Combustion-safeguarding technology has a history of 170 years in U. S. A. We have studied those U. L. and F. M. recommendation. Japan Gas Association published two kinds of technical standard, “Recommended Good Practice for Combustion-safeguarding on Gasfired Equipment and on Gasfired-boilers. ”
The Practice are very similar to F. M. and U. L standards. The practice consists of 10 fundamental principles, such as: loss preventing construction, fuel shut off and lock out methods in an emergency, prepurging methods for starting etc. The practice are limited only fundamental problems, and also economical design. It can be easy. to apply This pracice have three purposes;
(1) the practice for burners, furnaces, and boilers manufacturers.
(2) the practice for those who operate furnaces or boilers.
(3) the practice for combustion engineers of Gas Co. in Japan.

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Japan has also been framing a energy policy less depending on oil since oil crisis in 1973, Power generation by coal gasification is a part of the policy and is aiming at clean generation with high thermal efficiency. It is indispensable for this aim to develope a low-calorie coal gasifier and clean gas technique by a high-temperature and dry-type method. Sunshine Project is carring out overall research and development on these matters.
The papers deal with the gasification techniques in general, referring to general tendency in foreign countries, too.

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The relationship between characteristics of formed coke and manufacturing process were discussed by surveying 5 representative formed cokes (FC) and hot briquettes (HB). Although every FC and HB showed higher DI³⁰₁₅ and reactivity to CO₂ than conventional coke, DI¹⁵⁰₁₅ and micoro-strength of HBs- not improved by the calcination -were lower than the latter. Microscopic observation suggested that this phenomenon depended on the insufficient adhesion of binder component and inert component.
It was confrmed that high reactivity of FC made from high V. M. low rank coal was caused by its large internal surface area on developing many small devolatilized holes.
FCs produced from the cold briquettes with binder showed high qualities and good adhesive structures; especially the micro-scopical structure of FC made from the reasonable blended coals was close to it of conventional coke.
From the above mentioned results, it was concluded that the characteristics of FC were very related to their coke structure, which was closely dependent on the kind of raw coal in addtion to the manufacturing process.

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Some reports have treated the heat-transfer analysis of coke oven theoretically but few approaches have been made by using the actual data obtained in the usual operation.
In our companies many tests have been made to clarify quantitatively the relations among the specific values and establish the standard of judgement to design new ovens.
Thus the discussions are referred to the problems as follows;
i) to take the coal seam temperature more precisely and make use of it to clarify the relation to the coke qualities.
ii) to measure the distribution of wall temperature in the flue and apply it to the calculation as input data.
iii) to develop the simulation model of coke oven, improving the precision of the model and to scale it up.
Successful results about the fundamental problems, have been obtained in our companies.

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Although the method of structural analysis using NMR has been greatly developped recently, there remains some doubts whether its results represent true mean structure of compounds contained in the sample. The authors aimed to confirm this point.
n-hexane soluble part of Yubari coal tar pitch was fractionated by GPC and alumina chromatography and each fraction was analysed by UV and GC-Mass. The mean structure was calculated from these results of analysis and this value was compared with the value from the structural analysis of NMR.
This comparison gave a quite satisfactory result . From this it can be said that structural analytical indices represent very well the mean structure for such sample as the one which is not polymer and has low oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur content.

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Asphalt was treated with sulfonating reagent, using hydrocarbon oil as solvent, instead of such halogenated hydrocarbons as 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane, perchloroethylene, etc., which might have toxicity.
Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were relatively stable to acids, pretreatment reagents of asphalt, therefore they could be used as solvent for asphalt.
Granulated char was obtained in hydrocarbon solvents with carbon number above 7. The grain size of the granulated char became smaller with increasing carbon number of solvent molecule.
The highest yield of granulated char was obtained in the case of noctane; its share was 90% of the total char produced.
The solubility of asphalt to aliphatic hydrocarbons was better in normal chain compounds than in branched chain compounds, and the former was more stable to acid than the latter. The average recovery of n-paraffine (carbon number 7-9) was about 98%; this value was almost the same as that of 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane.
Though the hardness of char varied according to the carbon number of solvent used, generally it was a little smaller than that of the char obtained with 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane.
Comparing at the same yield of activated carbon, the specific surface area of activated carbon obtained with hydrocarbon solvent was more or less smaller than that with 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane. But these activated carbons showed almost the same methylene blue adsorbability.

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