JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN
Online ISSN : 1881-1299
Print ISSN : 0021-9592
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Volume 24, Issue 4
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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  • Adsorption of Binary and Ternary Organic Solvent Vapor in Air by a Fixed Bed of Granular Activated Carbon
    Yasushi Takeuchi, Atsushi Shigeta
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 411-417
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.411
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    To obtain design criteria of fixed-bed adsorbers for solvent recovery, experimental breakthrough curves were measured for single-, binary- and ternary-solvent vapor-activated carbon systems and for the same concentration ranges and the same flow rate as those used in industry. Equilibrium relationships for each system were determined from experimental results. It became clear that the binary and ternary adsorption equilibria could be expressed by the Markham–Benton equation. Analyses of the experimental breakthrough curves by the extended MTZ method and by a rather rigorous numerical calculation showed that the intraparticle diffusion of each component was governed by surface diffusion. Furthermore, break times for binary and ternary systems were well predicted by use of the extended MTZ method, with the same accuracy as when the numerical calculation was adopted.
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  • Diffusion Coefficient in Heteropoly Acid Catalyst Measured by Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance
    Taku Utada, Noriko Sugiura, Ryuichi Nakamura, Hiroo Niiyama
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 417-423
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.417
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    A piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance was used to measure the diffusion coefficient of water in 12-tungstophosphoric acid catalyst. The catalyst was coated on the electrode surface of the quartz resonator and the time course of weight change caused by sorption/desorption could be followed in the nanogram range by measuring the frequency change. It was found that the diffusion rate increased with concentration of water absorbed and the response curve was successfully analyzed by assuming a diffusion coefficient as a function of concentration. This concentration dependency indicates that the diffusion process of water in a heteropoly acid is affected by the interaction with active sites. Isotope replacement studies using the same detection method revealed that the concentration dependency of diffusion coefficient disappeared. The obtained values of diffusion coefficients showed the same order as that by the unsteady method and lay in a reasonable order of magnitude.
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  • Mass Transfer in Highly Viscous Liquids in a Bubble Column with Constant-Flow Nozzles
    Koichi Terasaka, Hideki Tsuge
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 424-429
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.424
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    Bubble columns with constant-flow nozzles were used to obtain high values of gas holdup ε and volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa for highly viscous liquids at relatively low gas-flow rates.
    Effects of various factors on ε, kLa, mass transfer coefficient kL, bubble volume VB formed at constant-flow nozzle, and gas–liquid interfacial area a were investigated experimentally. Liquid viscosity, superficial gas velocity, number of constant-flow nozzles and pitch affected ε, kLa, kL, VB and a. The experimental results were correlated by dimensionless equations, which were compared with previous works.
    For a given energy input, a in this bubble column was larger than that in conventional bubble columns with a perforated plate as gas distributor.
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  • Polymer Particle Formation in Styrene Polymerization in Aqueous Media at Low Surfactant Concentrations
    Mikio Konno, Yasuhiro Terunuma, Shozaburo Saito
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 429-437
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.429
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    Emulsion polymerizations of styrene were carried out in the absence and presence of a surfactant and the number of polymer particles was measured mainly in a range of surfactant concentrations up to the critical micelle concentration with a change in initiator concentration. Experimental results for the number of polymer particles in the absence of the surfactant were compared with predictions from a homogeneous nucleation model which includes the assumption that the rate of radical entrance into the polymer particles is proportional to particle surface area uncovered by ionic end-groups of polymers contained in the polymer particles. The model also takes into account electrostatic effects on radical entrance into the polymer particles and coagulation between polymer particles. The experimental results in the absence of the surfactant compared well with the predictions. The model was extended to the reaction system in the presence of the surfactant, taking into consideration surfactant adsorption to the polymer particles and the adhesion of surfactant molecules to growing radicals. The model predicted well the tendency of the experimental results of the number of particles.
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  • Gain-Maximizing Control in High-Order Processes
    Ryohei Tanuma
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 438-444
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.438
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    This paper describes the study of the gain-maximizing (GMAX) control system in high-order processes. The GMAX system is applied to the process where a high-order linear dynamic element is followed by a static sigmoid function. It regulates the process output at the sigmoid curve’s inflection point, where the static gain becomes maximum. Adaptive broken-line fitting based on a new high-order difference equation is developed. New feedback compensation is also proposed to improve control performance. Computer simulations show that the process output settles quite rapidly to the maximum-gain level, and reliable GMAX control can be achieved.
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  • Gain-Maximizing Control in Redox Processes
    Ryohei Tanuma
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 444-448
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.444
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    This paper describes the study of gain-maximizing (GMAX) control in redox processes. A redox process is characterized by the sigmoid curve that relates the redox potential to the oxidizing- or a reducing-agent injection rate, and the inflection point (IP) of the sigmoid corresponds to the equivalence point. Since the gain of the redox potential with respect to the agent-injection rate becomes maximum at the IP, controlling the redox potential by the GMAX method can optimize the process conditions where just enough of agent is supplied. Experiments were performed in a reaction process in which CIO– in tap water is reduced by S2O32–. The response of the redox potential to the agent-injection rate exhibited high-order dynamic behavior which is well described by a dead-time-plus-first-order (DPF) model. Accordingly, a GMAX algorithm based on the DPF model has been developed. Control experiments show that the GMAX method can satisfactorily control the redox reaction. Its application to other processes is also discussed.
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  • Phase Equilibrium Study of Extraction and Concentration of Furfural Produced in Reactor Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
    Takeshi Sako, Tsutomu Sugeta, Noriaki Nakazawa, Teiji Okubo, Masahito ...
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 449-455
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.449
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    To obtain fundamental data for the extraction and concentration of furfural produced in a reactor by using supercritical CO2, the isothermal high pressure vapor–liquid equilibria for two binary systems (CO2–water and CO2–furfural) and a ternary system (CO2–water–furfural) were measured in the temperature range from 343 to 421 K. Additionally, the experimental data were compared with results calculated by various equations of state. As a result, it was found that (1) the Peng–Robinson and Soave–Redlich–Kwong equations of state combined with the mixing rules proposed by Panagiotopoulos correlated the two binary systems satisfactorily and predicted the ternary system well, and (2) the furfural produced could be selectively extracted from the reactor and concentrated to 95 wt% by a new process proposed on the basis of a knowledge of the vapor–liquid equilibria.
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  • Ternary Mass Transfer in Packed Distillation Column
    Hitoshi Kosuge, Junichi Matsudaira, Koichi Asano
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 455-460
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.455
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    Experimental studies of ternary mass transfer in packed distillation columns were made for the acetone–methanol–ethanol system under total reflux conditions for wide ranges of vapor flow rates and liquid concentrations.
    The observed diffusion fluxes of all the components in ternary distillation with a short packed column were proportional to their concentration driving forces, but the observed mass fluxes were not. The convective mass fluxes were affected by the heat fluxes through the wall and were in good agreement with the theoretical ones. The diffusion fluxes under high mass flux conditions were well correlated by taking into account the effect of partial condensation of mixed vapors.
    A new method for predicting separation performance of ternary distillation in a packed column was developed by use of the correlation for the ternary diffusion fluxes. Predicted distributions of reflux flow rate and liquid concentrations in a long column showed good agreement with the observed ones.
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  • Continuous Concentration of Single Component Using an Annular Chromatograph
    Youichi Takahashi, Shigeo Goto
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 460-465
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.460
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    A continuous rotating annular chromatograph with rotating inlet and outlet can be used to concentrate a single component by the technique of cycling zone adsorption.
    To evaluate the performance of this system, an amino acid (valine) was chosen as the solute and a cation exchange resin as the adsorbent. The adsorption force of valine on the cation exchange resin in the eluent (pH = 4.4 or 7.6) became much weaker than that in the feed (pH = 3.4).
    Experimental elution curves were in good agreement with numerical solutions. The two concentration profiles at steady state agreed very well with each other for 8 and 48 hours after starting the operation of the device. When products were collected over a long period, concentrated products with six times the feed concentration could steadily be obtained.
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  • Production of Hydrogen Peroxide in Acidic Solutions by Electrodialysis of Peroxide Ions Generated by Electroreduction of Oxygen in Alkaline Solutions
    Masao Sudoh, Kimihisa Minamoto, Tomohiko Makino, Hitoshi Hakamada
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 465-471
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.465
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    The on-site generation of hydrogen peroxide in acidic solutions, useful for Fenton oxidation of organic compounds in waste water, was undertaken using an electrolyzer consisting of three compartments separated by an anion-exchange membrane and a cation-exchange membrane. The peroxide ion was produced by electroreduction of oxygen in the catholyte compartment of alkaline solutions and transferred across the anion-exchange membrane to the center compartment of sulfate solutions by electrodialysis. The profile of electrical potential in the electrolyzer was monitored by Pt probes inserted in compartments. The cathode was graphite felt in which oxygen was sparged, and the anode was a DSE plate. The current efficiency was found to become relatively higher by use of electrodialysis of the peroxide ion. The terminal voltage increased with increasing amount of electricity because the resistivity of the anion-exchange membrane increased with increasing transport number of peroxide ion. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide obtained in the center compartment reached 7.5% at 105 coulombs under the most suitable conditions of 4 A, 0.86 kmol·m–3 KOH catholyte and 1 kmol·m–3 H2SO4 center electrolyte.
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  • Separation of Proteins by Continuous Isoelectric Focusing
    Shuang Ning Zheng, Toshikuni Yonemoto, Teiriki Tadaki
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 471-476
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.471
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    An experimental investigation of continuous electrophoretic separation of bovine serum albumin from bovine hemoglobin was carried out. The separation behavior was analyzed with the model equations presented in our previous paper. We examined the effect of operating parameters such as applied voltage, residence time and the buffer added to feed solution including carrier ampholyte, on the basis of experimental results and theoretical predications, and showed that 1) an optimum applied voltage exists for the electrophoretic separation process of proteins, and 2) the buffer concentration greatly influences the pH distribution and the separation behavior of proteins.
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  • Micropore Structure and Intrapore Diffusion of Oxygen and Nitrogen in a Molecular Sieving Carbon
    Yoshio Nakano, Takeshi Kato, Katsunori Suzuki
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 476-483
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.476
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    Both micropore size and volume in molecular sieving carbon (MSC) were controlled by heat treating of a hydrocarbon-impregnated MSC precursor, consisting of coconut-husk charcoal having various pore size distributions, in nitrogen at 1023, 1123 and 1223 K after heating at 10 K/min. The hydrocarbon mixtures used were guaiacol-naphthalene, diphenyl-naphthalene, fluorene-naphthalene and coal tar. The micropore size in the heat-treated MSC could be controlled to 0.28–0.4 nm through the proper combination of hydrocarbons, their concentrations and heat-treatment conditions, to give a high selectivity of separation of oxygen and nitrogen. The separation performance of the heat-treated MSC was evaluated in terms of the micropore volume W0* with pore size of 0.28–0.4 nm and the diffusivity ratio of oxygen and nitrogen DO2/DN2 to obtain the following correlation:

    DO2/DN2 = 29(W0*/WT)5.7

    It was found that the selectivity, DO2/DN2 increases with increasing micropore volume W0* (pore size: 0.28–0.4 nm) for the limiting volume of adsorption space with pore size larger than 0.28 nm, WT.
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  • General Reordering Algorithm for Scheduling of Batch Processes
    Shinji Hasebe, Iori Hashimoto, Akio Ishikawa
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 483-489
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.483
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    A sequencing algorithm applicable to various scheduling problems is proposed. It consists of two reordering operations, the insertion of a job and the exchange of two jobs. We propose a new reordering algorithm which can be used to solve scheduling problems of multiproduct processes with network structure.
    The proposed reordering algorithm is applied to the scheduling problem of a multiproduct batch process consisting of parallel production lines with a shared unit. It is shown that the simultaneous reordering of several jobs effectively avoids becoming trapped in a bad local optimum. To execute simultaneous reordering of jobs, an algorithm consisting of two steps, the aggregation of jobs and the reordering of aggregated jobs, is proposed.
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  • Zone Settling of Concentrated Slurries in a Centrifugal Field
    Masao Sambuichi, Hideo Nakakura, Kunihisa Osasa
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 489-494
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.489
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    The centrifugal sedimentation of concentrated slurry was analysed with due consideration of concentration transition in the suspension, rising rate and internal compressible behaviour of the sediment. In accordance with this analysis, it was shown that the centrifugal sedimentation process could be predicted only from the experimental data of compression and gravitational settling velocity.
    The theoretically calculated centrifugal settling processes for yeast-, limestone- and Hara Gairome clay-water slurries were favourably coincident with the experimental settling processes under conditions in which the centrifugal effect ranges from 30 to 400. Also, a convenient method was proposed to predict the compression behaviour of the sediment at low compressive pressure from the centrifugal settling data.
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  • Relationship between Apparent Bed Viscosity and Fluidization Quality in a Fluidized Bed with Fine Particles
    Takami Kai, Masahiro Murakami, Ken-ichi Yamasaki, Takeshige Takahashi
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 494-500
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.494
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    The apparent viscosity was measured in a fluidized bed with fine particles. The measurement was performed in the bed expanded uniformly at gas velocities between minimum fluidizing velocity and minimum bubbling velocity by means of the falling-sphere method. As the apparent viscosity obtained decreased with the diameter of the falling spheres, the viscosity value was determined by extrapolation. The apparent viscosity obtained was correlated with particle diameter, density and bed voidage. An equation for predicting the apparent viscosity in the emulsion phase in a bubbling fluidized bed was introduced by combination with the correlation of the voidage of the emulsion phase. Comparison of the values predicted from this equation with the data in the literature shows good agreement. To investigate the influence of the apparent viscosity on the fluidization quality, deviations of pressure fluctuations and bubble diameter were correlated with the apparent viscosity. It was shown that the proposed correlation for the apparent viscosity was useful for predicting the fluidization quality.
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  • Recovery of Heavy Metal Ion from Slurry Adsorbent by Ion Exchange Membrane
    Hisao Takase, Yoshihide Yoshimura
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 500-506
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.500
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    An ion exchange membrane was employed as a concentrating adsorbent for a slurry solution in which it is difficult to use a particulate adsorbent in a process for concentrating a substance from one adsorbent to another. To find the mechanisms of the secondary step of the separation and the concentration of uranium from a slurry adsorbent used for the recovery of uranium from sea-water, experiments were carried out by use of an agitated vessel equipped with an ion exchange membrane. The equations for the changes of concentration of an adsorbate in the membrane, in the solution and on the slurry adsorbent were derived for a linear equilibrium system. The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental data, assuming the liquid-film mass transfer coefficient in the slurry solution for ion exchange membrane to be 1/3 that in aqueous solution.
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  • Heat Transfer Coefficient and Mixing Time in a Cylindrical Mixing Vessel with Axial Jet Nozzles
    Seung-Tae Koh, Setsuro Hiraoka, Yutaka Tada, Takaaki Takahashi, Takao ...
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 506-511
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.506
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    Heat transfer coefficient and mixing time were measured in an axial-jet mixing vessel equipped with a single or combined nozzle of various diameters.
    The equivalent nozzle diameter de for such a nozzle was defined as

    de = {(1/2)(4/π)2(pQ3/P)}1/4

    where Q and P are total jet flow rate and total power input, respectively. The equivalent nozzle diameter was usable for the correlation of heat transfer coefficient and mixing time for the combined jet nozzle.
    The heat transfer coefficient measured was well correlated with nozzle Reynolds number Ren (≡uedeρ/μ) by using the equivalent nozzle diameter, as

    hD/κ = 0.27(uedeρ/μ)3/4Pr0.4(μ/μw)0.14
    4.2 × 103 < Ren < 5.5 × 104

    The mixing time measured was well correlated with the nozzle Reynolds number, based on the correlation method of Hiby et al. The minimum dimensionless mixing time was obtained at Ren = 1.0 × 104–1.3 × 104, and its value satisfied the correlation equation proposed in our previous paper.
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  • Calculation of Ion Rejection by Extended Nernst–Planck Equation with Charged Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Single and Mixed Electrolyte Solutions
    Toshinori Tsuru, Shin-ichi Nakao, Shoji Kimura
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 511-517
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.511
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    The extended Nernst–Planck equation, which takes account of the effective charge densities, was used to calculate rejection of single- and mixed-electrolyte solutions. Ion rejections with negatively charged membranes were calculated for single electrolytes of various valences (sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, magnesium chloride, sodium hydroxide, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate), mixed electrolytes having common cations (sodium chloride/sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide/sodium sulfate) and mixed electrolytes having common anions (sodium chloride/magnesium chloride, hydrochloric acid/magnesium chloride). Mono- and divalent coions in mixtures were found to be separated effectively, and monovalent ions in particular showed negative rejections in a certain condition. Mono- and divalent counter ions in mixtures were not separated as efficiently as coions in mixtures. Rejections were found to be strongly dependent upon volume flux, mole fraction of the mixture and ratio of fixed charge density to feed concentration. For the single solution of mono-monovalent electrolyte, rejection obtained from the extended Nernst–Planck equation was compared with that from the previous model based on the irreversible thermodynamics.
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  • Reverse Osmosis of Single and Mixed Electrolytes with Charged Membranes: Experiment and Analysis
    Toshinori Tsuru, Masakatsu Urairi, Shin-ichi Nakao, Shoji Kimura
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 518-524
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.518
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    Reverse osmosis experiments using single electrolytes, mixed electrolytes having common cations (sodium chloride/sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide/sodium sulfate) and mixed electrolytes having common anions (sodium chloride/magnesium chloride and hydrochloric acid/magnesium chloride) were carried out with negatively charged membranes. Rejection occurred only due to the charge effect and was dependent upon volume flux, the ratio of the membrane charge density to feed concentration and the mole fraction in mixtures. Mono- and divalent anions in mixed electrolytes having common cations were found to be separated effectively. In particular, monovalent anion showed negative rejection. Mono- and divalent cations could not be separated as efficiently as mono- and divalent anions.
    Experimental results for single electrolyte solutions were well explained by applying the extended Nernst–Planck equation, and two transport parameters (effective charge density and structural parameters) were obtained. Rejection of ions in mixtures was well predicted by the extended Nernst–Planck equation with the transport parameters obtained from the single-electrolyte experiments.
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  • Bubble Behavior in Bubbling Fluidized Beds of Binary Particles
    Hiroyuki Kage, Hisamori Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Ishii, Yoshizo Matsuno
    1991 Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages 525-531
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.525
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    Sizes and rising velocities of bubbles in a gas fluidized bed composed of two kinds of particles of different sizes but of the same density were observed by optic fiber probes. In all, three kinds of particles were used for the measurement of bubble behavior. The bubble growth ratio showed a minimum at 0.4 mass fraction of the finer of the two kinds of component particles. Bubble diameters showed a linear change with the height of rise above the distributor up to the maximum attainable diameter, and then remained constant. The bubble growth ratio can be correlated better by the bubble rising velocity, which is regarded as one kind of index of the fluidity of the bed particles, rather than by the mass fraction of the particle. Bubble growth is strongly correlated with the bubble rising velocity, and both seem to be controlled by the fluidity of the bed particles. On the basis of the results obtained, a method for determining the bubble diameter in the system of two kinds of component particles at any height was proposed.
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