JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN
Online ISSN : 1881-1299
Print ISSN : 0021-9592
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Volume 23, Issue 1
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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  • Flow Characteristics and Circular Pipe Flow of Pulp-Suspension
    Kohei Ogawa, Shiro Yoshikawa, Akira Suguro, Jun Ikeda, Hirohisa Ogawa
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.1
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    An experimental investigation of a laminar plug flow of pulp-suspension in a circular pipe was made. The pressure loss was measured by pressure transducers, and the velocity gradient at pipe wall and the local velocity were measured by an electrochemical technique.
    From experimental relations between the pressure loss and the flow rate, and between the shear stress and the velocity gradient at pipe wall, the pulp-suspensions should be regarded as Newtonian liquids, though the values of viscosity determined from those relations were undoubtedly different from each other. On the other hand, both the measured velocity profile and the experimental relation between the velocity gradient at pipe wall and the flow rate were not those for a Newtonian liquid.
    This inconsistency could be explained by the consideration that the pulp-suspension had a particular average viscosity to the pulp fiber concentration prepared and behaved as a Newtonian liquid at every radial position with different viscosity which was distributed in the radial direction in a circular pipe. Furthermore, an appropriate formula for the radial distribution of viscosity was presented. The calculated velocity profiles based on the formula coincided well with the measured ones.
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  • Effect of Operating Parameters on Thermochemical Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge
    Akira Suzuki, Tadashi Nakamura, Shin-ya Yokoyama
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 6-11
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.6
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    To determine the optimum combination of operating parameters for direct thermochemical liquefaction of sewage sludge, dewatered materials (raw mixed sludges) were treated over a temperature range of 150–300°C, a holding time of 0–180 min and a catalyst (sodium carbonate) loading of 0–5 wt% using a batch reactor. By variance analysis, the lower limit of reaction temperature for the production of heavy oils was found to be 250°C. At that temperature, however, organic concentrations in the aqueous phase were still high. From the viewpoint of oil production and wastewater treatment, the optimum combination of operating parameters was a reaction temperature of 275–300°C, a holding time of 60 min and operation without catalyst.
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  • Holdup of Dispersed Phase in a Mixer-Settler Extraction Column
    Katsuroku Takahashi, Hiroshi Takeuchi
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 12-17
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.12
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    Holdups in a stirred liquid-liquid dispersion were measured in a single-stage mixer-settler column equipped with a lifter turbine impeller. There was a large difference in dispersed phase holdup between the local positions above and below the impeller. The data of holdup below the impeller are described by a model based on a dispersed-phase transfer due to the holdup difference, those of holdup above the impeller by the relative velocity between the dispersed and the continuous phases. The transfer coefficient of the dispersed phase is given as a function of the agitation speed, the relative velocity being correlated with the agitation speed, the interfacial tension and the density difference between the phases.
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  • Fluidization of Small Mattresses Containing Amidoxime Fiber for Adsorption of Uranium from Seawater
    Shigeharu Morooka, Katsuki Kusakabe, Tokihiro Kago, Mitsutoshi Inada, ...
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 18-23
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.18
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    Amidoxime fiber adsorbents were prepared for recovery of uranium from seawater. To improve the handling characteristics of the bulky fiber, a layer of the adsorbent was sandwiched with plastic nets in the shape of small square mattresses. Tens of thousands of mattresses (side length = 20 mm) were made, and their fluidizability was studied in 190- and 390-mm i.d. columns. When a swirling flow was superimposed in the bed by using a radially injecting liquid distributor, the mattresses were smoothly fluidized like particulate adsorbents. The pressure drop of the distributor was lower than 500 Pa at superficial liquid velocities of 5–7 cm·s–1, where stable fluidization was realized.
    The adsorption rate of the mattress was measured by changing the fiber diameter, the liquid velocity and the packing density of amidoxime fiber in the mattress. It is suggested that the measured adsorption rate in the fluidized bed is greater than 50% of the intrinsic rate which is free from liquid-phase mass transfer resistance, when the packing density of the fiber in the mattress is smaller than 0.15 kg of dry fiber per liter of mattress volume or the void fraction in the mattress is greater than 0.32.
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  • A Novel Membrane Extractor Using Hollow Fibers for Separation and Enrichment of Metal
    Yoshinobu Sato, Kazuo Kondo, Fumiyuki Nakashio
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 23-29
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.23
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    A novel membrane extractor using hollow fiber module was developed, and extraction and stripping of copper and/or zinc with 2-ethyihexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester were carried out simultaneously. Separation and enrichment of zinc from aqueous solution containing copper and zinc were also carried out in the membrane extractor. The results were simulated by a diffusion model with interfacial reaction.
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  • Equilibrium and Kinetics of Solvent Extraction of Europium with Didodecylmonothiophosphoric Acid
    Kazuo Kondo, Koji Momota, Fumiyuki Nakashio
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 30-35
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.30
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    The rate of extraction of europium with didodecylmonothiophosphoric acid was measured by use of a stirred transfer cell, along with the extraction equilibrium. The equation for the extraction equilibrium was determined and the equilibrium constant was obtained. The dependency of the extraction rate of europium on the concentration of the chemical species taking part in the extraction was examined.
    By analyzing the results based on the interfacial reaction model accompanied by diffusion, it was estimated that the rate-determining step is the reaction between the adsorbed 1:2 europium chelate complex and the extractant in the organic solution adjacent to the interface. The overall reaction rate constant and the mass transfer coefficients of europium, the extractant and the complex were obtained.
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  • Catalytic Effect of Bisoleylphosphoric Acid on Copper Extraction with N-8-Quinolylsulfonamide
    Michiaki Matsumoto, Kazuo Kondo, Fumiyuki Nakashio, Kazuharu Yoshizuka ...
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 35-40
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.35
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    The extraction kinetics of copper with N-8-quinolyl-p-hexylbenzenesulfonamide was studied in the presence of acidic and neutral organophosphorus compounds using a hollow-fiber membrane extractor. It was found that in the presence of bisoleylphosphoric acid the permeation rate of copper through the membrane is significantly accelerated, while in the presence of the other organophosphorus compounds, i.e., bis-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid, 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and trioleylphosphate, the permeation rate was not enhanced except at high concentration of the additive agents. From the kinetic data, the catalytic mechanism of the copper extraction was inferred.
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  • Separation of Acetone/Water Mixture by Thin Acrylamide Gel Membrane Prepared in Pores of Thin Ceramic Membrane
    Shuji Sakohara, Fujikazu Muramoto, Toshiyuki Sakata, Masashi Asaeda
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 40-45
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.40
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    A thin acrylamide gel membrane was prepared in pores of a thin ceramic membrane of silica-alumina by copolymerizing acrylamide of primary monomer and N,N′-methylene-bis(acrylamide) as crosslinking agent. The gel membrane was used for separation of acetone/water mixture by pervaporation to give quite large fluxes of water and an extremely high separation factor of about 2000 at 95 mol% of acetone concentration in the upstream. Such a high separation factor is thought to be due to the fact that the permeation of acetone molecules can be blocked by the network of the acrylamide gel, which shrinks with increasing acetone concentration in the upstream of the membrane.
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  • A New Correlation Method for the Effect of Vibration on Forced-Convection Heat Transfer
    Kenji Takahashi, Kazuo Endoh
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 45-50
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.45
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    The forced convection heat transfer from a vibrating sphere, a cylinder and a square-section tube to water was experimentally investigated. The obtained heat transfer data with the vibration effect is well correlated in terms of the energy dissipation calculated from the fluid drag acting on the vibrating bodies. Through the use of the energy dissipation, the heat transfer from vibrating bodies to a fluid flow can be discussed analogously with the mass transfer.
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  • Liquid Membrane Operation with Aid of Microemulsion—Separation of Metal Ions—
    Makoto Harada, Noboru Shinbara, Motonari Adachi, Yoshikazu Miyake
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 50-57
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.50
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    A new liquid membrane operation with the aid of microemulsion was proposed for separating metal ions, using the salinity of the aqueous phase as an external variable for controlling the operation. The operation consists of three sub-operation steps: extraction of metal ion from an aqueous phase to W/O microemulsion phase; settling of these two phases; and separation of the W phase in W/O microemulsion. The system studied was several mono-, di- and trivalent metal ions to be extracted to the n-heptane phase with AOT microemulsion. The extraction process, which was governed by electrostatic interaction between the metal ion and the sulfonate anion of the AOT molecule, was controlled by an external variable, namely the salinity of the aqueous phase. The phase separation is also performed by changing the salinity. The salinity condition for the phase separation was elucidated. The feasibility of this operation was demonstrated, and a method of increasing the selectivity for metal ion separation was studied by focussing on the synergism between the agents with ligand group and AOT.
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  • Characteristic Functions for the Drying of Non-Hygroscopic Porous Slab with a Constant Body Temperature
    Masamichi Yoshida, Hironobu Imakoma, Morio Okazaki
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 58-63
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.58
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    This paper deals with the isothermal drying process for slabs of non-hygroscopic porous material. First, the falling rate period is divided into the regular regime and the penetration period. Then the mass transfer equation involving a moving boundary is analyzed for both periods. In the regular regime, the relation between a modified flux parameter and a modified mean moisture content is characteristic of the dependence of moisture diffusivity on moisture content. On the other hand, in the penetration period, the relation between the flux parameter and the mean moisture content is not affected by the dependence of the diffusivity on the moisture content. These characteristic functions generalize the drying-rate curves, which differ with drying conditions. By using these functions, it may be possible to predict drying rate curves under any drying condition from a measured curve.
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  • Numerical Analysis of Transport Phenomena between Heated Vertical Parallel Plates
    Kunio Kato, Tamotsu Hanzawa, Keizaburou Yoshie, Takayuki Takarada
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 64-68
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.64
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    To analyze the natural convective heat transfer from an electronic system, the natural convective heat transfer phenomena between uniformly heated vertical parallel plates were analyzed.
    The equations of motion and the energy equation were solved numerically under suitable boundary conditions. The velocity and temperature distributions between the plates were obtained for the case where the distributor plates were attached at the top or bottom of the plates.
    The calculated velocity and temperature distributions agreed approximately with the experimental ones.
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  • Prevention of Activated Carbon Bed Ignition and Degradation during the Recovery of Cyclohexanone
    Yasushi Takeuchi, Masataka Mizutani, Hiroshi Ikeda
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 68-74
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.68
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    Oxidation of cyclohexanone adsorbed on activated carbon was investigated in relation to solvent recovery. It became clear that the respective reactions through which 1,2-cyclohexanedione and adipic acid formed were largely responsible for carbon bed ignition and carbon degradation. Results were explained assuming that the former reaction is of pseduo-first-order and proceeds much faster than the latter. Further, it was concluded that the concentration of carbonyl group on the carbon surface and that of oxygen in the gas phase affected both reactions strongly.
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  • Removal of Coexisting Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ Ions from Water by Addition of Hydroxyapatite Powder
    Yasushi Takeuchi, Hironori Arai
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 75-80
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.75
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    Removal of single, binary and ternary divalent heavy metal ions, i.e., Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+, respectively, from their chloride or nitrate aqueous solutions was studied by the addition of hydroxyapatite in an agitated tank adsorber.
    The isotherms for each single component were of the rectangular type, i.e., the amounts removed from aqueous phase were constant irrespective of the concentration of solutions. For binary and ternary systems, equilibrium relations were expressed in terms of selectivity coefficient.
    Concentration decay curves were prepared from experimental data for comparison with theoretical calculations.
    Regarding mass transfer, it was found that Pb2+ was collected on the apatite structure very fast, while the two other ions showed some resistances other than film diffusion resistance.
    Furthermore, the apatite structure was studied by X-ray difractometry.
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  • Simulation of Bifunctional Palladium Membrane Reactor
    Naotsugu Itoh
    1990 Volume 23 Issue 1 Pages 81-87
    Published: 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.81
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    A bifunctional membrane reactor using palladium was proposed by taking advantage of its catalytic and hydrogen-permeable functions and then by coupling dehydrogenation and oxidation. Isothermal and adiabatic reactor models were developed and simulated.
    Under an isothermal condition, the dehydrogenation taking place in a catalyst packed bed was enhanced owing to continuous removal of the hydrogen produced in the course of reaction through the membrane. The amount of hydrogen removable was remarkably increased by the subsequent oxidation of hydrogen on the palladium surface of the permation side. In addition to such effects, it was shown by the adiabatic model that transfer of heat by oxidation to the dehydrogenation side across the membrane can lead to further enhancement of dehydrogenation.
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