1. Vine growth and nutrient absorption of Delaware grapes were observed in soils of different moistures as“High”83-72% of water holding capacity, “Medium”65-55%, “Low”55-50% and“Very low”48-35%. As a result, apparent assimilation, shoot elongation, weight growth of a plant, blooming rate of flowerlets per cluster and berry development were all inferior with decreasing soil moisture.
2. When temperatures rose rapidly after the end of the rainy season, several leaves at the base of the shoots were discolored and shed early. Except for the“Very low” plot where the leaves dropped least, the lower the soil moisture, the more severe was the defoliation. Particularly, the damage was greatest in the“High-Very low”plot where the soil moisture was changed from“High”to“Very low”in early July.
3. Leaf content of Mg was markedly influenced as compared with those of N, P, K, and Ca when the soil moisture was reduced. It decreased so much as to reach a level of deficiency with fruiting vines both in the plots of“High-Very low”and“Very low”Therefore, most severe defoliation in the“High-Very low”plot might have been induced by the rapid change of water condition as well as Mg deficiency due to drought.
4. In the measurement of the daily change of berry size, the berries shrunk during the day and enlarged again at night in summer. The difference of berry size between day and night became greater with decreased soil moisture.

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In the first experiment, P^* and Ca^* were applied to the vines having two bearing shoots (Black Queen variety) through nutrient solution for any of the two week periods: from July 5 to 18, July 19 to Aug. 1, Aug. 1 to 15, or Aug. 16 to 29. The distribution of P and Ca in the various parts of vines were examined on the samples taken on September 30.
In the second experiment, the radioactive elements were applied to the vines during the period from June 20 (flowering period) to July 3. Then the plants were taken on July 3, 27, August 9 and September 15, and radioactivity in various parts was measured.
The results showed that the pattern of distribution of radioactivity in various parts of vines differed according to the time of its application. High activity was found in the seeds when the radioactive elements were applied early in the season, while the later the time of their application, the higher the activity in the leaves and roots.
It was found that the P moved from older leaves towards top of shoot where metabolism was more active, as shoots elongated, Ca^*, however, seemed to remain in the older leaves.
Autoradiograph showed that P^* was located intensively in the veins of leaves, while Ca^* was dispersed in the mesophyll. These phenomena seem to be relating to the difference in their roles in the vine.

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In order to find out profitable varieties for Japanese condition, the authors have introduced several Europian grape varieties from abroad since 1956: from Germany, Switzerland, Spain, France, Italy, Rumania, and the United States of America.
The cultural experiments were carried out outdoors, and vines were grafted on Teleki 5BB.
The experimental field conditions were: 1600mm rainfall in a year, 13°C in mean temperature, loamy soil of volcanic ash, and pH 5.6-4.0. The field is located in the suburbs of Tokyo.
Among many introduced varieties five early maturing varieties are recommended by the authors as wine or table grapes:
1) Malvasia nera di Piemonte (for wine and table grapes)
2) Regina (for table grapes)
3) Perla di Csava (for table grapes)
4) Primus (for table grapes)
5) Termidro (for table grapes)
Under the experimental conditions, care must be taken in managements for cultivation such as cane pruning, and much amounts of calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and less of nitrogen should be applied.
Chemical analyses of berries were made on the sugar total acid, amino nitrogen, and total nitrogen contents.
Sugar contents were: 18.2% in Perla di Csava, 17.7% in Primus, 17.1% in Regina, 16.4% in Malvasia nera di Piemonte, and 15.2% in Termidro, whereas the control variety“Delaware”has shown 19.7% under the same cultural conditions.“Malvasia nera di Piemonte”variety seemed to be promising for mechanical cultivation in Japan.

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A number of cross-pollination tests were carried out from 1959 to 1961 among 20 commercial apple varieties and 31 of their hybrids bred at our Station.
Unfruitfulness was observed in the crosses between hybrids and their parents. The hybrid G. Y 44 or G. Y 53 (G. Y shows a hybrid obtained from the cross between Golden Delicious (_??_) and Yellow Newtown (_??_)) did not pollinize Yellow Newtown satisfactorily and the same was true of the reciprocal pollination. G. Y 44 also did not well pollinize G. Y 53. Pollination between either of these hybrids and Golden Delicious did not show unfruitfulness. Dr. KIKUCHI found in Japanese pear such an unfruitfulness in the cross-pollination between hybrids and their father. Most pear hybrids which were incompatible to their father were incompatible each other too. He called this phenomenon“patroclinal incompatibility”.
Pollination was unsuccessful in the following pairs of the hybrids raised from the same parents: M. W 107 & M. W 30 (the cross between McIntosh and Worcester Pearmain); J. G 84 & J. G 51 (Jonathan× Golden Delicious); J. W 50 & J. W 32 (Jonathan× Worcester Pearmain) and R. D 329 & R. D 125 (Ralls× Delicious).
Unfruitfulness was often observed in the crossing between certain hybrids having either same mother or father. Those pairs were as follows: Megumi (R. J) & J. G 51; Red Gold (G. D) & J. G 51. This phenomenon seems to be explained by the hypothesis of oppositional factors.
Any cross between hybrids which descended from different parents is compatible each other, excepting a case in which R. J 259 (Ralls×Jonathan) pollinated with Red Gold bore only a few fruits for two successive years.
Several hybrids and varieties poorly pollinized Early Red Bird variety. But this seemed to be caused by a certain mechanism other than cross- incompatibility, because in the reciprocal pollination high fruit set resulted.
Pollen of any variety or hybrid employed in this work germinated well on artificial medium. Even the pollen of J. G 51 which failed to pollinize well Megumi and Red Gold, germinated normally.
Yellow Newton pollinated by G. Y 44 and J. G 84 pollinated by J. G 51 set few fruits. But the seeds obtained from these fruits germinated well in sand bed and resulted in healthy seedlings.
The hybrid seedlings obtained in this work had often three cotyledons. Frequency of such seedlings varied with cross-combinations. It was especially high in the crossing in which Orei was used as a female parent.

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Changes of qualities occurring in the pectic substances of citrus peel and pulp at different stages of maturity were investigated. Preparation and extraction of pectic substances from citrus peel and pulp were obtained with the procedure described in the previous paper (studies on the quality of pectin in pears).

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In the present study was attempted a gross analysis of the radish root to perceive the relationship between the the degree of pithiness and organic constituents. In analysing them, the author repeated the formic acid method by LEHMANN to separate organic constituents.
The root of Rhaphanus sativus LINN., variety Rapid Red, has been used as the material. The concentration of soluble matter tends to decreases when the tissue becomes pithy. In the fresh tissue, however, its concentration varies with the water content of individual roots. Therefore the concentration of soluble matter cannot be used as a measure of the degree of pithiness.
The specific gravity of tissue powder is high in non-pithy root and in the root of a strain resistant to the occurrence of pithiness. Judging from these results, the differences in the contents of cell wall material must be significant between the non-pithy tissue and the pithy one.
The vacuolar and protoplasmic contents, such as crude fat, starch and protein, were low in the pithy tissue, but the content of total cell wall material was inversely relative to them. These findings support the view that there is a shortage of assimilate supply in vacuole and protoplasm of pithy tissues. On the other hand total cell wall material increased slightly and the pectic substances decreased markedly in content in the root showing a high degree of pithiness. The content of hemicellulose did not change greatly in the process of pithiness in the root. This was associated not only with deposition of woody elements, but also with decrease in content of pectic substances. In conclusion, then, the occurrence of schizogenous intercellular spaces among the parenchymatous cells is due to the disappearing of pectates in the middle lamella. This isolation of cells would result in the difficulty in assimilate supply from the conducting tissue to the parenchyma and in its shortage in vacuolar and protoplasmic contents.

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The authors undertook to investigate the ability of fruit development in cucumber plants to which were applied different amounts of nirogen. A heterozygous female line derived from the commercial variety"Kaga-Fushinari"was used. An outline of the results is as follows;
1. When the whole amounts of nitrogen were applied before planting, early growth of leaf area and stem length was slower in higher nitrogen levels than in lower ones. This may be due to the excess of soluble nitrogen in soil.
2. The numbers of pistillates and those that opened per plant were not altered by the level of nitrogen applied. Length of the ovary at flowering time and fruit set in higher nodes were increased as nitrogen level was increased.
3. There were inverse relationship between nitrogen level and the average weight of harvested fruits up to the 20th node in the first experiment, whereas such a relation ship was not noticed in the second experiment. In higher nodes above the 21st one, the average weight and the number of fruits were in direct proportion to nitrogen level irrespective of application procedures.
4. Top weight and total yields were also proportional to nitrogen level in both experiments (r=0.5964^** and 0.4652^*, respectively).
5. Pistillate flowers around the 18th node could not bloom or enlarge even when they flowered. Such nodal zones where flowers were abortive occurred at the time when total weight of developing fruits was at their first peak in all nitrogen levels. This suggests that developing fruits on lower nodes monopolized available nutrients of the cucumber plants till they were harvested and then the vigor of plants restored. Thus periodical changes in fruit production seem to occur mostly as a result of inter actions among fruit development, the rate of fruit set and flowering, and plant growth which was influenced by nutritional conditions.

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The present studies were carried out to ascertain the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition on the growth and the flower formation of “Fukujyu No. 2”tomato seedlings. The experiments were conducted by means of sand culture with the following culture solution as the standards.
Salts Concentration
NH₄NO₃ 228.6mg/l N: 120ppm
Ca(NO₃)₂•4H₂O 337.3mg/l P: 60ppm
Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ 226.3mg/l K: 60ppm
K₂SO₄ 207.3mg/l
MgSO₄•7H₂O 245.9mg/l
FeCl₃•6H₂O trace
MnCl₂•4H₂O trace
H₃BO₃ trace
ZnSO₄•7H₂O trace
1. Effect of nitrogen level on the vegetative and reproductive responses.
Tomato seedlings were grown under the three levels of nitrogen (5, 20 and 120ppm) for 50_??_60 days from cotyledon expansion.
The higher the concentration of nitrogen in the solution, the more vigorous the plants growth and the earlier the flower buds differentiation, resulting in the decrease in the number of leaves to the first inflorescence, and in the increased number of flower and the acceleration of their development.
2. Effect of nitrogen level asscociated with light intensity on the vegetative and reproductive responses.
Light and nutrients were controlled in all the combinations of three different nitrogen levels (20, 80 and 160ppm) with two light intensities (100 and 50 per cent of natural day light).
The higher the level of nitrogen, the more vigorous the plant growth, the earlier and the more in number of flower bud differentiation and development under the higher light intensity. Under the lower light intensity, on the other hand, the higher level of nitrogen (160ppm) restricted the plant growth and retarded the flower bud differentiation, resulting in the less number of flowers.
3. Effect of the level of phosphorus on the vegetative and reproductive responses.
Seedlings were grown under the different phosphorus supply (0.1, 0.5, 2, 10, 60 and -180ppm).
The higher the phosphorus level, the more vigorous the growth, and earlier and much more flower buds differentiated with the decrease in the number of leaves to the first inflorescence, and their development was accelerated.
4. Effect of potassium level on the vegetative and reproductive responses.
Seedlings were grown under the various levels of potassium (0.5, 10, 60 and 180ppm).
The higher the level of potassium toward 60ppm, the plant grew up more vigorously and earlier much more flower buds differentiate. The potassium level higher than 60ppm restricted, on the other hand, the plant growth and retarded the flower bud differentiation, resulting in the less number of flowers.
5. The optimum concentrations of each elements on the growth and the flower formation of tomato plants were 120_??_160ppm for N, 60_??_180ppm for P and 60 ppm for K.
6. Relations between the flower formation and chemical constituents in tomato seedlings.
The chemical constituents in the top of seedlings at 50 or 70 days stage grown at the various levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium varied significantly and they showed high correlation with the total number of flowers up to the third inflorescence. The seedlings grown under the higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus showed high levels of carbohydrates, especially total sugars, and nitrogen compounds, especially protein, and formed many flowers. Carbohydrates, especially sugars, and nitrogen, especially protein, seem essential for the balanced growth and reproductivity of tomato plant.

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Pot experiments were conducted on the effects of application of nitrogenous fertilizer and soil type on the top growth and tuber-formation and -thickening in sweetpotato. Four types of soil differing in their clay content were used.
Application of whole amount of nitrogenous fertilizer at one time after cuttings were planted was unfavourable to tuber formation owing to the vigorous vine growth during the tuber formation. It was true to the thickening of tubers, too, because top growth was gradually weakened after tubers began to thicken.
On the other hand, fractional application of nitrogenous fertilizer was favourable to both tuberformation and -thickening due to the limited growth of vines during tuber formation and also moderately maintained top growth during tuber thickening. Total weight of tubers was heavier in the fractionary application plot than in the basic application plot, though yield of large tubers was less in the former than in the latter.
When nitrogen was almost doubled in its amount and was applied fractionally, yield of tubers was increased regardless of the amount of potassium on the sandy soil, while on the caly soil it wa sdecreased unless the amount of potassium was increased.

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