It is important that the fundamental study must be done to make clear the mechanism of the calculi formation in the living body. Schade (1) observed the precipitation in the test tube by adding the calcium chloride on blood plasma, CaHPO₄·2H₂O, CaC₂O₄·2H₂O, and CaCO₃, while stirring. Observing of precipitation from crystalloid mixture, the crystal formation occurred when CaCl₂-solution was dropped gently in the mixture of Na₂HPO₄ and KH₂PO₄. The similar phenomenon is considered that urine is dropped into vesiculi gently from ureter of a long lying pafient in bed. Mori (2) observed particularly the case of coexistence of colloid substance and chondroitin sulfuric acid. Miyamoto (3) mentioned the Pringsheim's phenomenon, and observed that the phase for the precipitation to appear was determined by concentration, and when the concentration reached to equillibrium, a semipermeable membrane was formed between the solutions. Furthermore, the crystal form in the colloid was observed (4). In the former report of our laboratory (5), it was demonstrated that, when the Ca₃(PO₄)_2- acetic acid solution was mixed quickly with aqueous solution of ammonia, the precipitate did not coagulate, but when the solution was laid on top of aqueous solution of ammonia, precipitate could be taken out as the discoid coagulation.Generally, sulphuric calcium (gypsum, CaSO₄·2H₂O) shows a coagulatic phenomenon, and when it is heated to about 120°C, it forms a plaster of Paris (CaSO₄·1/2H₂O). When water is added to CaSO₄·1/2H₂O, it becomes hard as taking in water to molecule. Gypsum has a crystal water (2H₂O) which arranges at metal-atom and has a close relation with hardness. It is interesting to know that CaSO₄·2H₂O is isomorphism with CaHPO₄·2H₂O in crystal form and they are almost equal in lattice constant as follows.a b c βCaSO₄·2H₂O 10.47KX 15.15 6.51 151.33’CaHPO₄·2H₂O 10.47 15.15 6.37 150.08’In this report, the explanation of agglutination in calcium phosphate was studied in view of the crystal water.

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There are three kinds of muscle fibres in function such as twitch fibre, slow fibre and intrafusal fibre, in the frog's skeletal muscle. The electric characteristics of twitch fibre were detailed by Fatt and Katz (1), and the junctional potential and the innervation in slow fibre were investigated by Kuffler and Vaughan (2, 3), moreover the characteristics and the innervation of intrafusal fibre being clarified by Koketsu and Nishi (4, 5). These three fibres different in their appearence may be due to difference of membrane resistance, fibre radius, length constant, membrane time constant, or effective resistance. When the focal potential, in other words a maximal potential at junctional region, initiated by motor nerve stimulation, was intracellularly recorded, the difference in decaying time or in decaying curve was observed in these fibres (Fig. 1). The author analysed these differences from the point of view of temporal change of permeability and number of junction.

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Although a number of experiments have been presented, the mechanism of maintaining potential difference across the resting membrane is still obscure. The author has attempted to clarify the property of the plasma membrane and the membrane potential, by studying the effect of chloride ion on the resting membrane potential of the muscle fiber.Since the description of the resting potential of the muscle by Matteucci or by du Bois Reymond, many studies have been offered, among which Bernstein's theory is most known (1). Bernstein (2) concluded that because there was a remarkable difference between the internal and the external potassium concentration of the muscle fiber, the resting potential was caused by the selective permeability of potassium to a membrane. He interpreted the nature of the resting potential by using Nernst's theory.The recent development of the microelectrode technique has made it possible to measure the resting potential directly by means of the intracellular recording of a single fiber. Hodgkin et al. (3) showed that the resting potential of a single giant nerve fiber could be determined by the concentration difference between the intracellular and extracellular potassium by using the microelectrode. The relationship between the extracellular potassium concentration and the membrane resting potential has been studied in the nerve and muscle fibers (4), (5), (6), (7). These investigations have shown that there is a linear relationship between the value of the resting potential and the logarithm of external potassium concentrations, although lower potassium concentrations deviate from such linear relation. In a giant nerve fiber of loligo, Hodgkin and Katz (8) showed that the measured resting potential coincided with the potential value obtained by use of Goldman's constant field theory (9).Boyle and Conway (10) have shown that the resting potential is related to the concentration difference between external and internal potassium or chloride ion, which are in a Donnan's equilibrium. Adrian (11) has shown that the membrane potential in sulfate-Ringer does not differ from that in normal Ringer when external potassium concentration is kept high. However, in a low external potassium concentration, the resting potential is reduced by substituting sucrose or sodium sulfate for sodium chloride (11), (7). This suggests that chloride ion contributes to the membrane potential in a low external potassium concentration.The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of chloride ion on the resting potential in different external potassium concentrations, particularly in low concentrations. The effects of fluoride and bromide ions on the resting potential have also been studied to compare with those of chloride ion.

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In previous papers (Yamada (1), (2), (3)), the fine structure of the centriole and its associated structure in the interkinetic cell of various types (white blood cell, megakaryocyte, ovarian follicular and interstitial cell) were described. Almost simulteniously and independently, Bernhard and De Harven (4), (5) reported similar finding in other cell types. Recently, Amano et al, presented the papers about the same subject (6), (7), (8). They offered, however, the assumption that the centriole within the mitotic cell shows somewhat different finding from that of the interkinetic cell. This paper presents the evidence that the centriole found in the mitotic cell shows the same strucLure with that of interkinetic cell and in this connection, it confirms the reports by Porter (9) and by Bernhard et al.(4), (5).

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