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Volume 56, Issue 4
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Masaya SHIRAISHI, Tomoyuki YANAGISAWA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 365-374
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring the flowering stage of Wase satsuma mandarin, Citrus unshiu Marc. var. praecox Tanaka, the abscission layer formed at the junction of the base of the ovary and the filament or petal. The abscission layer was first evident one to three days after flowering. This layer was composed of 15 to 20 rows of cells in the constricted zone at the attachment points of filaments or petals and was first identified by its high affinity for iodine-potassium iodide. Cell separation occurred with rupturing of the cell walls.
The abscission of floral organs was preceded by the deposition of starch grains in each of the cells which formed the abscission zone. After this starch accumulation was complete, no additional starch was deposited in the cells during abscission. Cellular separation occurred within the starch layer itself, and the starch was present in cells on both sides of the separation layer following completion of abscission. Subsequently, starch gradually disappeared from the parenchyma cells adjacent to the abscission layer.View full abstractDownload PDF (2484K) -
Naosuke NII, Bryan G. COOMBE1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 375-381
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnatomical features of developing juice sac in citrus fruits, satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy, to seek an explanation for the translocation of solutes from the dorsal vascular elements in the albedo of the pericarp. The development of juice sacs commenced on the inner wall of the locules just before anthesis. The juice sac primordia developed primarily by anticlinal divisions in the epidermal cells of the endocarp and by anticlinal and periclinal divisions in the sub-dermal layers. Differentiation into stalk and sac body began when the juice sacs were about 0.7mm in length. As the juice sac elongated, cell division occurred in the epidermal cells of the stalk region with walls in the stalk-axis direction. Accumulation of soluble solids into the juice sacs occurred after they had attained full size. There was no evidence of vascular or tracheid tissue in the stalk of the juice sac. Plasmodesmata were abundant in the thin cell walls of the parenchyma cells of the juice sac stalk.View full abstractDownload PDF (949K) -
Toshihiko YAMAZAKI, Katsuyuki SUZUKI, Shohei YAMAKI1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 382-390
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS“Kokuhen” injury (a physiological disorder in which the fruit skin turns black) often appeared after harvesting Japanese pear (cultivar ‘Shinsui’) maturing in midsummer. The purpose of this report is to make clear the relationship between“Kokuhen” injury and the storage temperature, to reduce this disorder by the application of chemicals, and to investigate biochemical aspects such as the alteration of polyphenol oxidase activity and membrane permeability with the disorder.
1. The symptom of injury did not appear when fruit harvested at optimum maturity were stored at a range of 1° to 10°C.
The symptom began to increase above 20°C, and appeared rapidly and severely at 30° to 35°C. The whole fruit skin turned black completely within 36hrs of storage at 50°C. However, the symptom was restricted transiently at 40°C.
2. The injury was typically restricted by dipping fruit in 1, 000ppm IAA solution. A solution of 1, 000ppm GA3, also, was effective to protect it.
3. There was no difference in optimum pH or Km value of polyphenoloxidase activity between injured fruit and healthy fruit. Moreover, the activity did not rise with increased injury.
4. The leakage of potassium from fruit slices increased gradually during incubation from 2 to 3 days before the appearance of injury, and rose more as the injury became worse. By compartment analysis (2, 11), the leakage rate of potassium from the vacuoles of fruit flesh was very slow at 1° to 10°C.
However, it rose rapidly above 30°C. This enhancement of rate paralleled the intensity of injury. The leakage rate of potassium from the vacuoles was also reduced transiently at 40°C, and the appearance of injury was restricted.
Thus, “Kokuhen” injury of Japanese pear is suggested to be caused by loss of cellular compartmentation, attributed to an increase in permeability of the tonoplast.View full abstractDownload PDF (1048K) -
Takashi TOMANA, Hisashi YAMADA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 391-397
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo get a better understanding of the relationship between temperature and fruit quality of apples, 3 apple cultivars, ‘Jonathan’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’, eachgrafted on M7 rootstocks, were grown at 13 different locations from Hokkaido down to Kyushu. Mature fruits picked at each location were shipped to Kyoto University where their quality characteristics were evaluated, and the relationships between their fruit quality and heat summation during growing or maturation period were evaluated.
1. Fruit weight, size, and the content of acid and sorbitol showed no significant correlation with the heat summation either in the entire growing season or during the maturation stage, in all cultivars.
2. Correlations between shape index of fruit, flesh firmness, Brix°, and total sugars and the heat summation either in the entire growing season or during the maturation stage were sometimes significant, depending upon cultivars and years.
3. Anthocyanin content in the skin of ‘Jonathan’ fruit was negatively correlated with heat summation, while there was no significant correlation with ‘Fuji’ fruit.
4. In all cultivars, sugar composition in the flesh showed high correlation with heat summation. The lower the heat summation, the more sucrose and the less glucose accumulated.
5. In conclusion, it is suggested that most of the fruit quality characteristics of apples are affected not only by temperature but also by other climatic factors or cultural practices.
However, sugar metabolism in the fruit seems to be greatly affected by temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (933K) -
Ikuo KATAOKA, Akira SUGIURA, Takashi TOMANA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 398-407
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith the purpose of developing dwarfing rootstocks for stone fruits, interspecific hybridizations between Microcerasus and other Pruns species were carried out.
When used as a seed parent, P. japonica had relatively high cross-compatibility with P. persica, P. armeniaca, P. mume and P. salicina, whereas its compatibility with P. besseyi or P. tomentosa was inferior. There was no seed set from the crosses between P. japonica and P. avium.
Considerably high cross-compatibility was found between P. tomentosa and P. besseyi but there were few seeds set between P. tomentosa and other Prunus species.
When P. besseyi or P. persica was used as the seed parent, there was no seed set with any interspecific cross-combination.
Although pollen tube growth in the styles was slower with interspecific crosscombinations than with self-pollination, pollen tubes of the cross-compatible species reached the upper portion of the ovary by 6 to 10 days after pollination.
In contrast, pollen tubes of P. avium stayed on the stigma or in the upper portion of styles of other species during the period examined, and their tips often swelled.The germinability of seeds obtained from the interspecific hybridizations was relatively high, but most of the resultant seedlings died at young stages. The hybrids that still survived after one year were P. japonica×P. persica wild form, P. japonica×P. armeniaca Heiwa, P. japonica×P. salicina Soldam, P. japonica×P. besseyi and P. tomentosa×P. besseyi.
These hybrids evidently showed morphological characteristics resembling their parents and some of them flowered and bore fruits.View full abstractDownload PDF (1162K) -
Atsushi KANO, Cornelius H. M. VAN GAVEL1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 408-416
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA deterministic model of the growth of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), written in Pascal computer language, was developed based on a leaf assimilation model, a respiration theory, and a theory that the photosynthesis rate is controlled by both environmental conditions and leaf carbohydrate level. The model was applied to estimate the effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on tomato fruit yield, and tested with data obtained from two experiments conducted in College Station, Texas, U.S.A. in 1983 through 1984. Tomatoes were grown at 340, 700, and 1000ppm (on a volume basis) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in three 2×2×10m translucent chambers inside a double-layered, polyethylene greenhouse.
The measured values of the CO2 assimilation rate and the dry mass accumulation rate of tomatoes were consistently higher than the calculated ones, but the prediction of the fruit growth and yield were rather accurate. The potential use of the model is in predicting the effects of environmental factors, or in estimating the effect of a new climate control method under a variety of environmental conditions. It could possibly also be a subroutine in an integrated greenhouse model, which predicts growth and yield of the crop in the greenhouse as well as the energy, water, and CO2 requirements, all from the environmental conditions outside.View full abstractDownload PDF (1044K) -
Shoji TACHIBANA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 417-425
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of root temperature on cytokinin concentrations in roots and root xylem exudate were compared between cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. ‘Suyô’ and ‘Kurume-ochiai H’) and figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouchè). The rootchilling tolerance of the latter plants is known to be considerably higher than that of the former plants.
Cytokinin concentrations in root xylem exudate of cucumber cultivars decreased sharply at lower root temperatures, with ‘Suyô’ more greatly affected. In contrast, in figleaf gourd the concentrations were relatively unchanged at 14-23°C, and increased to a strikingly high level at 11°C. Cytokinin concentrations in roots were highest at 23°C in ‘Suyô’ and at 17°C in ‘Kurume-ochiai H’, and decreased at lower root temperatures in both cultivars. In figleaf gourd, on the contrary, the concentrations were significantly higher at 14°C than at higher temperatures, and increased to a still higher level at 12°C. Major cytokinins in the roots of figleaf gourd and probably of cucumber cultivars were zeatin and zeatin riboside, and the composition apparently changed little with root temperature.
These results strongly suggest that figleaf gourd roots respond to low root temperature by stimulating cytokinin synthesis within the roots. However, cytokinin synthesis in cucumber roots may be greatly inhibited by low root temperature. The implications for the difference in root-chilling tolerance between cucumber and figleaf gourd are discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (855K) -
Nobuo SUGIYAMA, Kunihiko OKADA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 426-430
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPotassium fertilizer experiments with spinach were carried out under 2 levels of soil moisture content to clarify the role of K in osmotic adjustment and the effect of moderate water stress on the critical K concentration of the youngest leaf.
As soil moisture content decreased from pF 2 to pF 2.7, predawn leaf water potentials decreased slightly, and osmolality of the expressed sap increased by about 55 mosmol regardless of rates of K applied. The increase of about 45 mosmol in osmolality was realized by the accumulation of K and Na with their balancing anions, although the relative contribution of K varied with K supply.
The critical K concentration of the youngest leaf, expressed in % cell sap, was constant at 0.74% at both pF 2 and pF 2.7.View full abstractDownload PDF (477K) -
Koichi KATO1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 431-443
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been believed in eggplants cultivation that the lusterless (Tsuyanashi) fruit is produced by the soil water shortage. But it seems that the reasoning has failed to satisfy all of the observations on the growth condition of eggplants at the farm.
In this study author examined the loss of luster or reddish brown coloring on the skin in relation to the growth factors, i.e. greenhouse temperature, soil moisture, plant training, and concentration of the fruiting regulator hormone.
The study highlighted the higher day and night greenhouse temperature as the major factor in the production of the lusterless fruits, and the soil moisture shortage was supporting the process. The following mutual interactions between the factors were also contributing to increase the lusterless fruits production, i.e. 1) temperature and soil moisture, 2) temperature and plant training, and 3) temperature, soil moisture and plant training. More amount of fruits lost luster by the longer aging on the fruit after the flowering. Furthermore the poor soil moisture and the lean concentration of the fruiting regulator hormone increased the size of lusterless area on a fruit.
On the other hand, the reddish brown coloring of the fruit was caused by the poor plant training which led over growth and luxuriant branch development of the plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (1183K) -
Yukihiro FUJIME, Noboru YAMASAKI1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 444-451
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of pretreatment, growing temperature and day length on dormancy of strawberry plants were investigated. ‘Hoko-wase’ strawberry plants were pretreated with various day lengths in the glasshouse (minimum night temperature, 20°C) from October 21, 1981 to March 3, 1982. As the pretreatment, twenty plants each were grown under short day (natural day length), long day (16 hours) and long day+GA, respectively. Four plants were chosen from each pretreatment plot and transferred to the phytotron on March 3. Twelve plants each were cultivated at 15, 20 and 25°C in the phytotron under natural day length until September 22. Results were as follows.
1. In the case of the higher growing temperature (25°>20°>15°C), dormancy was induced earlier and was also broken earlier in the short day pretreatment than in the long day and the long day+GA pretreatments.
2. Judging from the elongation of petioles, we observed that the higher the growing temperature (25°>20°>15°C), the weaker the degree of dormancy becomes.
3. In the case of the higher growing temperature (25°>20°>15°C), the elongation of petioles was observed even under the shorter day length condition and accordingly dormancy was broken a little earlier than expected.
4. From these results, it is deduced that the lower the growing temperatures of 15, 20 and 25°C, the larger is the inductive effect toward dormancy. Furthermore, at the same growing temperature, short day has an inductive effect toward dormancy and long day has a breaking effect on dormancy.View full abstractDownload PDF (997K) -
III. A Method to Identify the Cultivars Using Self-incompatibilityTakayuki TANAKA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 452-456
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSelf-incompatibility patterns in Camellia may be used to provide evidence for cultivar identity. When fruiting is not observed in a cross between 2 Camellia cultivars, they are either the same clone or have the same self-incompatibility alleles. Evidence is provided to show that three similar cultivars, ‘Gaisen’, ‘Yokihi’ and ‘Korei’, have the same alleles and are thus the same clone.
Pollen tube growth in the pistil and fertilization were also investigated. Though no differences in the pollen germination or pollen tube growth were found between self- and cross-pollinations, they could be distinguished by the presence or absence of fertilization nine or more days after pollination.View full abstractDownload PDF (636K) -
Yoshikazu T. YAMAKI1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 457-469
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSConcentrations of total, free, and combined acids (hereinafter referred to as total acidity, free acidity and combined acidity, respectively) of juice in citrus fruits were determined in 90 samples from 72 citrus species. Potassium concentration of juice was determined in 76 samples from 63 species.
Total acidity and free acidity were similar to those reported previously in other literature, in fruits which were picked at nearly the same stage of maturity. Values obtained were above 60mg/100ml for “acid citrus species”, 15-35mg/100ml for most “table use species”, and below 2me/100ml for “acidless species”.
The variation in combined acidity among species was small compared to the variation in total and free acidities. The higher the total acidity, the higher was the ratio of free acidity to total acidity.
According to these results, the relationship between total, free, and combined acidities and potassium concentration could be expressed as follows: Combined acidity has no correlation with total acidity, low correlation with free acidity, but high correlation with potassium concentration.
High correlation was found between total acidity (T) and free acidity(F), excluding the data of “acidless species”. The linear regression line and the correlation coefficient were:
T=0.979F+7.091 (r=0.998)
Therefore, the value of free acidity can be used to estimate, with an allowable error, the total acidity in many citrus fruits.View full abstractDownload PDF (1463K) -
Yoshihide YAMAKAWA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 470-478
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeasonal changes in the weight and diameter of berries and in certain constituents of grape juices were compared for virus-free and virus-infected vines of grape cultivars ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera L.) in 1983 and 1984.
1. Berries on virus-free and virus-infected vines of ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ reached their maximum weights and diameters in mid-September and in early October, their values being about 2.0g and 13.8mm, and 1.6g and 12.2mm, respectively, in both 1983 and 1984. The cluster weights were 220g for virus-free and 160g for virus-infected ‘Chardonnay’ grapes, and 230g for virus-free and 170g for virus-infected ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes.
2. The refractive indices (°Brix) of the juices of ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ reached maxima in late September and in early October of 1984, being 22.5°Brix (10.6% glucose and 11.0% fructose) for virus-free and 17.2°Brix (8.0% glucose and 8.3% fructose) for virus-infected ‘Chardonnay’ grapes, and 21.0°Brix (9.8% glucose and 10.2% fructose) for virus-free and 17.2°Brix (7.8% glucose and 8.1% fructose) for virus-infected ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes.
3. At full maturity in 1984, the titratable acidities (tartaric and malic acid contents) were 0.76g/100ml (0.60% tartaric acid and 0.30% malic acid) for virus-free and 0.60g/100ml (0.45% tartaric acid and 0.35% malic acid) for virus-infected ‘Chardonnay’ grapes, and 0.68g/100ml (0.45% tartaric acid and 0.30% malic acid) for virus-free and 0.78g/100ml (0.60% tartaric acid and 0.35% malic acid) for virus-infected ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes.
4. The wines made from the virus-free ‘Chardonnay’ were fine in quality, especially strongly varietal in aroma, tart in taste, and harmonious in body.The wine made from the virus-free ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ of 1984 was elegant and varietal in aroma, and tart, astringent and tough in taste. It is expected that a better-quality wine would be produced by aging it well.View full abstractDownload PDF (1092K) -
Masahiro GOTO, Takahisa MINAMIDE, Takashi IWATA1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 479-485
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn our previous paper, it was reported that mume fruits became chilling-insensitive when they were harvested at a late period, and that the surface color of the stone may be a useful criterion of harvest time. This paper deals with the changes in stone color, K+ leakage rate, and phospholipid composition with reference to fruit maturity and chilling sensitivity.
1. ‘Ohshuku’ mume fruits were harvested at weekly intervals from May 16 to June 13 and investigated for the relation between surface color of the stone and fruit maturity. The stone was white in fruits harvested before May 30, and the embryos were not yet matured. Stone color changed to light brown in fruits harvested on June 6 and the embryos were mature.
2. HCl-soluble pectin content decreased rapidly after June 6 and water-soluble pectin content increased concomitantly. Citric acid content increased and malic acid content decreased during maturation; especially, a marked decrease of malic acid content was found after June 6.
3. The number of days from harvest to the beginning of rapid increase of CO2 and C2H4 production, and peel yellowing, decreased during maturation. A marked decrease was found between May 23 and June 6.
4. As an index of membrane permeability, the rate of K+ leakage was measured at 3, 6, 8°C on the harvest day, and its relation to chilling sensitivity was investigated. The rate of K+ leakage was low in fruits harvested from May 23 to June 6; these fruits showed high chilling sensitivity.
5. As an index of membrane flexibility, the phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio was investigated in relation to harvest maturity. Theratio was very low in fruits harvested from May 23 to June 6, which showed high chilling sensitivity. Fruits harvested on June 13 showed a high ratio and low chilling sensitivity.
From these results it was concluded that the time of stone-color change from white to light brown or brown coincides with a physiological turning point of fruits, and that mume fruits acquire chilling resistance after that.View full abstractDownload PDF (781K) -
Takeo ONODERA SHIINA, Sumio KAWANO, Mutsuo IWAMOTO1988 Volume 56 Issue 4 Pages 486-492
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simulation model for gas balance in the plastic-film pouch containing shredded vegetables was developed. Product respiration, which is one of the important parameters in the model, was examined. In order to confirm the usefulness of this model, shredded cabbages were packaged in the pouch consisting of 3 different plastic films (HDPE 10μm, LDPE 40μm, LDPE 80μm), and then gas concentration in the pouch and quality of the product were measured. Results were as follows:
(1) Temperature quotient of respiration, Q10 was independent of the shredding size of the product.
(2) O2 concentration in the pouch decreased with lowering the gas permeability of the film used and with increasing the pouch volume. CO2 concentration showed an inverse tendency under the same conditions.
(3) Off-flavor was severe in the product packaged in the film of lower gas permeability as well as in the pouch of large volume. On the contrary, under the same condition, the product showed less browning.
(4) The simulation model was computed for different conditions in storage temperature, respiration rate, gas permeability of film, surface area of the pouch, product weight and volume, and shredding size. The model showed satisfactory agreement with the gas concentration in the pouch for the product kept under aerobic condition.
(5) Using the model developed, a suitable packaging system for shredded vegetables can be designed in connection with storage temperature, respiration rate, and packaging size.View full abstractDownload PDF (824K)
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