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Volume 2 (1969)
- Issue 2 Pages 137-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 2, Issue 1
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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SHUZO OHE, KIMIHIKO YOKOYAMA, SHOICHI NAKAMURA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 1-4
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVapor-liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure of the system: acetone-methanol-salt are studied. The Salts, Kl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, LiCl, and CaBr2 are examined to observe the salt effect on the acetone-methanol system.
Effective salts are CaCl2, LiCl and CaBr2, which are more soluble in methanol than Kl, NaCl and MgCl2. CaCl2, LiCl and CaBr2 are observed to shift the azeotropic composition from 8O.1 to 88.6, 91.0 and 94.0 mole % of acetone, respectively. The salt effect at each infinite dilute concentration of acetone and methanol increases with the increasing solubility of each salt in the rich concentration component.View full abstractDownload PDF (303K) -
KOICHIRO NAKANISHI, RITSUJI TOBA, HIDEKO SHIRAI1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 4-7
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVapor-liquid equilibrium data are reported for the binary systems ethanol-nitromethane (MeNO2) and ethanol-diethylamine (Et2NH) at 730mmHg. As expected from a strong hydrogen-bond interaction between hydroxyl group and amino base, the ethanol-Et2NM system shows negative deviation from the ideal solution law and no azeotrope can be found. The ethanol-MeNO2 system shows a positive deviation. MeNO2 forms an azeotrope at 76.4°C and 75.0 mole % of ethanol. Based on these results and other activity coefficient data available, the prediction of azeotrope formation in binary ethanol solutions by the previously presented correlation and azeotrope diagram is discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (302K) -
YASUHIKO ARAI, SHOZABURO SAITO, SIRO MAEDA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 8-13
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Scatchard-Hildebrand theory of regular solutions was modified by introducing the excess entropy of mixing term and by using temperature dependent solubility parameters. A comparison was made of the present treatment with the data available in the literature and the experimental results concerning the n-hexane-benzene-toluene and n-hexane-benzene-monochlorobenzene systems. The modified theory was shown, from the knowledge of pure components only, to be capable of predicting vapor -liquid equilibria for systems not containing polar components and useful for screening solvents effective for extractive distillation.View full abstractDownload PDF (401K) -
KOICHIRO NAKANISHI1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 14-19
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe correlation between the limiting value of the activity coefficient of various liquids in alcohols and the "hydrogen-bond shift" of the hydroxyl group in infrared spectra for binary solutions containing propanols or butanols is discussed. Based on this correlation and a thermodynamic consideration, azeotrope diagrams are prepared for each alcohol. This correlation is combined with the regular solution equations to give the expression for azeotropic temperature and composition. Extensive comparison with literature values indicates that the diagrams are useful for the prediction of azeotrope formation in binary alcohol solutions and that the azeotropic temperature and composition can be predicted with average errors of ± 1.3°C and ± 6.6 wt %, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (491K) -
SHIRO ITO, TOSHIO KAJIUCHI1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 19-24
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe drag force on a sphere is described generally as the relation of the drag coefficient CD and Reynolds number ReN for a Newtonian fluid. In the case of a non-Newtonian fluid, it is desirable that the drag force is described as for a Newtonian fluid. Thus, a generalized Reynolds number Re*, which can be expected to play the equivalent role of ReN in Newtonian fluids, has been introduced from "similarity law of energy dissipation".
As was expected, a good correlation of CD and Re* has been obtained in the whole range of the experiment where the falling ball method was used with slurries of clay which could be assumed to be Bingham plastic fluids.View full abstractDownload PDF (404K) -
NORIAKI WAKAO, KOICHI KATO1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 24-33
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNumerical solutions were obtained by the relaxation method to the combined conduction and radiation heat transfer equation in the cubic (ε = o.476) and orthorhombic (ε=O.395) lattice models of spheres, respectively. The calculated results are shown in chart as ke/kf vs. ks/kf (=10-3104) with parameter of hrDp/ks (-0-1). Effective thermal conductivities were experimentally determined and found in good agreement with the theory. The formula for radiation heat transfer coefficient hr is also presented.View full abstractDownload PDF (661K) -
KOICHI ASANO, SHIGEFUMI FUJITA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 33-37
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is a well-known fact that in a multicomponent rectifying column the concentration of a component, except for the most and least volatile ones, will sometimes take the maximum at a certain plate and sometimes will not. The cause of this fact was discussed previously in a few literature references, but a quantitative explanation has not yet been given.
In this paper the conditions which provide the maximum concentration in multicomponent rectifying columns are presented for the case of total and partial reflux under the assumption of constant relative volatilities of each component. The validity of the conclusion is confirmed by numerical examples.View full abstractDownload PDF (384K) -
M. HIRAOKA, K. TANAKA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 37-45
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEquations for heat- and mass-transfer with chemical reaction were simultaneously solved, and the reaction coefficients and the relationships between the overall transfer rate and the individual film coefficients were evaluated. The various factors which influence the overall transfer rate were determined and the effects of those factors are discussed in a numerical example.View full abstractDownload PDF (530K) -
KEN-ICHI OTSUKA, DAIZO KUNII1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 46-50
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe reactions of powdery ferric oxide mixed with graphite particles in the stream of nitrogen were carried out at 1O5O-115O°C. The overall reduction process of ferric oxide to metallic iron proceeded through two stages.
In the first stage, ferric oxide was reduced to magnetite and then to ferrous oxide by carbon monoxide, yielding carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide is produced by reaction between graphite and carbon dioxide (carbon solution reaction), which seems to control the rate of overall reaction.
In the second stage occur the reduction of ferrous oxide to iron and the carbon solution reaction. This stage of the reaction can be assumed to proceed autccatalytically and is greatly influenced by the size of ferric oxide and addition of bentonite.
Effects of the particle size, addition of bentonite and contact condition of particles on the rate of overall reduction are discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (354K) -
NORIAKI WAKAO, HIROSHI KIMURA, MANABU SHIBATA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 51-54
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRate studies were carried out for the para-ortho hydrogen conversion at 4O°C and I atmosphere with NiO on kieselguhr and CuO•Cr2O3 catalysts, separately. Data were obtained for different pellet sizes of catalysts, from which the effective diffusivities were determined. The catalyst pellets were tested for diffusion experiments and it was found that the effective diffusivity values under the nonreactive diffusion condition were considerably greater than the ones determined from the hydrogen conversion reaction. The effective diffusivities in the reacting system were evaluated from a parallel pore model and compared with the experimentally determined data.View full abstractDownload PDF (277K) -
SHINZO OMI, HIROSHI SATO, HIROSHI KUBOTA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 55-64
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe rate of emulsion polymerization of styrene over the entire range of monomer conversion in isothermal batch operations was measured, with changing monomer to water phase ratio, types of emulsifiers and their concentrations and initiator concentration. The rate of reaction was separately analyzed in three reaction region, such as the induction, the zero-order and the first order reaction region. The rate expressions for each reaction region and for acceleration effect on the rate were obtained. Predicted values by these expressions agreed well with the experimental data.
The theory proposed by Smith and Ewart on the mechanism of the formation of polymer particles was also ascertained.View full abstractDownload PDF (686K) -
SHINZO OMI, YOKU SHIRAISHI, HIROSHI SATO, HIROSHI KUBOTA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 64-70
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of agitation on the reaction rate of emulsion polymerization of styrene was experimentally studied. The agitation intensity in preparing the emulsion affects the polymerization rate. This is because the amount of soap molecules adsorbed on monomer droplets decrease the number of soap micells which produce polymer particles in the induction reaction region.
Once the emulsion is prepared in a specified condition, the agitation intensity during reaction does not affect the polymerization rate.
The amount of soap adsorbed on monomer droplets was estimated from the reaction rate in the zeroorder region by assuming Smith and Ewart''s theory, and was correlated empirically with the surface area of monomer droplets at the moment of emulsion preparation.View full abstractDownload PDF (446K) -
APPLICATION TO EVALUATE CATALYST EFFECTIVENESS FACTORHIROSHI KUBOTA, YOKO YAMANAKA, I. G. DALLA LANA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 71-75
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was illustratively shown that the use of a definition of the effective diffusivity for a multi -component gaseous reaction system easily gives a sufficiently accurate approximate solution for diffusion through a stagnant gas film.
In order to apply the same idea for approximate estimation of the effectiveness factor of the porous catalyst, the effective diffusivity was defined for the conditions of the catalyst surface. The illustratively calculated catalyst effectiveness factors at some particular but isothermal conditions agreed well with the exact values numerically obtained.
It will be remarked that the effect of volume change associated with the chemical reaction in the multi-component system can be easily evaluated by the use of this effective diffusivity.View full abstractDownload PDF (393K) -
EIICHI KUNUGITA, KENICHI SUGA, TSUTAO OTAKE1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 75-79
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn many chemical processes such as cracking and dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons on solid catalyst, the activity of catalyst gradually decreases as the reaction proceeds. These decreases are often caused by deposition of a carbonaceous substance (coke) which is formed by reactions parallel or consecutive to the main reaction. Fouled catalyst may be regenerated by burning off the carbonaceous product, usually with air.
In this paper, the mechanisms of coke formation are studied for dehydrogenation of n-butane over alumina-chromia catalyst, and the rate of reaction and of catalyst fouling are determined. The effects of catalyst fouling on the overall efficiency of fixed bed reactors are analyzed with an analogue computer. The concept of the average activity (the fraction of effective catalyst to the total amount of catalyst) is proposed as a satisfactory index in deciding the end point of the reaction period for regeneration.View full abstractDownload PDF (315K) -
HISAYOSHI MATSUYAMA, TERUKATSU MIYAUCHI1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 80-83
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA rigorous mathematical basis is given for the fact that the extent of reaction in single-phase continuous flow systems with first-order reactions can be computed from the residence time distribution function and the kinetic data obtained in batch experiments, by applying the equations of continuity presented by Damkohler.
In heterogeneous systems, such simple relations do not exist. When, however, the matrix which consists of reaction rate constants is a triangular matrix, we can compute the extent of reaction, though it is necessary to know the impulse response at an arbitrary point (ξ, η, ζ) when the impulse is injected to an arbitrary point (ξ''η''ζ'').View full abstractDownload PDF (297K) -
DAIZO KUNII, OCTAVE LEVENSPIEL1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 84-88
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simple model is proposed to account for the entrainment of solids and elutriation (selective removal) of fines from fluidized beds. This mode! fits the reported findings, provides physical meaning to the parameters of the reported experimental correlations, and indicates the pertinent factors controlling the removal of solids from vigorously bubbling beds.View full abstractDownload PDF (407K) -
TOKURO MIZUSHINA, RYUZO ITO, SETSURO HIRAOKA, AKIRA IBUSUKI, IORI SAKA ...1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 89-94
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper deals with an experimental study on the local factors of friction in tangential direction and mass transfer coefficients on the wall of an agitated vessel with paddle type impellers as agitators, and with a discussion of the analogy between momentum and mass transfer phenomena.
Experimental results show that the average factor of friction and j factor of mass transfer are correlated the same equation with respect to Reynolds number, and that the vertical distributions of local factors of friction in tangential direction and those of mass transfer coefficients are quite similar. Besides this it is found that the peak of the distribution curve at the height of the impeller is caused by jet flow issuing from the impeller, while the flat part of the curve is attributed to rotating flow.
Finally the measured values of the local mass transfer fluctuation intensity were plotted in a diagram.View full abstractDownload PDF (398K) -
TAKEHIKO FURUSAWA, HAJIME NISHIMURA, TERUKATSU MIYAUCHI1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 95-100
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents the dynamic behaviour and the thermal instability of an auto thermal, continuous stirred-tank reactor system which has two stable operation points. The experimental conditions were chosen so that the system would have the following operation points.
1) one stable point of higher conversion.
2) two stable points of both higher and lower conversions.
3) one stable point of lower conversion
The hydration reaction of propylene oxide was chosen for study because of its high heat of reaction, its high activation energy and its significant reaction rate at room temperature.
The transient behaviour measured by experiment was shown as trajectories in concentration and temperature phase planes and was compared with the numerical results.
Agreement between the experimental data and the computer results was quite good.View full abstractDownload PDF (432K) -
ANALYSIS WITH LINEARIZED EQUATIONSHIROSHI YAMAZAKI, ATSUNOBU ICHIKAWA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 100-107
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to examine the effect of segregation the dynamic responses of reactors with the two extreme cases of segregation, complete segregation and maximum mixedness, are investigated. Fundamental equations are developed for the complete segregation reactor (CSR) and the maximum mixed ness reactor (MMR) and then analysis with linearized equations is applied to explore the effect of segregation on the stability, sensitivity and frequency response of the reactors.
Results are summarized as follows:
1) The CSR is always stable as long as a batch reactor is stable while the MMR is stable if a hypothetical continuous stirred tank reactor which has the mean residence time specified by the exit age distribution function is stable.
2) The sensitivity is very much greater in the CSR than in the MMR for an exothermic reaction.
3) For an isothermal single reaction, the effect of segregation becomes considerable in the range of 1-5O of Damkoler Number and may be ignored outside of this region.View full abstractDownload PDF (540K) -
REINHARD BILLET1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 107-119
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1296K) -
REIJI MEZAKI, JOWN B. BUTT1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 119-121
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs a method to evaluate equilibrium constants, it is proposed that rate constants be estimated through Box-Draper''s procedure and the constants thus obtained be employed for the evaluation of equilibrium constants. The method allows the precise calculation of rate constants and, subsequently, the calculation of equilibrium constants under circumstances where the simultaneous measurements of several concentration responses are available and the error variances of these measurements are not equal.
The concentrations of ethanol, water, ethylether, and ethylene obtained for a catalytic dehydration of ethanol were utilized to demonstrate the method by evaluating the equilibrium constant of the dehydration reaction. A satisfactory agreement was obtained between the resulting equilibrium constant and the literature value.View full abstractDownload PDF (239K) -
DAIZO KUNII, OCTAVE LEVENSPIEL1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 122-124
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe reported lateral dispersion of fluidized solids is accounted for by the bubbling bed model and an additional postulate which views solids being pushed aside by the rising bubbles, then drawn into their wakes and mixed there.View full abstractDownload PDF (224K) -
SHIN-ICHI MAKISHIMA, TAKASHI SHIRAI1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 124-125
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMovements of solid particles were observed by photography around a fixed plate immersed in a two dimensional fluidised bed, and were found to be very complicated, making the boundary zone of solids on the plate different from the freely fluidised zone.
The height of the fixed dead zone in the boundary zone was studied experimentally with different conditions of gas velocity and gas distributor. Judging from those observed results, the fluidised bed should be treated as a fluid also having the property of solid beds.View full abstractDownload PDF (283K) -
RYUICHI AOKI, HIROSHI TSUNAKAWA1969 Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 126-129
Published: January 31, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTheoretical calculation of wall pressure in a granular material filled in hoppers or bin-hopper systems was made under stationary and flowing conditions. In the latter case, some assumptions proposed by Gardner and Walker were adopted.
Measurement of the wall pressure was also carried out using a wire resistance strain gage. It has been concluded that when a mass flow of granular materials occurs in the vessel, the pattern of distribution of the wall pressure qualitatively agrees with the theoretical curve except for the region near the hopper outlet, where the effect of dynamic pressure of particles prevails. On the other hand, when plug flow takes place, the wall pressure does not change from the value of stationary state in the upper part of the vessel, while it increases toward the outlet in the lower part of the vessel.View full abstractDownload PDF (232K)
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