-
Dong Hong Zhuang, Akira Kitajima, Masashi Ishida
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
747-754
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Seed numbers and chromosomes were examined on five so-called seedless Japanese persimmon cultivars to clarify their interrelationship.
1. 'Miyazakitanenashi' and 'Watarizawa' produced fruits in which one or more of the fused carpels contained a partially developed seed, whereas, 'Kiyosutanenashi' yielded fruits with non-fertilized rudimentary seed having about the same size as the original ovule. Fruits of 'Mukaku Jiro' and 'Mukaku' contained two or more well developed seeds.
2. Embryos of 'Mukaku Jiro' grew well when cultured in vitro but only a few of 'Miyazakitanenashi' did. This indicates that a difference in genotypes of embryo exists between the two cultivars.
3. The somatic chromosome numbers of adult trees were found to be 2n=135 in 'Miyazakitanenashi' and 'Watarizawa' and 2n=90 in 'Kiyosutanenashi'. The chromosome numbers in root tips cells of the cultured embryos derived from open-pollinated fruits were 2n=90 in 'Mukaku Jiro' and 'Mukaku'; it was 2n=107 to 114 in 'Miyazakitanenashi' and 'Watarizawa'. These chromosome counts indicate that 'Miyazakitanenashi' and 'Watarizawa' have the same polyploidy as 'Hiratanenashi' reported previously. Seed abortion in these cultivars is due to abnormal chromosome behavior on account of their polyploid nature. We attribute the seedlessness of 'Kiyosutanenashi' which has the same chromosome count (2n=90) as the seedy cultivars, 'Mukaku Jiro' and 'Mukaku', to a different sterility mechanism from cultivars which possess 107 to 114 chromosomes.
View full abstract
-
Takeshi Ozaki, Takao Ichii
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
755-761
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Campbell Early' flower clusters were sprayed with 50 ppm ethychlozate, 50 ppm ethephon and 1, 200 ppm carbaryl (NAC) at full bloom to test their effectiveness on berry thinning, berry quality, and the rate of flower abscission. The removal of some branches on the cluster rachis 2024 days after spray treatment was also investigated.
1. To reduce the number of normal berries per cluster and the length of rachis, ethychlozate, together with removal of the basal one or two branches on the rachis, produced looser clusters (less compact) than the spray treatment alone. Removal of cluster tips alone (23 cm) had little or no effect on cluster looseness.
2. Spraying with NAC and ethephon also resulted in loose clusters; the decreasing order of effectiveness was : ethychlozate>NAC>ethephon. When each chemical spray treatment was combined with the removal of the basal three branches of the rachis, the least compact clusters were obtained.
3. Ethychlozate tended to increase berry size, regardless of the removal treatment, but NAC and ethephon did not. Sugar contents of the juice were not influenced by any treatments but the titratable acidity was increased by the NAC spray. The removal of part of the rachis tended to decrease titratable acidity.
4. When vines were sprayed with ethychlozate, a peak of flower abscission appeared after 58 days, whereas, the peak of maximum flower abscission occurred 910 days on the untreated control vines. Flower abscission began immediately after ethephon treatment but the maximum abscission occurred 56 days later. Flower abscission with NAC occurred steadily for 510 days after treatment without reaching a maximum.
5. These results suggest that the removal of some basal branches on the cluster rachis after a spray application of ethychlozate or NAC can be used for improving cluster looseness.
View full abstract
-
Fumio Tamura, Kenji Tanabe, Kiyoshi Banno
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
763-769
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In Exp. 1, 'Nijisseiki' pear cuttings were chilled at 5°C for 0, 300, 500, 800, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400 and 1450 hr. After exposure to chilling, the intensities of leaf bud dormancy, the rate of CO
2 evolution, and the levels of endogenous growth regulators were determined. In Exp. 2, 2-year-old 'Nijisseiki' trees were kept in the greenhouse in October and November; the control trees were kept outdoor. The levels of free and bound ABA in the floral primordia and bud scales were determined in February.
Exp. 1.
1. Buds were in their deepest dormant state up to 800 hr of chilling. The intensity of bud dormancy decreased after 800 to 1350 hr of chilling; dormancy was completely satisfied after 1400 hr of chilling.
2. The concentration of ABA decreased proportionately to the number of hours of chilling up to 800 hr. A rapid increase in GA-like substances was detected in the buds after 1200 hr of chilling which was followed by equally rapid increases in cytokinin-like substances and IAA in that order. CO
2 evolution increased gradually after 1100 hr of chilling while ethylene evolution increased after 1250 hr of chilling.
Exp. 2.
1. Levels of free and bound ABA were higher in the floral primordia collected from trees growing in the greenhouse than those sampled from field-grown trees. There was no significant difference in free ABA content of bud scales sampled from greenhouse-grown trees and those collected from field-grown trees.
These results indicate that the decrease in ABA level induced by chilling is closely related to bud dormancy in Japanese pear.
View full abstract
-
Hiroshi Inoue, Ikuo Kataoka
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
771-776
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The effects of the chemical composition in nutrient solution and temperature on flower bud differentiation of one-year-old satsuma trees (cv. Okitsu Wase) on trifoliate orange were investigated. Potted trees in sand culture were grown in 15°, 20° and 25°C growth chambers and in the field for several months from spring to autumn. In the first experiment, the concentrations of N, P as P
2O
5, and K as K
2O in the solution were adjusted to 0 or 40 ppm; in the second experiment the concentrations of N were kept at 40 and 160 ppm and those of P were kept at 0, 40 and 160 ppm. Flower bud differentiation was estimated by counting the number of flowers and vegetative shoots on the trees after defoliating and transferring the trees into a 25°C room in mid-December.
Trees at lower temperatures produced more flowers and fewer shoots in the culture solution containing 40 ppm N. Trees in -N plots showed nitrogen deficiency symptoms and produced fewer flowers and lower percentages of sprouting nodes at all temperature treatments. Trees which contained less than 0.1% P in leaves did not produce any flowers regardless of N concentration. Trees grown with adequate N (about 3%) in leaves produced many flowers as the supply of P increased. Potassium effects were not observed in this experiment.
View full abstract
-
Keiichi Watanabe, Kazushi Shirato, Bunjiro Takahashi
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
777-784
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Microsporogenesis was studied on two pistillate kiwifruit cultivars, 'Bruno' and 'Abbott' to clarify the process of pollen degeneration. The process was compared to that of the staminate cultivar, 'Matua'. In the early stages, quite similar morphogenesis was observed in tapetal behavior, meiosis of pollen mother cells and pollen tetrad formation between the two pistillate and the staminate cultivars. In the pistillate cultivars the pollen starts to degenerate after the liberation of micospores seemingly because the tapetal cells fail to nourish it. Thus, the tapetum remains nearly intact until anthesis. In the staminate cultivar the tapetal cells begin to degenerate soon after the liberation of microspores from the tetrad stage; the degeneration is almost complete by anthesis. Hence, we conclude that pollen degeneration in the pistillate kiwifruit cultivars begins after the pollen tetrad stage because of abnormal tapetal behavior.
View full abstract
-
Masashi Yamamoto, Naomi Okudai, Ryoji Matsumoto
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
785-789
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In citrus, it has been suggested that hybrid seedlings with aborted anthers appear only from crosses of varieties having cytoplasm of satsuma mandarin (
Citrus unshiu Marc.) as a seed parent. However, in this paper, we reveal the appearance of hybrid seedlings with aborted anthers by using 'Encore' (
C. nobilis Lour. ×
C. deliciosa Ten.) as a seed parent.
When 'Encore' was crossed with 'Minneola', 'Murcott', and 'Seminole', 8 out of 61, 10 out of 43, and 7 out of 26 seedlings had aborted anthers, respectively, but 'Encore' × Ponkan crosses were all male-fertile. Approximately half of the seedlings from 'Kiyomi' × 'Encore' crosses were male-sterile (aborted anthers). These results probably support the concept that the genotype of Ponkan is dominant-homozygous and the genotype of 'Encore', 'Minneola', 'Murcott' and 'Seminole' is heterozygous for the male sterility gene. The results also suggest that the genotype of 'Minneola' differed from other heterozygous varieties because it has a different segregation ratio.
View full abstract
-
Masashi Yamamoto, Naomi Okudai, Ryoji Matsumoto
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
791-797
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The incidence of aborted anthers in citrus appears to be a heritable characteristic which is probably due to a gene-cytoplasmic interaction. However, in the absence of detailed crosses, this can not be confirmed. In the present paper, the inheritance patterns of aborted anthers in citrus were studied for 418 seedlings derived from 18 cross combinations, using five varieties with aborted anthers as seed parents. Seed number in the hybrid seedlings was also investigated under field conditions.
Hybrid seedlings with aborted anthers appeared in all cross combinations, but the apparent ratio differed with different cross combinations. When 'Minneola' and 'Robinson' were used as pollen parents, many hybrid seedlings with viable pollen were obtained. However, when other cultivars were used as the pollen parent, approximately half of the hybrid seedlings failed to develop anthers. Seed number also differed among cross combinations because it depends on the choice of parental material.
In many cross combinations, the ratio of aborted anthers (MS) to pollen fertile (MF) seedlings fitted a 1:1 segregation. However, for all of the hybrid seedlings obtained with 'Minneola' and 'Robinson' as pollen parents, the ratio of MS to MF was 1:3 than 1:1. From these results, it is apparent that the pollen parents used in this study were heterozygous for normal anthers and that in individuals with aborted anthers a recessive gene is present in a homozygous condition. The results also suggest that the incidence of aborted anthers is controlled by two major genes.
View full abstract
-
Rika Takayanagi, Tetsushi Hidaka, Mitsuo Omura
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
799-804
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Electrical fusion of protoplasts was used to produce somatic hybrids between Mexican lime (
Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) and Java feroniella (
Feroniella lucida (Sceff.) Swingle) or tabog (
Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Men.). The fusion efficiency (rates of formation of binuclear heterokaryons) were around 15%. The fusion products were cultured and embryoids were differentiated from them. The embryoids were transferred to a medium for plantlet formation and grew into plantlets. The rDNA analysis confirmed that the differentiated plantlets from these two combinations have genomes from both parents. The results confirmed that our electrical fusion system is an effective method for producing somatic hybrids of citrus and its sexually incompatible wild relatives.
View full abstract
-
Sueyuki Yamamoto, Naoto Iwasaki, Minoru Tanaka
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
805-810
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Photosynthetic rate and shoot characteristics were investigated in relation to the tree vigor on 6 cultivars of 5 or 7-year-old very early-ripening Satsuma mandarin (
Citrus unshiu Marc.), to discuss the differences of the ecological characteristics among the cultivars.
1. There were no distinctive differences in thickness of the leaf and the palisade tissue among the cultivars. However, in 'Hashimoto wase', both the leaf and the palisade tissue were somewhat thinner than those of the other cultivars. Stomatal density of the leaf varied among the cultivars. Density of stomata was the highest in 'Tanaka wase' and lowest in 'Hashimoto wase' of all the cultivars studied.
2. Photosynthetic rates determined from June to July were higher and maintained so in 'Ichifumi wase' and 'Kusumoto wase'. In 'Tanaka wase' and 'Douwaki wase', photosynthetic rates decreased markedly during this period. It seemed that 'Tanaka wase' and 'Douwaki wase' are not adapted to high temperatures.
3. Differences in the seasonal changes of photosynthetic rates among the cultivars were not clear. In all the cultivars, photosynthetic rates reached maximum at September, then decreased gradually. However, in 'Tanaka wase', 'Yamakawa wase' and 'Kusumoto wase' the rate of decrease of photosynthetic rate after September seemed slower than that of the other cultivars. The maximum photosynthetic rates was high in 'Tanaka wase', 'Kusumoto wase', 'Ichifumi wase' and 'Yamakawa wase', whereas in 'Hashimoto wase', the maximum photosynthetic rate was always the lowest.
4. Shoot growth after summer pruning was greater in 'Ichifumi wase' and 'Kusumoto wase' than in that of other cultivars. Furthermore, in 'Ichifumi wase', the average final shoot length was the longest which resulted in the greatest total shoot growth. 'Douwaki wase' and 'Hashimoto wase' produced fewer shoots, so that their total shoot growth was minimal.
The correlation between photosynthetic rate and total shoot growth indicates that tree vigor is related to photosynthetic rate as measured under field conditions.
View full abstract
-
Keiichi Tanaka, Kazuo Kotobuki
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
811-819
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
A genetic analysis on the ease of pellicle removal from kernels of Japanese and Chinese chestnuts and their interspecific hybrids and their Fi progenies was attempted by using the null hypothesis test. Trees from several inbred and crossbred lines involving up to 200 selections grown at the Fruit Tree Research Station at Tsukuba were used for this study.
1. The ease of peeling the pellicle of nuts on interspecific hybrid progenies (F
1) was found to be influenced by the pollen parent. The pellicle of the nuts set on the selections by pollination with Chinese chestnut pollen was easy to remove, whereas that of nuts on the same selection was difficult to remove if they were set by pollen from a Japanese chestnut tree. However, the pellicle of nuts set on selection '366-2', a progeny of '68-6' ('Houji-360'×'Toyotamawase') ×'Hayashiamaguri', by pollen of the Japanese chestnut, 'Tsukuba', was easy to peel.
2. Using the null hypothesis test, the hybrid selections were classified into 6 types : Selections which yielded nuts which peeled easily like those of the Chinese species were classified as Type E. Selections which yielded nuts which were difficult to peel like the Japanese chestnut were classified as Type D. Selections which yielded nuts which were intermediate between Type E and Type D, were put into Type I. Selections that yielded nuts which ranged in peeling characteristics from E to D were subdivided into Types; S
1, S
2 and S
3, these, are called metaxenia.
3. Selections classified as Type E were found to be in lines of cross combination of sibling among Fi and back-crossing with Chinese cultivars. On the other hand, no all progenies of Chinese chestnuts were easy to peel. All progenies with easily removable pellicles were derivatives of the Chinese chestnut cultivars, 'Houji-360' or 'Houji-480' as a male or female parent, in their pedigrees. These data provide a genetic basis for using cross combinations for chestnut breeding in the future.
View full abstract
-
Hirokazu Fukui, Kazuo Nishimoto, Mitsuo Nakamura
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
821-825
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In vitro rooting ability was investigated in 95 Japanese persimmon (
Diospyros kaki Thunb.) cultivars and three other species by repeatedly subculturing shoots which were treated with a synthetic rooting hormone. Of the
D. kaki cultivars, the 25 which failed to root were categorized as not having any potential to root. The remaining 70 which rooted to varying degree were classified into three groups, namely, low-rooting ability (31 cvs.), medium-rooting ability (23 cvs.), and high-rooting ability (16 cvs.). A relationship between rooting ability and tree vigor was noted, that is, the vigorous cultivars had better rooting percentages than had those which were less vigorous. The pollination constant and astringent (PCA) type cultivars were difficult to root. Japanese persimmons were classified into three types based on the relation between number of roots and the longest root.
View full abstract
-
Yunosuke Shiozaki, Takuro Kikuchi
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
827-832
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Fruit productivity as related to leaf area index (LAI), shoot length, and some other tree factors was studied in the course of canopy development of open-center apple trees trained by a traditional system. Investigation was carried out with 12 'Fuji' trees worked on Marubakaido rootstock (
Malus prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo) planted at 9m×9m (123 trees/ha) over a 20-year period from the 5th to the 24th year. Tree height was kept at 3.5 to 4.0 meters and the trees were developed to form very flat canopies. The proportion of ground area covered by tree canopies with respect to the total orchard area reached a maximum of about 70% (55 m
2/tree), whereas LAI attained 2.0 at 20 years of age. The yield/ha increased accompanying the increase in canopy area and LAI. LAIs and corresponding yield/ha were: 1.020 t, 1.535 t, 2.055 t or more. Yield/canopy area and yield/leaf area increased accompanying the canopy expansion. This increase in yield efficiency was brought about mainly by: a) an increase in the number of spurs per canopy area; b) a decrease in mean shoot length; and c) the flat canopy structure with branches carefully arranged for good light penetration into the canopy.
View full abstract
-
Yasuhiro Murai, Shousaku Horiuchi, Hiroyuki Matsui, Hiroshi Kurooka
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
833-837
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Salt (NaCI + buffer) and alkaline soluble protein contents and GA-like activity in leaf and bark tissues of non-bearing and bearing shoots of 'Kawano Natsudaidai' (
Citrus natsudaidai Hayata) were investigated in relation to flower bud formation.
Salt-soluble protein content of leaf and bark tissues of non-bearing shoots was always higher than that of bearing shoots. There was no significant difference in alkaline-soluble protein content of leaf and bark tissues of bearing and non-bearing shoots. When salt-soluble protein of leaf and bark tissues was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the number of bands and intensity of staining in both tissues of non-bearing shoots were greater than were those of bearing shoots. High molecular weight bands of non-bearing shoots stained more intensely than did those from bearing shoots.
There were no significant differences in GA-like activities in bark tissues of bearing and non-bearing shoots in September. GA-like activities in both kind of shoots decreased slightly during October and November. However, GA-like activity of bearing shoots decreased less than did that of non-bearing shoots.
View full abstract
-
Hiroyuki Fukuda, Mituo Awamura, Fumitaka Takishita, Yasunao Nishiyama
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
839-844
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Jonathan' apple trees on M. 26 rootstock which had been planted in 1975 with the graft union as high as app. 20 cm above ground level grew slowly and were not occupying their allotted planting space. In 1980, these trees were mounded with soil to just below the graft union to induce tree vigor. The dry matter production rates and growth of these trees were compared with non-mounded (control) trees in 1989.
1. Trunk girth and yield were increased by the soil mounding treatment. Dry weight of the soil-mounded trees measured after lifting in November, 1989 was app. 2 times heavier than that of control trees. Less current shoot growth occurred especially on the upper half of the control trees. The main root system, which developed on the former stem portion of rootstock after soil mounding, replaced the "old root system" app. 30 cm below the graft union.
2. Average leaf indices (LAIa) were 2.04 in the soil mounded trees and 0.90 in the control trees. The latter trees had not filled their allotted volume in the planting row even in 1989, the 15th season after planting.
3. Total dry matter increase (DM) of the trees in the growing season in the soil mounding treatment was about twice as much as that of the control. Dry matter increases in leaf, current shoot, older wood and roots per a tree were also significantly higher in the soil mounding treatment.
4. There was a highly positive correlation (r=0.95) between dry matter production rate per unit leaf dry weight (DM/L) and fruit-leaf dry weight ratio (F/L), even when trees in both treatments were combined. There was also a highly negative correlation (r=-0.93) between DM/L and leaf area per fruit. These results indicate that the dry matter production rate (DM/L) did not differ between the soil-mounded and the control trees, whenever fruit load value shown as F/L or leaf area per fruit was similar.
5. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.95) between the percent partition of dry matter to the scion portion and F/L, whether the trees were soil-mounded or not. The result seems to indicate that tree vigor does not always change the dry matter partitioning rate of the scion in apple trees.
View full abstract
-
Kensuke Yamashita, Kazunori Yamaguchi
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
845-849
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Microsporogenesis, male germ unit formation during pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in pistils were observed on the tetraploid (4X) Hyuganatsu (
Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka).
1. In anthers of the 4X Hyuganatsu nearly 25% of the pollen mother cell (PMC) degenerated, while in the remaining PMC, 1 to 9 sporads resulted from abnormal meiosis. Thus, the size and shape of the pollens were not uniform but malformed. Abnormally large and small pollens were observed. Pollen viability of the 4X Hyuganatsu as ascertained by FDA staining procedure was lower than that of the 2X Hyuganatsu.
2. In the pollen tubes of the 4X Hyuganatsu, the normal male germ unit consisting of 2 sperm nuclei and 1 vegetative nucleus was not formed regularly; 46.4% of the pollen tubes cultured in vitro did not contain any nucleus even after 22 hr at 30°C.
3. When stigmas of the 2X Hyuganatsu were pollinated with the 4X Hyuganatsu pollens, the pollen tubes grew normally through the style and penetrated the ovaries 9 days after pollination.
View full abstract
-
Hajime Araki, Ling Shi, Toshiro Yakuwa
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
851-857
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Most shoot apices of Chinese yam (
Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cv. Nagaimo) developed into shoots in modified Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium in which the nitrogen level was reduced to one tenth of the recommended concentration and containing 0 to 0.1 mg•liter
-1 NAA and 0.1 mg•liter
-1 BA. Bases of shoot apices developed friable calli in a medium supplemented with 1.0 mg•liter
-1 NAA. The composition of the basal medium had little effect on shoot formation, but morphogenic calli were produced by excised apices on a medium having 1 to 2 mg•liter
-1 BA and low concentration of NAA. Morphogenic callus resembled shoot primordium in that adventitious buds were formed on its surface. When morphogenic calli were subcultured on MS medium containing 0 to 0.1 mg•liter
-1 BA and 0.01 to 0.1 mg•liter
-1 NAA, a large number of plantlets were regenerated.
View full abstract
-
Shozo Kubo, Nagao Shimada, Nobuyuki Okamoto
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
859-867
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The dynamics and balance sheet of applied nitrogen were studied to ascertain the optimum application rate and forms of N for vegetable production in nursery soils. The results are summarized as follows:
1. The best performance of seedlings was obtained with 250 mg Nitrogen•liter
-1 of nursery soil (mg N•liter
-1) for cucumber, melon, watermelon and tomato, and 500 mg N•liter
-1 for eggplant and pimento.
2. Rates of 500 mg N•liter
-1 and over caused a significant reduction in the growth of cucumber, melon and pimento seedlings, but less significantly for watermelon, tomato and eggplant.
3. A good performance of the seedlings was obtained when 50 to 100 mg N•liter
-1 was applied in a nitrate form. At these levels, the nitrogen concentration in saturation extracts of nursery soils was maintained about 200 ppm N throughout the period of the experiments.
4. Seedlings which performed well absorbed 25 to 50% of the applied N. Approximately 10 to 25% of the N was retained in the soil; 45 to 50% of the applied N was unaccounted for and may have leached out from the root zone.
5. The rate of nitrogen loss due to leaching was fastest during the first week of the experiment. The rate decreased thereafter.
It was concluded that for most vegetable crops, the optimum range of nitrogen application to nursery soils lies between 200 to 300 mg N•liter
-1 of which 50 to 100 mg is recommended to be applied initially in the nitrate form.
View full abstract
-
Yuichi Yoshida, Yukihiro Fujime, Toshiaki Chujo
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
869-879
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Effect of nitrogen fertilization on flower development, especially on pistil differentiation and fruit malformation in 'Ai-Berry' strawberry, was investigated, using 5 rates of nitrogen application (0, 21, 42, 84 and 126 mg-N/plant•week) and 6 starting times of application at 84 mg-N/plant-week (1, 11, 21, 31 Oct., 10 and 20 Nov.).
1. Except for the 0 mg-N treatment, the amount of N applied had little effect on the growth of flower bud based on the diameter. However, raising the rate of N application increased the number of rows of pistils in the primary flower; and it extended the duration of pistil differentiation between the base and the apex of receptacle. Furthermore, the mean diameter of ovaries of pistils on the apex of a receptacle decreased with respect to those on the base, so that the ratio of ovary diameters of pistils located on the apex and base of the receptacle (T/B ratio) also decreased. Plants supplied with high rates of N produced severely malformed fruits with undeveloped achenes on the distal region of receptacle.
2. The effects of high N treatments were less if the treatments were delayed. Plants treated after petal differentiation started (21 and 31 Oct.) had fewer malformed fruits than those in which treatments were made earlier; those treated after pistil differentiation began (10 or 20 Nov.) had even fewer malformed fruits with less severe symptoms. Therefore, high N application before the onset of stamen differentiation may result in excessive numbers of malformed fruits.
3. Although competition between fruits and the vegetative organs or between distal and proximal achenes for photosynthates may affect the occurrence of fruit malformation, the long duration for the complete differentiation of all pistils on the receptacle is probably the primary cause of the malformed fruits in plants supplied with high rates of N. Hence, to ameliorate this problem, we suggest that NO
3-N content of petiole should be kept between 0.10 and 0.15% on dry weight basis during flower development, especially before pistils differentiate.
View full abstract
-
Nobuyuki Fukuoka, Yasutaka Kano
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
881-887
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The Japanese radish cv. Gensuke, grown in the summer, frequently develops a lengthwise hollow cavity in the central part of the root. To study the influence of the sowing date on the anatomy of developing roots, seeds of 'Gensuke' were sown on 14 July (early sowing) and 20 August (late sowing). The maximum soil temperature was monitored at a 5-day interval during the growing season.
1. In the early sown plot, the temperature for the first 50 days after sowing was above 25°C, attaining 37°C 8 days after sowing. In the late sown plot, the maximum soil temperatures were 5° to 8°C lower than those of the early sowing during the growing period.
2. Root growth was conspicuously suppressed in the late sown plot as compared with that of the early sown plot; this contrast was clearly noticeable after the middle of the growing period.
3. Roots with a hollow cavity were more prevalent in plants whose seeds were sown early compared with those which were sown late.
4. The anatomy of the roots collected from the early and late sown plots revealed that the vessels in the central region of the pith diverged into two sectors against medually ray cells. The gap between two polarized sectors, widened rapidly in roots from the early sown plot creating a large intercellular air space; roots from the late sown plot formed gaps slowly. A few bag-shaped, large parenchymatous cells formed on the inner surface of the hollow root and projected into the air space. On the contrary, the gaps in roots from the late sown plot filled with large cells except in the most distal portion of the root. These observations lead us to believe that the gap between two vessel sectors in the central region of the pith separates radially in roots of the early sown seed more so than in the pith region of roots in the late sown plot. The formation and protrusion of cells on the cavity surface of the roots from the early sown plot are suppressed by high soil temperature during the middle of the growing season. The intercellular air spaces then coalesce into a large longitudinal gap resulting in hollowness.
View full abstract
-
Tomohiro Yanagi, Yasaburo Oda
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
889-895
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of winter chilling and summer temperature on the production of inflorescences and runners of three types of strawberry cultivars: The everbearer, 'Ostara' and 'Rabunda'; the June-bearer, 'Hokowase' and 'Reiko'; and the intermediate type, 'Aiko' and 'Kletter Erdbeere Hummi'. Each cultivar was divided into two groups. One group was stored at 1°C for four months until 11 March 1987; the other was grown in a heated greenhouse also for four months. At the end of the four months, all plants were grown in the open field of Osaka Prefectural University (OPU) until May, 1987. Each group was then divided into three sub-groups and grown at three areas having different summer temperatures: A) a high temperature area (OPU), B) an intermediate temperature area (Nose), and C) a cool temperature zone (Mt. Gomadan). The numbers of inflorescences and runners were counted periodically from May to September, 1987.
1. The everbearers, 'Ostara' and 'Rabunda', produced few runners but successively produced inflorescences throughout the summer at all three site, irrespective of the temperature treatments they received the previous winter.
2. The June-bearers, 'Hokowase' and 'Reiko', successively produced runners at all sites in the summer. Both cultivars produced flowers in midsummer but little or none in September, even when the plants were not chilled previously and grown in a region with a cool summer.
3. The intermediate types, 'Aiko' and 'Kletter Erdbeere Hummi', produced some flowers in midsummer and a few in late summer, even if they had no previous chilling. Conversely, these types progressively formed more runners in summer, especially if they had been chilled the previous winter.
4. From these results, we arrived at these conclusions: 1) chilling treatment in winter and the summer temperature have little effect on the everbearing types; they bloom regardless of these conditions; 2) flowering of non-chilled June-bearers occurred in midsummer but some in the fall when they were producing numerous runners; chilled plants produced less flowers and more runners; and 3) sensitivity to flower induction of the intermediate types of strawberry cultivars may be altered by controlling their dormancy prior to planting by chilling and then subjecting them to long days and cool temperatures during the growing season.
View full abstract
-
Yoshihiro Shishido, Tsutomu Yuhashi, Norio Seyama, Shigeo Imada
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
897-903
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Studies were carried out to elucidate the effects of leaf position and water management on the translocation and distribution of
14C-assimilates in muskmelon.
1. The fruit grew continuously until harvest and served as the main sink to the leaf which subtended the lateral fruit shoot.
2. At 43 days after anthesis all leaves exported photosynthetic assimilates mainly to the fruit. However, the contribution of each leaf to the accumulation of photosynthetic assimilates by the fruit and other sinks differed a little. It was assumed that the gradient between leaf and developing fruit changed according to the distance and the relative position between them.
3. The percentages of export of photosynthetic assimilates changed by different water management. However, it is probably not the direct effect of water management but due to the difference in the fruit ripening stage which was enhanced by water stress. Moreover, the percentage of distribution of photosynthetic assimilates to fruit was not changed significantly by different water management at the experimental stages.
Consequently, the water stress caused the decrease in the photosynthetic rate and the shortened the fruit development period by hastening ripening process. Therefore, the water stress may not contribute toward increasing the amount of sugars translocated in the fruit.
View full abstract
-
Susumu Yazawa, Takanori Sato, Takakazu Namiki
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
905-913
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
A physiological disorder was observed on pepper (
Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings soon after they were transplanted from soil to solution culture. The nutrient solution contained 8 mM NO
3-N, 0.7 mM NH
4- N, 2 mM Ca, 1 mM Mg, 6.5×10
-5M Fe, 5×10
-5M B, 9×10
-6M Mn, 7×10
-6M Zn, 2×10
-7M Cu, 8×10
-8M Mo.
1. The disorder is characterized by small brownish spots on leaves. In severe cases, leaf abscission and death of the plant may occur. Foliar symptoms on excised shoots were attributed to NaFeEDTA at concentrations above 1.6×10
-5M in the nutrient solution.
2. Severe symptoms developed if pepper seedlings were stressed for water while growing on soil and then transferred to nutrient culture solution. The severity of the symptoms reduced if the seedlings were initially transferred from soil to water culture for 2 weeks before being re-transferred to a nutrient solution containing as much as 20.8×10
-4M NaFeEDTA. No visible symptoms appeared if the roots of the soil-grown pepper plants were immersed in water for 2 to 4 days before being transferred to a solution containing 1.3×10
-4M NaFeEDTA.
3. Among several iron-chelates tested, FeEDDHA was the only one which did not cause the disorder to pepper plants even though the concentration was raised to 5.2×10
-4M. No NaFeEDTA was detected in leaves after the plants were cultured on NaFeDTA solution. However, a large amount of unaltered FeEDDHA was detected in leaves of plants grown on this iron-chelate.
View full abstract
-
Kiyotoshi Takeno, Hiroyuki Ise, Hisanori Minowa, Takashi Dounowaki
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
915-920
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The effect of
6N-benzyladenine (BA) in promoting growth of cucumber (
Cucumis sativus, cultivars Chojitsu-Ochiai No. 2 and Mogami) fruit was studied. The effect of BA was greatest for unpollinated fruits of 'Mogami', a non-parthenocarpic cultivar. BA did not promote growth of fruits where normal development occurred in response to pollination or natural parthenocarpy (in 'Chojitsu-Ochiai No. 2'). The growth promotion induced by BA was mostly due to an increase in cell number. Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level, detected and quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was not enhanced by BA. We conclude that BA induces parthenocarpic fruit development mainly through the promotion of cell division.
View full abstract
-
Mohammad Ali, Naotaka Matsuzoe, Hiroshi Okubo, Kunimitsu Fujieda
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
921-926
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Resistance of eggplant, its wild relatives, interspecific
Solanum hybrid and amphidiploids to
Meloidogyne incognita was evaluated through inoculation of seedlings and grafted- and nongrafted plants. Immunity or high resistance was observed in
S. khasianum,
S. torvum and
S. toxicarium. Small swellings were formed in
S. sisymbriifolium; however, nematode maturation/egg production was not attained. The susceptible factor of the grafted scion was not transmitted across the graft union to the rootstock. Eggplants,
S. integrifolium, their hybrid and amphidiploids, and
S. indicum failed to show resistance against the root-knot nematode.
Solanum mammosum and
S. surattense were highly susceptible to
M. incognita.
View full abstract
-
Josue Jack F Malamug, Susumu Yazawa, Tadashi Asahira
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
927-933
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Callus was induced from shoot tip explants of taro (
Colocasia esculenta Schott) using modified Nitsch medium containing major elements of Nitsch and minor elements and organic addenda of Ringe and Nitsch with 2% sucrose, 0.8% agar and 1 mg•liter
-1 of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2, 4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (BA), each. The same growth regulators were used in the multiplication of callus. Furthermore, an auxin combination of 2, 4-D and NAA at 1 mg•liter
-1 each have beneficial effects on the multiplication of callus.
By reducing the concentration of NH
4NO
3 from 720 mg•liter
-1 to 200 mg•liter
-1, the degree of callus formation and percent of explants forming callus increased. Low level of NH
4NO
3 was found to upgrade the formation and growth of callus.
Addition of 10% coconut water was beneficial to the induction of callus, on the other hand, it was not beneficial to the multiplication of callus but rather promoted root formation. Medium concentration had no significant effect on the formation and growth of callus.
View full abstract
-
Josue Jack F Malamug, Haruhisa Inden, Susumu Yazawa, Tadashi Asahira
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
935-940
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Taro (
Colocasia esculenta) callus was induced from shoot tip explants on a modified Nitsch medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) at 1 mg•liter
-1 each. The effect of agar concentration (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8%, W/V) in a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium on the regeneration of shoots from taro callus was investigated. Shoot differentiation was observed only in 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% agar concentrations. A high level of shoot differentiation at 64% was measured on 0.6% agar medium. However, root differentiation was observed regardless of agar concentrations.
Shoot differentiation was observed on the medium supplemented with 1 mg•liter
-1 BA as early as 10 weeks of culture.
Addition of 0.1% (W/V) charcoal did not directly induce the regeneration of shoots from the callus, but lengthened the longetivity of the calli since no necrosis was observed after 20 weeks of culture.
Proliferation of regenerated shoots was enhanced with the addition of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and BA at 1 mg•liter
-1 each. The plantlets can be readily potted in a vermiculite medium for acclimatization before planting in the field.
View full abstract
-
Kiyotoshi Takeno, Hiroyuki Ise
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
941-946
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The relationship between parthenocarpic fruit set and endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in ovaries of the cucumber, 'Chojitsu-Ochiai No. 2', a strongly parthenocarpic cultivar, and 'PMR-142', a weakly parthenocarpic cultivar, was studied. All ovaries after reaching 6 cm in length grew steadily thereafter to set parthenocarpic fruits. Some ovaries of 'Chojitsu-Ochiai No. 2' reached this critical length on day 3 after anthesis. In 'PMR-142', more female flowers at higher nodes and with longer ovaries set parthenocarpically than did those at lower nodes bearing shorter ovaries. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected 3.5 times more IAA in the ovaries which were predicted to set parthenocarpically than in the ovaries which were not. The assay in 'Chojitsu-Ochiai No. 2' on day 3 after anthesis showed that ovaries longer than 6 cm which were predicted to set parthenocarpically contained 1.7 times more IAA than did those shorter than 6 cm. The results indicate a positive relationship between the endogenous IAA level in ovaries and the parthenocarpic fruit set in the respective cultivars.
View full abstract
-
Toshinari Kanazawa, Sayo Kobayashi, Toshiro Yakuwa
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
947-953
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Flowering process, pollen germination and pollen storage of
Allium victorialis L. ssp.
platyphyllum Hult. (
A. victorialis) were investigated in order to obtain basic information for the purpose of crossing with other
Allium plants of which the flowering season is different. The experimental results are summarized as follows.
1. Flowering process in A.
victorialis is similar to that in Welsh onion (
A. fistulosum) and onion (
A. cepa). Namely, when the perianths begin to open, the filaments of the inner whole of stamens elongate and their anthers dehisce; subsequently, the anthers of the outer whole of stamens dehisce. After the anthers dehisce, the styles begin to elongate.
2. Pollen of
Allium species are mostly oval in shape; among the species, pollen of
A. victorialis are the largest.
3. Agar medium with 15% sucrose and the temperature range of 20°C to 25°C are the optimum conditions for pollen germination.
4. A comparatively high percentage of pollen germination (7085%) was obtained after storage in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) for one year. This suggests that it may be possible to extend pollen longevity in storage so that crosses with other species in the genus
Allium can be made.
View full abstract
-
Yueh-Jiang Hwang, Hiroshi Okubo, Kunimitsu Fujieda
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
955-961
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
A study of reproductive barriers limiting interspecific hybridization between
Camellia japonica L. and
C. chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama was undertaken in intra- and interspecific crosses using two different lines of each species. Prezygotic barriers were unimportant; pollen tube growth and penetration was good in all combination. Zygote formation and early embryo development were similar in intra- and interspecific crosses. Intraspecific embryos grew smoothly and filled the ovules about 150 days after pollination; whereas in interspecific crosses, aborting hybrid embryos were found in various stages of decline 120 days after pollination. Full-sized but empty ovules in mature capsules resulted from embryo abortion.
View full abstract
-
Motoaki Doi, Hisashi Oda, Nobuyoshi Ogasawara, Tadashi Asahira
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
963-970
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Plantlets of
Caladium bicolor (C
3 plant),
Saccharum officinarum (C
4 plant), and
Phalaenopsis hybrid (CAM plant) at the preparation stage for acclimatization (the final stage of in vitro culture) were cultured on the medium containing 2% sucrose. The culture vessels were kept under continuous, 16 hr, or 8 hr lighting conditions; half of the vessels were ventilated continuously with 0.8 ± 0.4% CO
2 enriched atmosphere; while the remainder was exposed to ambient atmosphere.
The growth of plantlets was promoted with an increase in daylength under both ambient and CO
2 enriched atmospheres. When the plantlets were supplied with adequate CO
2, dry matter production increased under all daylength treatments except
Caladium cultured under continuous lighting. This promotive effect of CO
2 enrichment was especially noticeable in root growth.
In
Caladium and
Phalaenopsis, the leaf chlorophyll content of plantlets cultured under CO
2 enriched atmosphere was less than that of leaves from plantlets grown in ambient atmosphere. Although the chlorophyll was less concentrated in leaves of plantlets growing under the CO
2 enriched treatment, the rate of CO
2 uptake of these plantlets measured at the midpoint of the light period was higher than that of leaves exposed to ambient atmosphere.
Increasing the O
2 concentration in culture vessels to 37% also promoted the growth of
Caladium and
Dendrobium phalaenopsis (CAM plant) under CO
2 enriched condition.
Because of the development of photoautotrophy, the
Caladium plantlets exposed to enriched CO
2 atmosphere and cultured on sugar-free medium using ceramic wool plug system responded with vigorous growth when transplanted into pots.
View full abstract
-
Shigeharu Motooka, Koh Konishi, Masako Konishi, Keiko Sawa, Miho Satak ...
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
971-979
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Several kinds of solid supporting materials were compared with agar-solidified medium as supports for plantlets of
Gymnaster savatieri K. The most suitable material was 1 : 1 mixture (by vol.) of perlite and vermiculite in trays with planting cells (Hereinafter referred to as PV tray medium). In vitro shoots in PV tray medium grew faster than the control shoots grown in agar-solidified medium, even when the volume of nutrient solution in the PV tray medium was less than that of the control. Of the concentrations tested, the most suitable concentration of macronutrients in the PV tray medium was a 1/1 strength of MS medium (1962), higher than the most suitable concentration in the agar-solidified medium.
The most suitable duration of the last-stage of culture for quick growth of the plantlets after transfer to a greenhouse was investigated. Plantlets were cultured either in PV tray medium or on agar-solidified one for 3, 6, or 9 weeks. After the in vitro culture, the PV tray medium with plantlets were removed from the culture vessel and transferred to the green-house. Then, they were misted overhead with water for about 30 min. and grown under an intermittent water mist. The plantlets cultured on the agar-solidified medium were transplanted into plastic trays containing a 1 : 1 : 1 mixture (by vol.) of perlite, vermiculite, and peat moss and were grown under the same mist. The plantlets in the PV tray medium could be transferred efficiently and grown without contamination of the supporting material. After accommodation, the survival of the plantlets cultured in the PV tray medium was the same as that of controls. Regardless the kind of supporting material, plantlets transferred after 3 weeks of culture were largest at the end of accommodation. The plantlets grown in the PV tray medium for 3 weeks and then transferred to the greenhouse grew faster than those grown in the agar control for 6 weeks after transfer. PV tray medium can be used not only as an in vitro culture medium but also for the raising seedling.
View full abstract
-
Hiroko Imanishi, Fujio Yonezawa, Hideo Imanishi
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
981-987
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
A survey by questionnaire technique was conducted among the flower customers to obtain basic information for the projection of the future market demand for flowers.
The major questions include in the questionnaire were: the image or concept the customers have of flowers, the factors they take into consideration when determining what flowers to buy, and the kinds of flowers customers prefer to buy.
The study showed that flowers are indispensable items of their daily life. Flowers influence strongly the human feelings more than any words or other gifts. Customers did not complain about the steep price of high quality flowers but preferred cheaper flowers of the average grade. Also, customers preferred wild-type flowers to the improved or showy ones. What they wanted from flowers were not gorgeousness or luxuriousness, but rather the beauty of the color, a sense of season and the tender feelings of nature.
The younger generation showed a tendency to choose flowers by impulse, i. e., by the first impression without considering their lasting quality. The older generation, however, showed the opposite tendency, i. e., considered value for money.
The research also confirmed that customers preferred small and pastel-colored flowers which conjure a sense of season and the tender feelings of nature.
View full abstract
-
Kenjiro Toki, Hiroshi Kawanishi
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
989-995
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
We isolated four anthocyanins from the reddish-purple flowers of
Antirrhinum majus L., our genetical stock (CCAp), which had been obtained by crossing between 'Floral Carpet Red' and strain A from 'Ball's Supreme Red'. One of these anthocyanins was identified as peonidin 3-glucoside by chromatographic and spectral methods. This pigment was found along with 3-rutinosides of cyanidin and peonidin, and cyanidin 3-glucoside.
In survey of anthocyanins on Antirrhinum cultivars, peonidin glycosides were detected in flowers of three cultivars out of twenty five. These pigments which occurred in dwarf type plants were always accompanied by cyanidin glycosides.
A quantity of four anthocyanins in each developmental stage of flower petals was investigated in a reddish-purple strain (CCAp-21) containing a relatively large amount of the peonidin glycosides. The results are summarized as follows.
1. Accumulation of the peonidin glycosides occurred at later stages than the cyanidin glycosides.
2. The content of 3-glucosides per floret decreased sharply from an intermediate stage of flower development to full bloom, while 3-rutinosides continued to increase until the flowers senesced.
3. The amount of peonidin 3-glucoside per upper lip reached a maximum at anthesis, whereas that of cyanidin 3-glucoside did so at half open stage.
4. The ratios of cyanidin to peonidin and monoside to bioside in palate were higher than in the upper lip at all developmental stages.
View full abstract
-
Keiichi Okazaki, Yuji Umada, Osamu Urashima, Joichi Kawada, Masaaki Ku ...
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
997-1002
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
To develop pink Easter lilies through interspecific hybridization,
Lilium longiflorum and
L. ×
formolongi were crossed with
L. rubellum and
L. japonicum.
1. Interspecific hybrids between
L. longiflorum ×
L. rubellum,
L. ×
formolongi ×
L. rubellum, and
L. ×
formolongi ×
L. japonicum were obtained by pollinating the cut surface of styles (style-cutting method) and culturing the resulting embryo in vitro. Progenies of the respective crosses were pink, pale pink, and white.
2. Of the two cultivars and two selections of
L. longiflorum employed as the mother parent, the largest number of ovaries and the most embryos per ovary were found in 'Georgia' pollinated with pollen from
L. rubellum.
3. The percentages of developed ovaries of
L. ×
formolongi pollinated with pollen from
L. rubellum or pollen of
L. japonicum were higher than when
L. longiflorum was used as the mother parent.
4. The % fertility of pollen from interspecific hybrids was low with the exception of pollen from a hybrid between
L. ×
formolongi and
L. rubellum which attained 95.2%. This high rate of pollen fertility in this hybrid is attributed to its amphidiploid (2n =48) nature.
5. Hybrids progenies between
L. ×
formolongi and
L. rubellum produced viable embryos when they were back-crossed with
L. rubellum, but not when they were triple-crossed with
L. longiflorum.
View full abstract
-
Satoshi Taira, Iku Satoh, Shunzo Watanabe
1992 Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages
1003-1009
Published: 1992
Released on J-STAGE: May 15, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The relationship between the accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the flesh of five Japanese persimmon cultivars and the ease of removal of astringency after harvest with ethanol vapor and carbon dioxide treatment was investigated. The degree of softening of the flesh during the ethanol treatment varied with the cultivar. Likewise, the rate of decrease in soluble tannins differed among cultivars with either treatment, fruits of some cultivars remained astringent even after treatment. The amount of ethanol and acetaldehyde which accumulated in the flesh varied from one cultivar to another depending on the treatment. The rate of decrease of soluble tannins was closely related to the levels of acetaldehyde that accumulated in the flesh. The coagulation response time of fruit juices to acetaldehyde vapor was about the same in the five cultivars. These results suggest that tannin polymerize readily in those cultivars which accumulate acetaldehyde rapidly to a relatively high levels, and they explain why the amount of soluble tannins decreases slowly when ethanol slowly penetrates the fruit skin and/or if the absorbed ethanol is not rapidly metabolized to acetaldehyde.
View full abstract
