JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN
Online ISSN : 1881-1299
Print ISSN : 0021-9592
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Volume 25, Issue 2
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
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Review Paper
  • Chemical Engineering Analysis of Fine Grinding Phenomenon and Process
    Genji Jimbo
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 117-127
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.117
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    In this paper, chemical engineering aspects of the analysis of comminution process, mainly about energy laws and rate theory analysis, are reviewed. About the former, first the steps of the energy transfer process from the energy input into a mill to individual particles are discussed, and then the energy laws, which include the notion of limit product size, or limit specific surface area, are reviewed and discussed. About the latter, Alyavdin-Chujyo’s equation is investigated as an example of laws of rate theory, and from the conditions of holding this relation the theoretical basis of Rosin-Rammier’s equation is shown. Using these analytical methods, the final part of this paper reviews the recent trend of the research works on the limit size by fine grinding, the existence of which has long been pointed out but with little experimental evidence. Recently it has been confirmed experimentally and systematically, both in in-air and in-liquid grinding, as an equilibrium state between positive and negative, or reverse, grinding.
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Original Papers
  • Stability of (W/O) Emulsion Drops and Water Permeation through a Liquid Membrane
    Takumi Kinugasa, Kunio Watanabe, Hiroshi Takeuchi
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 128-133
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.128
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    In (W/O)/W dispersions as a liquid surfactant membrane system, the stability of (W/O) emulsion globules and water permeation through the liquid membrane were studied under various operating conditions using Span80 as the emulsifying agent. The membrane stability depends on the surfactant concentration per unit interfacial area below a critical value. It was found that a stable liquid membrane consisting of n-dodecane can be formed from about two layers of surfactant molecules adsorbed at the oil-water interface. The viscosity of the organic solvent had a significant effect on membrane stability. The permeation coefficients of water through the liquid membranes could be correlated with surfactant concentration. Further, entrainment of the external aqueous phase in the (W/O) emulsion droplets was influenced remarkably by the presence of electrolyte in the external solution.
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  • Stability and Partition of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Polyethylene Glycol/Phosphate Affinity Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Using a Triazine Dye
    Wei-Hong Wang, Ryoichi Kuboi, Isao Komasawa
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 134-139
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.134
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    The conformational changes in baker’s yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) caused by the interaction of the affinity ligand Procion Blue MX-R, is investigated at various pH values in polyethylene glycol/potassium phosphate aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The affinity partitioning of ADH is effectively carried out at neutral pH without any damage to the structural conservation. However, the protein becomes unstable at alkaline PH and is further denatured in the presence of Procion Blue MX-R. The oligomeric ADH is completely dissociated to the monomer, and the tertiary structure of the subunits is affected by the interaction of the Blue ligand. Hydrophobic residues such as tryptophan initially buried inside may become accessible to a solvent and make denatured ADH more hydrophobic than in the native state. This affinity ligand promotes partition of the denatured fraction to the top phase, and of the active fraction to the bottom phase, at alkaline pH. The analysis of partitioning behavior in ATPS could be utilized for sensitive detection of the conformational changes in protein structure.
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  • Determination of the Critical Supersaturation Ratio in Heterogeneous Nucleation of Benzene Vapor on a Cold Substrate
    Hideo Shinagawa, Kenichiro Sotowa, Yuji Kawamura, Kikuo Okuyama
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 139-146
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.139
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    The heterogeneous nucleation of benzene from the vapor phase to the solid phase on a foreign substrate contacted with vapor phase was studied experimentally at reduced pressures by cooling the copper substrate. The critical substrate temperature corresponding to the onset of nucleation was determined at a given vapor pressure by observing both the rapid decrease in vapor pressure that occurred as the substrate was cooled past the critical point and the subsequent appearance of benzene crystals on the substrate. The experimental critical supersaturation ratios determined from observed critical substrate temperatures were found to increase as the cooling rate of the substrate increased. The dependences of critical supersaturation ratios on substrate temperatures could be explained qualitatively by a theoretical expression derived from the classical heterogeneous nucleation theory.
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  • The Effects of Fluoride Complexes in Wet Limestone Flue Gas Desulfurization
    Naohiko Ukawa, Susumu Okino, Toru Iwaki, Michio Oshima, Yoshiyuki Wata ...
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 146-152
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.146
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    In the wet limestone flue gas desulfurization process (FGD), aluminum/fluoride complexes (AIFx) are sometimes formed in liquid phase and inhibit the dissolution of the limestone, thereby reducing the desutfurization performance.
    To clarify the mechanism of this phenomenon, bench-scale tests simulating the operating conditions of the FGD were conducted.
    The results obtained indicate that the formation of AIFx depends on such factors as fly ash loading and aluminum content in limestone. Earlier papers have not discussed the latter factor sufficiently. The authors also observed that magnesium/fluoride complex (MgF+) potentially inhibits the dissolution of limestone. As a countermeasure to AIFx, it was demonstrated that the addition of strong alkali during operation can decompose AIFx and prevent inhibition of limestone dissolution.
    The decomposition of AIFx was directly detected by 19F FT-NMR.
    Equilibrium model calculations theoretically support the decomposition of AIFx by a strong alkali added to an absorbent with pH kept within an appropriate range.
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  • Nonlinear-State Feedback Controller Design for Nonlinear Processes
    Chun-Yu Chen, Chang-Chuen Sun
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 152-160
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.152
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    The control performance and robust behaviour of model-based control algorithms have been proved better than those of the traditional control algorithms. However, when the processes have highly nonlinear behaviour, use of linear model-based control strategies alone does not quite provide good control performance. Therefore, in this study a nonlinear-state feedback control (NSFC) strategy is developed to overcome such nonlinear process control problems. The basic structure of the NSFC strategy is coupled with a steady-state model and a nonlinear-state feedback controller derived from the nonlinear process model. We then apply the NSFC concept to establish an nonlinear inferential control system to control the packed-bed reactor. Simulation results have shown that the control performances of the NSFC scheme are much better than those of the internal model control (IMC) scheme and the generic model control (GMC) scheme.
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  • Thermogravimetric Analysis of Carbo-Chlorination of a Clay
    Jinki Jeong, Kyun Y. Park
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 160-164
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.160
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    A thermogravimetric analysis has been made on the carbo-chlorination of a clay. The chlorination at lower reaction temperatures showed an increase in weight over an initial short period, while the chlorination at higher temperatures did not. The chlorination rate increases with time initially, reaches a maximum and decreases rapidly thereafter. The mechanism of the rapid decrease of reaction rate was investigated with regard to various aspects.
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  • Volume Expansion Coefficients and Activity Coefficients of High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Dissolution in Organic Liquids at 298 K
    Chiehming J. Chang
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 164-170
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.164
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    The isothermal volume expansion coefficient and the liquid-phase composition of carbon dioxide dissolution in toluene, cyclohexanone, and butanol respectively at 298 K were measured using the high-pressure densitometer method with a liquid recirculating apparatus over a pressure range from 0.1 to 10 MPa. The solvent expansion behavior (expressed by the volume expansion coefficient) caused by the dissolution of carbon dioxide into the solvent was found to increase with the increase of pressure. The carbon dioxide-cyclohexanone system has the highest volume expansion coefficient in the range of pressure investigated. Experimental results obtained are analyzed by a thermodynamic procedure, and the nonidealities of vapor and liquid phases (i.e., fugacity coefficient and activity coefficient) are compared among these three systems.
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  • Transport Properties of Anion-Exchange Membrane Prepared for Producing Hydrogen Peroxide in Acidic Solutions by Electrodialysis of Peroxide Ions
    Masao Sudoh, Kimihisa Minamoto, Kazuyoshi Ohashi, Katsuji Noda
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 170-176
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.170
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    Anion-exchange membranes were prepared by the impregnation method for electrodialysis of peroxide ions generated by electroreduction of oxygen in alkaline solutions. Microporous polyethylene film was soaked with chloromethylstyrene, divinylbenzene and benzoyl peroxide, and polymerized by hotpress. Anion-exchange membranes were obtained by treatment of the resultant polymer film with trimethylamine. The degree of crosslinking (DOC) was varied in the range of 0–30%. The membrane resistivity increased because of the decrease in water content, and the permselectivity of the peroxide ion decreased with increasing DOC. Electroosmotic water increased in volume with decreasing DOC. Transport properties of synthetic membranes were compared with those of commercial membranes including ACLE-5P, AM-1 and SF-17. The synthetic membrane of 5% DOC had the lowest resistivity among all membranes used in this work. The energy consumption to produce unit mole of hydrogen peroxide using synthetic membranes of 5–10% DOC was competitive with that using ACLE-5P.
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  • Gas-Phase Adsorption Characteristics of High-Surface Area Carbons Activated from Meso-Carbon Micro-beads
    Tomoshige Nitta, Masaki Nozawa, Shuzo Kida
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 176-182
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.176
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    Gas-phase adsorption characteristics of three active carbons, differing in BET surface area, was investigated by measuring the adsorption isotherms of methane, carbon dioxide, and ethane at 273.15, 298.15, and 323.15 K up to 1200 kPa. Among active carbons M-20, M-30, and M-38, having approximately 2000, 3000 and 3800 m2/g BET surface areas respectively, carbon M-30 adsorbs the largest amount of methane and carbon dioxide, while carbon M-38 adsorbs the most ethane at elevated pressure, in a slightly stepwise manner. These adsorption characteristics were explained by the pore-size distribution data (0.4–0.5 nm for M-20 and M-30; 0.5–0.7 nm for M-38) and analysis by use of an isotherm equation. Mixed-gas adsorption data are obtained for two binary gases, methane + ethane and carbon dioxide + ethane, on M-38 at 298.15 K and 500 kPa, which are correlated by the ideal adsorbed solution theory.
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  • Modeling of Methane Solubility in Heavy n-Paraffins
    Chen-Pao Huang, Dong-Syau Jan, Fuan-Nan Tsai
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 182-186
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.182
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    The solubility of methane in two heavy n-paraffins, n-C24 and n-C32, has been measured in a semiflow apparatus over the temperature range from 100 to 300°C and 100 to 350°C, respectively, at pressures up to 5.07 MPa. A correlation is developed to describe the experimental data and to calculate the solubility of methane in heavy n-paraffins. The correlation is tested with solubility data for methane in Mobil wax.
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  • Relative Sensitivity Matrices for Closed-Loop Interaction Analysis and Control Structure Synthesis
    Moonyong Lee, Sunwon Park
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 187-195
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.187
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    All possible interactions in the closed-loop system are rigorously analyzed. Based on the analysis, new interaction measures—Type I and Type II Relative Output Sensitivity Matrices (ROSM) and Type I and Type II Relative Input Sensitivity Matrices (RISM)—which can measure corresponding actual interactions in the closed-loop system are presented. These new interaction measures can be used to assess directly the true closed-loop performance. A systematic methodology using the new interaction measures is proposed for analysis and synthesis of decentralized control systems. Examples are presented to illustrate the significance and usefulness of the proposed method.
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  • A Permeating Flow Model of Absorption Bed Packed with Amidoxime Fiber Balls for Recovery of Uranium from Seawater
    Akira Goto, Tokihiro Kago, Katsuki Kusakabe, Shigeharu Morooka
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 195-201
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.195
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    The recovery of uranium from seawater is performed with synthesized amidoxime fibers. The adsorption rate of the fiber dispersed in seawater is correlated with fiber size, swelling ratio, liquid phase-side mass transfer and adsorption time. Next, balls formed with the fiber are randomly packed in a cage used as an adsorption unit. The cage is held in an ocean current, and seawater percolates through the packed bed and then permeates each ball. The adsorption yield of uranium at the outlet of the bed is calculated as a function of adsorption time. After the configurations and operational conditions of the adsorption unit are examined, the overall adsorption efficiency becomes higher than 0.5. Factors affecting the cost of recovery are evaluated, and the recovery cost is estimated with no assumption of adsorption efficiency.
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  • Characteristics of Cellulase Modified with a Copolymer of Polyethylene Glycol Derivative and Maleic Acid Anhydride
    Toshio Kajiuchi, Jin Won Park
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 202-206
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.202
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    Characteristics of modified cellulase with synthetic copolymers of polyethylene glycol alkylallylether and maleic acid anhydride were studied. Amino groups of the cellulase molecule were covalently coupled with the maleic acid anhydride functional group of the copolymer. The modification degree of the amino groups was controlled through the reaction process by changing the reaction time or the weight ratio of a synthetic copolymer to cellulase. As the modification degree increased, the activity of modified cellulase slightly decreased. At the maximum modification degree of 55%, the modified cellulase activity retained more than 90% of the unmodified native cellulase activity. The modified cellulase displayed a high stability of activity against temperature and pH. Finally it showed 30% greater conversion of filter paper as substrate at 90 h than in the case where native cellulase was used.
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  • Liquid-Liquid Equilibria Including Critical Region from NRTL Model with Multiple-State Interaction
    Ming Yu, Hideo Nishiumi
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 206-210
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.206
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    This work presents a phenomenological approach to describing the complex phase diagrams of binary liquid mixtures. The NRTL free energy expression is modified by the generalization of local pairwise energies to the corresponding free energies which, for systems with specific interactions such as hydrogen bonds, are described in terms of multiple-level partition functions. The model gives a good representation of binodal curves over wide temperature ranges, including both upper and tower critical conditions.
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  • Phase Equilibrium Measurements for Binary Mixtures of Methyl Benzoate Plus CO2, C2H6 and C2H4
    W. L. Weng, M. J. Lee
    1992 Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 211-215
    Published: 1992
    Released on J-STAGE: April 04, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.25.211
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    The phase equilibrium data of three binary mixtures composed of methyl benzoate and one of three dense fluids-carbon dioxide, ethane or ethylene-were measured at temperatures from 313.15 to 348.15 K and pressures up to near the critical pressures of the mixtures. The isotherms for the methyl benzoate/ethane system show a double cross-over within the observed pressure range. Meanwhile, the saturated vapor composition of methyl benzoate correlates well with the density of the dense fluids for each isotherm. The Patel-Teja equation of state gives a good representation of the methyl benzoate/CO2 system, but is not so successful for the ethane- and ethylene-containing systems in the low pressure range.
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