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Hiroshi SENTSUI, Yuji KONO
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
303-311
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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The mechanism of anemia of equine infectious anemia (EIA) was investigated using erythrocytes (RBCs) from five horses experimentally inoculated with the virus. The RBCs collected from these horses in pyrexial and viremic periods were found to have high titers of EIA virus. These RBCs were liable to be lysed in fresh guinea pig serum and to be phagocytized by cultivated horse leukocytes comparing with those collected in the preinoculation and incubation periods. All horses showed decrease in RBC counts followed by the first typical fever after inoculation though some of them did not have detectable antibody by virus neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition and immunodiffusion tests in these periods. Complement activity of horse sera were decreased in some degree after the peak of pyrexia. So it seems to be concluded that the interaction of RBCs with EIA virus, complement attraction on them without antiviral antibody and successive hemolysis and phagocytosis of them play important roles in the induction of anemia in the infected horses. However, complement coated RBCs were hardly detected by immunofluorescent test in the peripheral blood, probably because they were destructed and eliminated continuously from the circulatory system without accumulation.
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Naoya KIKUCHI, Naoya TAKAYANAGI, Yuji KOSAKA, Takashi HIRAMUNE, Ryo YA ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
313-323
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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Less heavily encapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) strains of capsular type 1, which were different from ordinary heavily encapsulated strains, were isolated from semen of healthy stallions and from cervical swabs of mares suffering from metritis. Less heavily encapsulated strains possessed capsules ranging 1.3-2.2μm in transverse diameter, which were obviously smaller than those of heavily encapsulated strains, which possessed capsules more than 3.0μm in diameter. Of the 5 strains of K.pneumoniae capsular type 1 isolated from the semen of healthy stallions, 1 (20.0%) was heavily encapsulated and the remaining 4 (80.0%) were less heavily encapsulated, while of the 83 strains of K.pneumoniae capsular type 1 from the cervical swabs of mares suffering from metritis, 76 (91.6%) were heavily encapsulated and only 7 (8.4%) were less heavily encapsulated. Less heavily encapsulated strains showed low (semen-origin strains, LD
50 was 10
to 10
CFU) or intermediate (cervical swab-origin strain, LD
50 was 10
CFU) virulence for mice and were easily phagocytized by equine and murine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), while heavily encapsulated strains showed high virulence (LD
50 was 10
2 to 10
4 CFU) for mice and were protected from phagocytosis by the equine and murine PMNL.
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Yasuhiro KON, Yoshiharu HASHIMOTO, Hiroshi KITAGAWA, Norio KUDO
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
325-332
Published: April 15, 1988
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Studies on the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), the ultrastructural characteristics of juxtaglomerular (JG) cells and the distribution of renin-containing (RC) cells in three species of amphibians were performed in the kidneys by histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopical methods. The JGA consisted of afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles and JG cells, and there was no extraglomerular mesangium. The macula densa-like structures were observed only in Rana species. RC cells were localized scarcely in a wide range in the walls of afferent vessels, but were not detected in the walls of efferent vessels. In Xenopus species, RC cells were demonstrated numerously in the intraglomerular region. Ultrastructurally, the secretory granules occasionally showed fusiformic structures (containing conglomerated granules). A large number of non-myelinated nerve fibers containing numerous small vesicles and some large dense cored vesicles were observed in the tunica adventitia, and they invaded partly into the concave regions of JG cells. These results suggests that the amphibian JGA is phylogenetically located in an intermediate position between that of fishes and mammals.
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Tetsuro SAMATA, Motoo MATSUDA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
333-340
Published: April 15, 1988
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The amino acid analysis was carried out in order to clarify the differences in keratin between the body hair and the hoof of horse. A distinctive mark was recognized in the content of amino acid residues between the body hair and the hoof. The contents of Asx, Gly, Ala, Ile, Leu, Tyr and Phe were higher and those of Thr, Ser, Pro and Cys were lower in the hoof than in the hair for all samples examined. Of these amino acids, the difference in the content of Cys was most remarkable, implying that Cys plays an important role in determining the kinds of keratin. Moreover, a comparative analysis of specific amino acids between the body hair and the hoof of 7 horse races implied that the blood relationship might be partly reflected in the amino acid composition. Although several components were fractionated by gel filtration in the keratin solubilized with performic acid, only a wide "smear region" was visualized in the range of molecular weight from 100 kD to 30 kD with SDS gel electrophoresis.
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Yoh-Ichi MIYAKE, Stephen J. O'BRIEN, Yoshihiro KANEDA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
341-345
Published: April 15, 1988
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The regional localization of rDNA gene on pig chromosomes was investigated with an improved method of gene mapping by in situ hybridization. It is clear that the rDNA probes were hybridized to the position of secondary constriction of chromosome No.10. Furthermore, the results showed that the optimal condition in the case of in situ hybridization is to wash the slides containing hybridized materials with 30% formamide in 0.1X SSC solution.
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Koichi KADOTA, Masanobu WATANABE
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
347-352
Published: April 15, 1988
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A case of bovine uterine adenocarcinoma is described in an aged Holstein Cow. Neoplastic lesions were found in the uterus, pelvic lymph nodes and lungs and consisted of neoplastic glandular tissues supported by much proliferation of dense collagenous connective tissues. The neoplastic cells were characterized by microvilli with prominent filamentous core rootlets and glycocalyceal bodies in the acinar spaces. Stromal cells with lipofuscin were present near the neoplastic glands and the origin was discussed.
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Tadashi HIRAHARA, Hisao YASUHARA, Osamu MATSUI, Kazuo KODAMA, Masahisa ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
353-361
Published: April 15, 1988
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Two viral agents producing a cytopathic effect (CPE) of degenerative and granular type were isolated from the respiratory tract of pigs with a respiratory disease in two breeding farms in Niigata and Yamagata Prefectures in 1984. They could propagate in porcine kidney (PK) cell culture, as well as in bovine kidney (BK), dog kidney (DK), cat kidney (CK) or Vero (African green-monkey kidney) cell culture with CPE, and agglutinated human type O and porcine erythrocytes. Their replication was not inhibited by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, indicating that they are RNA viruses. They were not sensitive to ether, chloroform, trypsin or acid (pH3.0). They passed through a 100nm filter with a little difficulty, but did not at all through a 50nm filter. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of spherical particles, 70-80nm in diameter, in the viral specimen. In the cross neutralization test the isolated virus showed the same antigenicity as the Lang strain of reovirus type 1. These properties coincided with those of reovirus type 1. In experimental infection tests, ten-day-old colostrum-deprived piglets showed a rise in body temperature, mild respiratory signs, diarrhea, inappetence and listlessness. Three-month-old conventional pigs showed pyrexia and sneezing for 1-2days after exposure. The serological survey revealed that the positive rate and geometric mean of neutralizing antibody titer against reovirus type 1 were higher than those of reovirus type 2 and 3 at every month of age. Therefore, it seemed that pigs might have been infected mostly with reovirus type 1.
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Minoru MURASE, Hisao NAKANISHI, Riichi SAKAZAKI
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
363-370
Published: April 15, 1988
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The distribution of non-01 Vibrio cholerae in a river in Kobe City was studied monthly from November, 1980 to October, 1981. Of 52 water samples examined, 17 (33%) were positive for non-01 V.cholerae which was isolated from water samples with salinities ranging from 0 to 3.03%. From July, 1980 to June, 1982, fish, shrimps, oysters and swabs from fish shops as well as imported shrimps were also examined for the presence of non-01 V.cholerae. Of 486 fish, 190 domestic shrimps and 8 imported shrimp samples, 50 (10.3%), 32 (16.8%), and 8 (100%) respectively were positive for non -01 V.cholerae. It was not isolated from any oysters or swabs. The isolation rate was higher in warm months, though the levels of contamination (MPN value) of fish and domestic shrimps were low, only two samples exceeding 10
4/100g. In contrast, high levels of contamination were found in shrimps imported from southeast Asia. Among all the isolates, 11.8% from fish, 17.2% from shrimp and 11.8% from water were able to produce cholera toxin, thus suggesting that the presence of toxigenic non-01 V.cholerae in the environment could present a significant risk to public health.
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Masaaki NAKAI, Yoshiharu HASHIMOTO, Hiroshi KITAGAWA, Yasuhiro KON, No ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
371-381
Published: April 15, 1988
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The microvasculature of the fowl epididymis and ductus deferens was studied by scanning electron microscopy of microvascular corrosion casts and by light and transmission electron microscopy. The interstitial tissue of the rete testis was poorly endowed with irregularly arranged capillary network, while it was penetrated by several testicular arteries and veins. Histologically, the capillaries ran through the interstitial tissue without close regional relations to the epithelium of the rete testis. They were rarely fenestrated. The individual excurrent ducts from the efferent ductules to the ductus deferens were encircled by dense peritubular capillary networks. The capillaries were located just beneath the epithelium. Their endothelial cells with rich pinocytotic vesicles were attenuated on the side toward the epithelium of the excurrent ducts and were fenestrated. Horseradish peroxidase injected into the vessels flowed out rapidly through the fenestrations and/or was transported via the pinocytotic vesicles into the extravascular areas and the intercellular spaces between the epithelial cells of the excurrent ducts. These findings suggest that in the fowl a possible active exchange of materials may occur between the respective capillaries and the epithelium of the excurrent duct systems, except in the rete testis.
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Chiyoko SEKI, Ikuo TAKASHIMA, Jiro ARIKAWA, Nobuo HASHIMOTO
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
383-393
Published: April 15, 1988
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Twenty-seven hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci were prepared by fusion of the mouse myeloma cells with spleen lymphocytes of mice immunized with C.psittaci pigeon or budgerigar strain. Reactions of these monoclonal antibodies were examined with five strains of C.psittaci and two of C.trachomatis serovars L2 and J by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the microimmunofluorescent test and the complement fixation test. According to the reaction patterns to eight chlamydial strains, fifteen antibodies to a pigeon strain, P-1041, were divided into three groups: three genus-specific, eight subspecies-specific and four strain-specific antibodies. Twelve antibodies to a budgerigar strain, Izawa, were also tested to eight chlamydial strains and divided into two groups: two genus-specific and ten subspecies-specific antibodies. Physicochemical properties of the antigens recognized by different monoclonal antibodies were examined by KIO
4, pronase and heat treatments and by the immuno-blotting technique. Most genus-specific antibodies recognized the KIO
4-sensitive antigen, which was a pronase-resistant and heat-stable component of about 10, 000 daltons. Subspecies- and strain-specific monoclonal antibodies recognized the antigens, which were pronase-sensitive and heat-labile components of about 40, O00 or 90, O0O daltons.
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Hisao ITO, Yoshiharu HASHIMOTO, Hiroshi KITAGAWA, Yasuhiro KON, Norio ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
395-404
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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Regional distribution and ontogenetic time course of appearance of chromogranin (CG)-containing cells in the porcine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine system were studied immunohistochemically. CG-immunoreactive cells were identified numerously in the gut and pancreas of adult pigs. In the overall gastrointestinal tract, they were most numerous in the fundic and pyloric gland regions of the stomach. In each portion of the gastrointestinal tract, the frequency of the CG-immunoreactive cells was higher than that of the total amount of any endocrine cells determined in our previous study. It was confirmed that all peptide/amine immunoreactive cell types except for pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells in the pancreas, and all argyrophil cell types detected by silver impregnation techniqucs, were immunoreactive with anti-CG serum. Ontogenetically, CG-immunoreactive cells had already appeared numerously in the primordial pancreas and moderately in the duodenum of 0.8 cm (18 days of gestation) porcine fetuses. In the pyloric antrum, the fundic portion and the remaining portion of the intestine, these cells appeared first in 1.5 cm (24-day-old), 3.0 cm (33-day-old) and 3.4 cm (35-day-old) fetuses, respectively. It was suggested that CG appeared much earlier than the proper peptide/amine hormones in the GEP endocrine cells at the initial stage of development. The possible significances of the early occurrence were also discussed.
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Yoshiyuki GOTO, Yasuo MIURA, Yuji KONO
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
405-413
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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An epidcmic of congenital abnormalities of calves characterized by the hydranencephaly-cerebellar hypoplasia (HCH) syndrome occurred in the Kyushu district of Japan from November 1985to April 1986. The numbcr of animals suffering from the disease was 2, 463. The disease occurred mair1ly in bcef cows and was rarely seen in milk cattle. SeroepidemioIogical survey revealcd that antibody to Chuzan virus, a new orbivirus, was present at a high rate iri the Kyushu district (southwestern part of Japan), and at a low rate in the Chugoku and Shikoku district (western part of Japan). The distribution of the antibody-positive reactors coincided with the area of occurrence of the disease. Also the time of prevalence of Chuzan virus agreed with the time of occurrence of the congenital abnormalities. Thesc findings supported the previous conclusion that Chuzan virus may havc a very closc rcIationship with the occurrence of the congenital abnormalities of calves. Seroepidemio1o-gical investigations revealed that Chuzan virus was never prevalcnt in Kyushu beforc thc epidemic of HCH syndrome and that it first appeared in the southernmost island of Japan and then wcnt north to the main islands of Japan.
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Fujiya FURUYAMA, Toshihide YOSHIDA, Michiko KUMAZAKI, Kokichi OHARA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
415-423
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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Strain difference in thermoregulation under hot environment was studied among Wistar rat strains, especially in relation to thermal salivation and body water economics (BWE). Eight Wistar rat strains were exposed to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 42.5°C, 40%RH. Survival time (ST), saliva spreading (SS), body water loss (BWL), BWE, and wet weight of 3 salivary glands were determined. Strain difference in thermoregulatory ability was as large among Wistar rat strains as it was among non-Wistar rat strains. Crj: Wistar survived heat longer than the others. LEW/N Crj, HOS: Wistar, Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar/MS also survived heat longer than Jcl: Wistar, Wistar King A and Wistar/MK. Rats depend on extensive SS in order to survive the heat longer than 2 hr. BWE was highly efficient in strains showing more saliva spreading than others. There was no change in the wet weight of the submaxillary gland in terms of heat tolerance. These findings indicated that thermal salivation is a potential evaporative heat loss system in Ta higher than body temperature (Tb). Thermal salivation is supported by rapid body water mobilization in the early phase and by highly efficient BWE during the following long lasting hyperthermia.
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Yukio YAGI, Susumu FURUUCHI, Hideyuki TAKAHASHI
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
425-431
Published: April 15, 1988
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The glycolytic pathway in T.sergenti-parasitized bovine erythrocytes was studied. As the parasitemia of infected calves progressed, the activities of the four enzymes involved in the Embden-Meycrhoff pathway, hexokinase (Hx), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the glucose consumption rate increased significantly in all five calves, but not in the erythrocytes obtained from three phlebotomized calves. The enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), were unchanged. On the other hand, two intermediate compounds, ATP and GSH varied. ATP levels at the late stage of parasitemia began to vary rapidly (3/5 calves) or decrcased to half of the level of pre-parasitemia. GSH concentrations in 4/5 calves gradually decreased during the course of the parasitemia, but one calf remains unchanged until the end of experiment. In the experiment in which infected cells were fractionated by density gradient, the peaks of the glycolytic enzyme activities except that of G-6-PD, essentially coincided with the peak of the parasitized erythrocytes. It is concluded that the activity of the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway in T.sergenti-parasitized erythrocytes is accelerated, though that of the pentose phosphate pathway remains obscure, and this phenomenon may depend on the glycolytic system of intraerythrocytic protozoa.
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Tomoo YOSHINO, Eiichi MOMOTANI
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
433-438
Published: April 15, 1988
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Coenurosis in a calf was pathologically and parasitologically studied. The calf showed prostration and a sign as "gid". Gross lesions in the brain included internal hydrocephalus harboring a larval cyst, with "craniotabes" or perforated frontal skull. There were eosinophilic abscesses surrounding the cyst, cellular infiltration in the wall of the left lateral ventricle and spongiform encephalopathy of the cerebral white matter and brain stem. The morphology of the larval cyst was similar to that of Taenia (Multiceps) multiceps: the scolice had four suckers and a rostellum with a double crown hooks.
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Minoru TSUCHITANI, Isao NARAMA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
439-444
Published: April 15, 1988
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Chronic pancreatitis in 18 wild-caught Macaca monkeys was studied histologically. Pancreatic lesions were divided into three groups, diffuse, multifocal and focal, according to each condition of extent and distribution of lesions. Diffuse, multifocal and focal types of pancreatitis were detected in 10, 4 and 4 cases, respectively. Histological features in all 18 cases showed varied extent and distribution with inflammatory cell infiltration which consisted primarily of lymphocytes and plasmocytes and, interlobular and intralobular fibrosis. In spite of relatively slight polymorphonuclear leukocytes, small necrotic foci or areas with many polymorphonuclear leukocytes were occasionally observed. Simllar property between multifocal chronic pancreatitis and diffuse chronic pancreatitis suggested that focal acute pancreatitis could advance to multifocal chronic pancreatitis and finally to diffuse chronic pancreatitis.
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Harumoto KAWAGUCHI, Takao KONISHI, Takashi NAKAMURA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
445-452
Published: April 15, 1988
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The NIAH strain of Eimeria tenella was used to produce a precocious line by repeated selection for early development of oocysts. The prepatent period of the resultant precocious line after selection for 20 generations was reduced to as short as 112 hr, which was about 24 hr shorter than the parent NIAH strain. Accelerated growth at an early stage of development was ascertained by in vivo and in vitro observations, but deletion of the life cycle was not confirmed. The precocious line was significantly less pathogenic than the parent strain, but it maintained the level of reproductive potential preceding the selection.
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Jyoji YAMATE, Masanori TAJIMA, Miheko IHARA, Kazumoto SHIBUYA, Satoru ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
453-461
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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Spontaneous vascular endothelial cell (VEC) tumors were found in 29 (14.5%) of 200 males and 30 (15.0%) of 200 females of B6C3F
1 mice which had been maintained up to 109 weeks. The ages of mice with VEC tumors ranged from 72 to 109 weeks. The VEC tumors were divided into solitary and multiple types. The solitary type developed as a single, discrete lesion in the spleen of 6 males and 7 females, the liver of 8 males and 2 females, the subcutis of one male and 5 females, the parietal peritoneum of each 2 males and females, and the uterus of 3 females. The multiple type occurred in 12 males and 11 females at 2 to 5 combined sites of the spleen, liver, bone marrow, subcutis, parietal peritoneum, epididymis or thymus. There were no essential differences in histologic features and the site of neoplastic involvement between both types. Cavernous and hemangioendotheliomatous growth patterns were discerned. The former had features of cavernous hemangioma and was found in the most part of all the tumors. The latter was occasionally seen in the tumors developed in the spleen and liver, and consisted of slightly atypical cells with no dilated cavities nor mitosis. In mice with multiple VEC tumors, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and platelet count tended to decrease, and red blood cells with abnormal morphology were frequently seen.
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Shinobu WATARAI, Misao ONUMA, Tatsuji YASUDA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
463-469
Published: April 15, 1988
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The antibody to ganglioside G
D3, which was invariably increased in tumor lymph node cells of enzootic bovine lymphosarcoma (EBL), was examined for its possible usefulness in detecting EBL tumor cells. The anti-G
D3 antibody was prepared by immunization of chicken with G
D3 from EBL tumor lymph node cells. The antibody to ganglioside G
D3 reacted to ganglioside G
D3 containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid from EBL tumor cells. The reactivities of anti-G
D3 antibody to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from aleukemic and leukemic cattle and tissues of bovine fetuses were examined by complement-dependent antibody cytotoxicity test. The antibody to ganglioside G
D3 had cytotoxic activity to PBL from EBL cattle, fetal bovine thymus and liver cells but not to PBL from healthy cattle irrespective of presence or absence of bovine leukemia virus infection. In addition, acctone-fixed EBL tumor cells showed a positive reaction to the antibody to ganglioside G
D3 in an indirect fluorescent antibody test.
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Yoichi FUJII, Kazuyoshi IKUTA, Shiro KATO, Takeshi MIKAMI, Masaharu NA ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
471-479
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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We previously reported that Marek's disease (MD) lymphoma-derived cells, transplantable MD tumor-derived cells and lymphoid leukosis (LL) lymphoma-derived cells, each express different glycosphingolipid (GSL) antigens. The GSL composition of each cell line was compared by thin-layer chromatography and immunological analysis. Six different cell lines derived from MD lymphoma showed a typically identical GSL composition, in which a unique neutral GSL with a carbohydrate chain consisting of more than five sugars was detected as a major component. However, transplantable MD tumor-derived cell lines and LL lymphoma cell lines showed a similar composition in which Forssman GSL, asialo GM
1 ganglioside and other several components were detected. The specific presence of Forssman GSL and asialo GM
1 in these two cell lines was confirmed by immunological reaction of GSLs from each cell line with antisera to each authentic GSL and by the specific antibody elevation in rabbits immunized with each cell line.
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Yoshikazu HIROTA, Koichi YOSHIKAWA, Atsuhiko HASEGAWA, Isamu TOMODA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
481-488
Published: April 15, 1988
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The effects of canine serum on the cellular configuration in vitro were studied in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from the peripheral blood of clinically healthy adult beagle dogs. PMN rapidly changed their shape from spherical to ruffled, uropod, or polarized within 1 to 5 min after incubation with freshly isolated autologous or allogeneic canine serum at 37°C, as observed in PMN incubated with zymosan-activated serum and casein. The maximal shape change response (approximately 68%) was observed at 5 min after PMN were exposed to 10% serum. The neutrophils changed their shape faster and at a higher percentage than did eosinophils. Furthermore, the heat treatment (56°C for 30 min) of serum did not affect the PMN shape change response. These results indicate that serum has a potent effect on the induction of the PMN shape change response.
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Kouichi KAINO, Hideki HAYASHIDANI, Ken-ichi KANEKO, Masuo OGAWA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
489-494
Published: April 15, 1988
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Chickens, infected with a small number of Campylobacter jejuni, ceased excreting C. jejuni in their feces 3 months after challenge, although mice shed the organism for 6 months or more. C. jejuni was excreted in the feces of 3-day-old chickens longer than in those of 5-week-old ones. Three-month-old chickens ceased to excrete the bacteria in the feces earlier than did 5-week-old ones. The minimum infectious dose of organisms depended on the age of chickens and strains used. C. jejuni was observed not only in the contents of the digestive tract but also in the spleen and the liver of infected chickens. Fecal excretion continued by serum agglutinin was developed to 1:80. This suggested that humoral antibodies developed in the chicken body might have no important effect on the fecal excretion of C. jejuni.
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Soon-Ho HYUN, Genji SAKAGUCHI
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
495-501
Published: April 15, 1988
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Strains of Clostridium botulinum type C were cultured in a laboratory medium at 30, 37 and 42°C and their turbidities and cell and spore populations were measured periodically. They were grouped into four on the basis of the temperature giving the highest turbidity. When the turbidity was high, the toxic potency of culture supernatant was rather low and a larger portion of the toxin was released upon sonic disintegration of the bacterial cells. The cell-associated toxin was found to be orally more toxic to the chicken than the cell-free toxin. Type C-L toxin (Mr about 500 k) released by sonic disintegration of the cells rebound to the cells at pH2, whereas M toxin (Mr about 300 k) did not. Heat-treatment of the cells for 15 min at 80°C did not affect the binding. Type C toxin bound to the bacterial cells via a heat-stable cell component may play an important role in pathogenesis of chicken botulism.
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Hiroshi SATO, Yoshio KUDO, Kiyoshi TAKESHITA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
503-508
Published: April 15, 1988
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Effect of grazing with giving no concentrate diet (NC) for 21 weeks on milk production, several blood metabolites levels and enzymatic activities were examined in 16 lactating dairy cows. Milk yield and milk fat level were decreased rapidly after the start of grazing. Activities of GOT, GPT and A1-P were elevated by grazing with concentrate diet and those were further elevated in early grazing period when concentrate diet was not given. Grazing caused an increase in plasma glucose level, but decrease in lactic acid level. Higher acetic acid and lower glucose levels were observed during mid period of grazing in NC feeding. Plasma urea level was higher in late period of grazing, but total protein level tended to decrease during grazing when concentrate diet was not given. Cholesterol level during early and mid grazing period was lower in NC feeding, and this change coincides with milk fat decrease. Present results indicated that lactating dairy cows exhibit nutritional insufficiency and metabolic alteration during grazing when concentrate diet was not given.
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Kiyotaka WATANABE, Kazuhiko TANAKA, Hiroshi KOJIMA, Takakazu IMANISHI, ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
509-512
Published: April 15, 1988
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Cytosolic adenylate kinase (AK1) was eluted with a high yield from an affinity column of blue dextran-Sepharose 4B which bound AK1 with NADH at a low concentration but not with NAD
+ at the same concentration. The difference spectrum of AK1-NADH complex against free AK1 and NADH showed positive maxima at 269nm and 273nm and a negative maximum around 326nm, and that of AK1-NAD
+ complex also showed a positive maximum at 275nm. NADH and NAD
+ competitively inhibited AK1 with respect to both AMP and ATP. From these results and reference data describing on topological equivalence between substrate-binding sites of AK1 and NAD-binding site of dehydrogenases, we can speculate that NAD adenine and nicotinamide moieties bind to ATP and AMP-binding sites of an AK1 molecule, respectively.
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Eiichiroh BABA, Minako YAMAMOTO, Tsuneo FUKATA, Akira ARAKAWA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
513-518
Published: April 15, 1988
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Two experiments were conducted to examine invasion of salmonella through the intestine of chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. In experiment 1, 1.6-4.0×10
5 Salmonella serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) were injected into the small-intestinal loop established in E. maxima-infected and -uninfected chickens under anesthesia, and cardiac blood, spleen and liver were examined for the presence of S. typhimurium. The organism was more frequently recovered from these samples, particularly from spleen 10 days after coccidial inoculation, than from the samples of uninfected birds given only S. typhimurium into small-intestinal loop. When S. typhimurium was injected into small-intestinal loop or ligated cecum of intact chickens, more samples were positive for S. typhimurium from small-intestinal loop than those from ligated cecal group. Significant difference was seen in the spleen samples. In experiment 2, number of S. typhimurium in cardiac blood, spleen and liver was counted after injection of 1.8-8.4×10
7 S. typhimurium into small-intestinal loop of chickens 10 days after E. maxima inoculation. The counts in spleen were approximately 10
2 CFU/g 3 hr after the injection and were higher than those in liver and blood of both E. maxima infected and uninfected birds. In liver, the counts in E. maxima infected birds 30 min after the injection were significantly higher than those in uninfected birds. In cardiac blood, a few S. typhimurium were recovered from E. maxima infected birds, whereas no organism was found from uninfected birds until 2 hr after the injection. It is concluded that in chickens salmonella penetrated more readily through small intestine than ceca, and E. maxima infection enhanced the penetration.
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Ralph KUNCL, Ward RICHTER
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
519-527
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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Cysts of Sarcocystis were observed in 24% (12/51) of laboratory Rhesus monkeys, a relatively higher prevalence than generally reported. Infestation was slight, but was similar in all muscles studied. In view of this, sampling of large blocks of muscle seemed necessary to demonstrate the high prevalence. The fine structure of the cyst wall, an important criterion in species definition, was described. Details of the cyst wall might be misinterpreted at the light microscopic level because of the effects of muscle stretch and angle of sectioning.
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Kozo FUJISAKI, Tsugihiko KAMIO
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
529-536
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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The parthenogenetic Okayama strain of Haemaphysalis longicornis larvae which had engorged on cattle parasitaemic with the Fukushima stock of Theileria sergenti isolated in Japan were incubated at constant temperatures between 15 and 35°C during their pre-moult and post-moult periods. The Theileria infection rates in the salivary glands of the resultant nymphal ticks were assessed by staining with methyl green/pyronin stain. Constant temperatures of 15, 30 and 35°C were detrimental to the infection of salivary glands. The high infection levels were discernible in ticks incubated at 20 and 25°C. No maturation of T. sergenti was observed in salivary glands of ticks exposed to 35°C without the blood meal stimulus.
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Kazuo YASUDA, Kenichiro ONO, Nobuo SASAKI, Atsuhiko HASEGAWA, Isamu TO ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
537-542
Published: April 15, 1988
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Plasma immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) levels and abomasal acid secretion were investigated on cows with Heidenhain pouch. In two suckling calves (1 month), plasma IRG levels attained at a peak value of 120-160 pg/ml within 3-4 hours after suckling and decreased gradually to about 50 pg/ml by the next suckling. The titratable acidity rose to a peak value of 75-115 mM/l between 3 and 4 hours after suckling and then gradually decreased to the pre-suckling levels (about 20-40 mM/l) between 9-11 hours after suckling. These acid secretory patterns paralleled to the plasma IRG levels. The significant correlation was observed between plasma IRG and total acidity (p<0.01). In a weaned calf (4 months), plasma IRG and acid secretory responses after feeding were indistinct compared with those in suckling calves. Titratable acidity of pre-feeding was 70-110 mM/l and slightly elevated to about 130 mM/l, and subsequently reduced. The significant correlation was also observed between plasma IRG and total acidity (p<0.01). In an adult cow (20 months) fed with roughage only, post-prandial responses of plasam IRG was not observed and the pH value of the secretion is higher than 7.0.
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Annie BONHOMME
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
543-547
Published: April 15, 1988
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Cultures of Epidinium ecaudatum were prepared without any cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria. By viscometry and reducing power measurements, endo-1, 4β-glucanase activity towards soluble derivatives of cellulose (hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose) and endo-1, 4β-xylanase activity towards xylan, were demonstrated from the Epidinium ecaudatum acellular extract. β-D-glucosidase and β-D-xylosidase activities towards p-nitrophenyl derivatives were also observed. These optimum pH range was 6.0 to 7.0.
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Akinori YASUDA, Katsuo MIDORO, Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA, Reiji TAKAHASHI, Nao ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
549-551
Published: April 15, 1988
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Yutaka NAKAI, Keiji OGIMOTO
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
553-555
Published: April 15, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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Hiroshi SATO, Isao NARAMA, Minoru TSUCHITANI, Chitoshi ITAKURA, Masash ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
557-559
Published: April 15, 1988
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Masashi EGUCHI, Chikara KUNIYASU, Kenichi OHMAE, Mayumi TANAKA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
561-563
Published: April 15, 1988
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Satoshi INOUE, Naochika MATSUNUMA, Ken-ichiro ONO, Toshiharu HAYASHI, ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
565-567
Published: April 15, 1988
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Soichi MARUYAMA, Yasuji KATSUBE
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
569-572
Published: April 15, 1988
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Masahiro MORIMOTO, Yoshio MORIKAWA, Toshiya OKADA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
573-575
Published: April 15, 1988
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Eri OGAWA, Chizuru OTA, Hiroshi FUJISE, Kosaku KOBAYASHI
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
577-579
Published: April 15, 1988
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Toshihiko TSUTSUI, Hiroyasu EJIMA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
581-583
Published: April 15, 1988
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Yoshio MORIKAWA, Satoshi INOUE, Toshiya OKADA
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
585-588
Published: April 15, 1988
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Katsumi KUME, Toyotsugu NAKAI
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
589-591
Published: April 15, 1988
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Ryo GOITSUKA, Miho TSUJI, Yasunobu MATSUMOTO, Chikage ONDA, Kiyomi MAT ...
1988 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages
593-595
Published: April 15, 1988
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