”T. KUROKAMI, T. SOGABE1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 65-71
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome investigations were carried on the calyx abscission in mature fruits of summer orange“Hassaku”. The chief objective of them was to determine histologically the position of abscission layer and to study also the mode of abscission when the calyx was treated with 2, 4-D solutions or the fruits were kept in freezing temperature. The results are summalized as follows:
1. The abscission zone was formed in the tissue between the distal end of the pith of pedicel and the mesocarp of fruit, and it consisted of some seventeen to twenty five layers of rather rectangular but small parenchymatous cells. It was very hard to detect this zone outside of vascular tissues. Absccission layer was located at just middle or base of the abscission zone and consisted of two to eight layers of cell.
2. The calyx abscission was preceeded by the deposition of the starch-like grains in each of the cell which forming these layers. It was observed that the deposition of these grains was almost ceased by the middle of December.
3. Calyx separation in mature fruits during storage was probably caused by a change in the chemical nature of the cell walls in the abscission layer. The fracture of vascular tissues of the same layers, however, occured quite mechanically.
4. The abscission layer did not develop so promptly in the case of the fruits hanging on the tree as the detached zones. The same process proceeded gradually in the case of the fruits which were harvested and kept in the stored house. The division and proliferation of cells was noticed in separated tissues.
5. The abscission process was retarded when the calyx were treated with 2, 4-D solution, but was accelerated when the fruits were kept in low temperature ranging from-1°C to 1°C.
6. Above mentioned results are certificated by the field experimments. The calyx abscission rates ninety days after treatments with 2, 4-D solutions, low temperature or check was 5.71%, 71.42%, 45.71% each, and these differences are higly significant statistically.View full abstractDownload PDF (1385K) -
Y. HORI, T. SUGIYAMA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 72-80
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeed germination of 19 kinds of vegetables under various concentrations of O2 and CO2 was studied by means of the continuously aerating system, which proved to be satisfactory in keeping constant compositions of gas mixtures throughout the experiments.
The most kinds of seeds examined required 10% or more O2 concentration for the practically normal germination, and the minimum O2 concentration that permitted any germination was 5% or below and little influenced by the temperature, although there was considerable variation among the kinds of crops.
Cucumber and Welsh onion, which were germinable under the lowest O2 concentration, germinated over 20% under 1% O2 as much as in the atmosphere and over 50% under 2% O2. Cerely and radish, on the contrary, showed no or poor germination even under 5% O2 and were the highest O2 requisitors. The others, including four groups, Chinese cabbage and turnip, garland chrysanthemum and leaf mustard, pepper and tomato, carrot, cabbage, squash and edible burdock in this order, situated between the two above mentioned, regarding to their germinability under lower O2 concentrations.
The inhibitory effect of CO2 in the 15% O2 series was not so conspicuous as was expected, and was recognized clearly only under the highest concentration (40% CO2). When O2 concentraion was lowered to 5%, germination was decreased and retarded markedly, and browning of roots and root tips was frequently induced under higher CO2 concentrations in this series.
There seemed to be some differences among the seeds in their germinability under higher CO2 concentrations. Under 40% CO2 in both 15% and 5% O2 series, Welsh onion and Chinese ca bbage germinated over 70% as much as under 0% CO2, while carrot, radish and squash germinated poorly even under 20 CO2 in 15 O2 series.
In the seeds of cruciferous plants and others, a kind of dormancy could be induced when O2 concentration was lowered but not absent, or more easily when CO2 was added with reduced O2. This artificially induced dormancy could be clearly broken by the low temperature treatment as well as the natural dormancy could be.View full abstractDownload PDF (1333K) -
Erosion survey in sloping apple orchards. (2)J. SHIBUKAWA, M. SOMA, T. SOTOKAWA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 81-86
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSErosion survey of apple orchards were practised during the years 1951 and 1952 on the Nagasaka Hill, Rokugo Village, Minamitsugaru-County, Aomori Prefecture. This hill has 219 acres of land, about 188 acres of which are occupied by apple orchards. The first apple trees on this hill were planted during 1909 to 1913 after land clearing. From the soil type, the soils of this hill are classified into ando soils and brown podzolic soils. About 89 per cent of the slope is at an angle of 8 to 25 degrees and the longest slope is 500 meters in length. The principal results obtained in this survey are summarized as follows.
1. About 61 per cent of the total area of the Nagasaka Hill exclusive farm road were subject to severe sheet erosion: and 12 per cent, to very severe sheet erosion. The approximate acreage and percentage of each erosion condition in apple orchards are given in the left table.
2. Soil erosion decreased the contents of the nutrients (humus, nitrogen and exchangeable calcium), non-capillary porosity and aggregation coefficient of the sloping apple orchard soils and consequently productivity of apple orchards decreased remarkably.View full abstractDownload PDF (1479K) -
Ecological behaviors of spring-sown Chinese cabbagesS. IWAMA, M. SERIZAWA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 87-94
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. On account to find out how to cultivate Chinese cabbages at the regions of different altitude, experiments were carried out to study the effects of temperature on vegetative growth, flower cluster differentiation, flower stalk development, and losses due to diseases, in 1950 and 1952. Two varieties (Matsushima Jun No. 2 and Nosaki Harumaki No. 1) were sown successively in the open in Nagano (360m.) or Sugadaira (1, 390m.), or were set out in the field after raised in the hot bed inwhich temperature was maintained above 10°C.
2. Flower clusters were differentiated in the cabbages which had been sown or set out in the field when the minimum temperature falled below 13°C., and flower stalks bolted when they had been sown or set out when minimum temperature falled below 8-9°C. Thirty days were necessary from the time of seed sowing to the time flower cluster differentiation, and 20-30 days were required from the time of flower cluster differentiation to the time of bolting for Matsushima Jun No.2, an early bolting variety. For Nosaki Harumaki No.1, a slow bolting variety, perfect heads may be obtained before bolting, if other conditions are favorable for their vegetative growth. But it should be recommended to raise seedlings in the hot bed in which minimum temperature is maintained above 10°C., and to be set out in the field after minimum temperature in the open does not fall below 8-9°C.
3. Two phases were distinguished in the vegetative growth of the Chinese cabbages: the first phase of 30-40 days after seed sowing, during which their growth rate were rather slow and the plants were not so sensitive to temperature, and the second one in which the growth was greatly accelerated and the plants became sensitive to temperature and susceptible to diseases.
4. The most favorable mean temperature was 18-21°C. for head formation of Chinese cabbages. When it exceeded 23°C., the growth was checked and became susceptible to diseases. Growth was checked also when mean temperature was below 15°C.
In the regions above 1, 000m. high where mean temperature in summer was about 20°C., they could be grown in midsummer. Below 700-800m high, it should be necessary to grow them so as the time of head formation may be match the period of 18-21°C. in mean temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (1428K) -
Ecological behaviors of onion under varying daylength and temperature conditionsS. IWAMA, N. HAMASHIMA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 95-99
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. On account to know how to cultivate onions at the regions of diffrent altitude, studies on the effects of day length, temperature and age of plant on bulb formation were conducted. Three varieties, i. e. Aichi-shiro (early), Senshu-ki (medium), and Sapporo (late), were planted at different times in Nagano (360m) and Sugadaira (1, 250m) in 1950 to 1952.
2. The fall sown onions started the development of bulbs after the daily mean temperature had exceeded 10°C in spring. The most favorable temperature range was 18-20°C for both fall-and spring-sown onions.
3. In fall-sown onions. bulb formation started much later than the dates when the day lengths became sufficiently long for bulb formation. It seems that the low temperature limited bulb formation of onions in such cool regions in Nagano Prefecture.
4. Despite enough daylength and temperature for bulb formation were provided in early stages of growth in spring-sown onions, bulb formation was much delayed as compared with the fall-sown onions. It seems that age of seedlings was one of limiting factors in this case.
5. The least ages of seedlings necessary for bulb formation were 4, 5, and 6 leaves in Aichishiro (early), Senshu-ki (medium), and Sapporo(late), respectively.
6. It may be possible to increase yields of spring-sown onions by raising seedlings in hot bed so as to allow them to start bulb formation earlier in the season.View full abstractDownload PDF (888K) -
Influence of temperature on the flower bud differentiation and bloomingH. WATANABE1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 100-106
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnfruitfulness of the beans is a phenomenon of wide spread occurrence among our districts and has been intensively studied by a number of in-vestigators. the results of these experiments are not always in agreement, however.
The writer has experimented to study the effect of temperature on the growth of the flower buds and blooming in the beans“Low's Champi-on”. The results were followed.
The higher temperatuve (30°C) for a long time and the higher night temperature at the time before the stage of reduction division in pollen mother cells, extremely injured the differentiation and growth of flower buds, and most pollens of this imperfect flowers were abortive ones.
The flower buds were favourably formed in the lower night temperature (15°C), the nodes for mation unfavourably.View full abstractDownload PDF (1057K) -
On the observations of chestnut trees in Aida Gun, Okayama PrefectureN. HONDA, M. OKAZAKI, S. OTSUKA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 107-112
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) Chestnut trees (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) are compared with Konara Oak (Quercus serrata THUNB.) or Kunugi (Quercus accutissimma CARR.) on the adaptability to impermeable pan, which is called“Tokko”in the Aida Gun, Okayama Prefecture. Chestnnt trees are prevented markedly from deep penetration of root by the presence of“Tokko.”
(2) The“Tokko”is originated from the diluvial formation at Katabusikage, Town of Doi ; originated from the residual soil of tuff at Shikoe, Village of Yoshino and also originated from the colloidal clayey soil of the sea origin at Daishoji.
(3) It is certain probably that the“Type of Root Development”, or especially the“Type of Tap-root Development”which is proposed by the writers is a concise index to the vertical development of the root system of chestnut tree.
(4) Chestmit treeo grow well at talus or talus glacier with soil profile which are called“gravelly soil”or“gravelly and rocky soil”by Dr. KOIDE.
(5) We feel very interesting to know that there are many kinds of places where chestnut trees grow well or not owing to the soil conditions which due to the geological nature, mother rocks and topography, even at a small village not more than some 177 square-kilometers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1557K) -
Brassica oleracea L. var. caulo-rapa DC., var. acephala DC., and var. gemmifera ZENKERT. TATEBE1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 113-114
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn these cole crops, the incompatible pollen and tube behavior was found to be similar to that of the common cabbage respectively. The self-incompatibility is due to decreased germination of incompatible pollen and to no penetration of tubes into the stigma.View full abstractDownload PDF (311K) -
T. NISHIZAWA, H. MIZUTA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 115-118
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Field test for varietal resistance of peanut to the peanut's leaf spot disease (Mycosphaerella berkeleyii JENK.) was made in 1951.
2 Three varieties of spanish type-Java, Hakuyu, and Noborimaru No. 1-were resistant and two varieties of virginia type-China and Kimotsuki Zairai-were suscetible. The other varieties were intermediate.View full abstractDownload PDF (512K) -
M. OKADA, T. YAMADA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 119-122
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors' observations on the flower bud differentiation and its development in amaryllis bulbs are summarized as follows:
1. Usually the growing point of amaryllis bulb changes into a flower bud after it has formed four leaves, then a new growing point starts from the bottom of the newest leaf. Therefore most bulbs have four leaves between every successive flower buds (72% of the observed cases), but in a few cases one to eleven leaves are counted between the flower buds.
2. Ten stages are set up in the course of developmeant of flower bud, from the state of vegetative growing point to the pistil formation stage. (Fig. 2)
3. While a flower cluster primordium is developing to complete flowers, the growing point usually differentiates eight new leaves and two new flower buds.View full abstractDownload PDF (571K) -
Development and, ripening of the seed of scarlet sage (Salvia splendens KER-GAWL.)H MYODO, M. OKUMURA1953 Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 123-128
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSalvia seeds are generally considered to be much poor in thier germinating power. It is not only in aged seeds but also in fresh ones that the germinating percentage is generally difficult to surpass eighty.View full abstractDownload PDF (1040K)
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