JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN
Online ISSN : 1881-1299
Print ISSN : 0021-9592
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Volume 20, Issue 3
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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  • PERMEATION RATE AND SELECTIVITY IN THE SEPARATION OF COBALT AND NICKEL BY SUPPORTED LIQUID MEMBRANES
    HIDETO MATSUYAMA, YUJI KATAYAMA, ATSUSHI KOJIMA, ICHIRO WASHIJIMA, YOS ...
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 213-220
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.213
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    The transport of cobalt and nickel from nitrate solutions through supported liquid membranes (SLM) containing 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester dissolved in n-dodecanc as a carrier was studied. High selectivity in the separation of cobalt and nickel was obtained when the diffusional resistance in the liquid membrane was dominant. Experiments on the extraction of cobalt and/or nickel were also carried out over a wide range of metal loading ratio, and empirical correlations representing the concentrations of the aggregated species in organic phase were presented. Using a permeation model in which the formation of aggregates of metal-carrier complexes was considered, the fluxes in single and simultaneous permeations were quantitatively explained.
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  • DISTILLATION CALCULATION BY A SUCCESSIVE RELAXATION METHOD WITH SIMULTANEOUS CORRECTION OF LIQUID COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE
    HIDEKI MORI, IKUHO YAMADA, SETSURO HIRAOKA, TOSHIHIKO TSUIKI
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 220-226
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.220
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    A new, simple relaxation method is proposed for solving nonideal multicomponent distillation problems involving multiple feeds and sidecut streams. The new algorithm is developed from the Gauss-Seidel method to correct simultaneously liquid composition and temperature on each plate and employs a new sequence for stagewise calculation for speedup.
    Without any tedious formulation the proposed algorithm reduces greatly the number of iterations and the computation time required for convergent solution. Numerical examples are solved by the proposed method to demonstrate its usefulness and stability.
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  • MIXING RULE CONTAINING REGULAR-SOLUTION AND RESIDUAL EXCESS FREE ENERGY
    KIYOFUMI KURIHARA, KATSUMI TOCHIGI, KAZUO KOJIMA
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 227-231
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.227
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    A mixing rule is indispensable to the prediction of high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria by means of the cubic equation of state. This paper proposes a new mixing rule of the energy parameter consisting of terms for geometrical mean of pure energy parameters and the residual part of the excess free energy at infinite pressure.
    Also, by using the new mixing rule and the SRK equation, high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria are correlated with good accuracy for 14 binary systems consisting of non-polar, polar, and associating substances.
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  • A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR THE MECHANICAL DEMULSIFICATION OF O/W EMULSIONS
    SATORU KATO, JUNJIRO KAWASAKI
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 232-237
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.232
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    The development of a demulsification technique seems to be the key step for the industrial practice of hydrocarbon separation by liquid membrane permeation. This paper describes an experimental study of a new mechanical demulsification technique, in which strong agitation of an O/W emulsion with a coexisting oil phase caused instantaneous and efficient demulsification. The yields in the demulsification were as high as 80 % in batch runs. Continuous demulsification was also achieved successfully.
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  • CHLORINATION OF ETHYLENE IN A BOILING BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR
    SHUN WACHI, HISASHI MORIKAWA
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 238-245
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.238
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    Chlorination of ethylene was experimentally investigated in a boiling bubble column reactor with a riser and a downcomer (20cm in diameter and 6m high each). Significant dependence on the liquid upflow in the riser was found in that the axial profiles of temperature and dissolved chlorine concentration were homogenized with increasing liquid upflow rate, but boiling was depressed at the middle of the column due to the large convective heat transfer. High performance of chlorine conversion was achieved by either increase of excess ethylene or decrease of liquid upflow rate.
    This behaviour of the reactor could be well predicted by a theoretical model constructed from material, heat and pressure balance equations containing theoretical or empirical parameters. This model presents a useful tool for a suitable reactor design in boiling temperature addition chlorination.
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  • DETERMINATION OF FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO SUDDEN REDUCTION IN FILTRATION AREA OF FILTER CAKE SURFACE
    TOSHIRO MURASE, Em IRITANI, JUN HYUNG CHO, SHINYA NAKANOMORI, MOMPEI S ...
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 246-251
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.246
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    To obtain accurate values of filtration characteristics as the ratio m of wet to dry cake mass and the average specific filtration resistance αav, constant-pressure filtration experiments were conducted using a filter having a hole at the top of the filter chamber. The relation between the cake thickness L and the filtrate volume v per unit medium area, which serves as a basis of the determination of m and αav, can be obtained on the basis of the principle of sudden reduction in the filtration area of the cake surface. The constant-pressure filtration characteristics obtained by this method were fairly consistent with the estimated values based on compression-permeability cell data. The values of m and αav are influenced by filtration pressure and by slurry concentration. However, these values remain constant during any one constant-pressure filtration experiment. On the basis of the constant-pressure filtration data obtained by this method under various pressure conditions, the local porosity ε and the local specific filtration resistance α can be determined approximately.
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  • AXIAL MIXING OF LIQUID IN HORIZONTAL TWO PHASE SLUG FLOW
    TOKIHIRO KAGO, TETSUYA SARUWATARI, SHIN-ICHI OHNO, SHIGEHARU MOROOKA, ...
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 252-256
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.252
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    In the direct coal liquefaction process, pulverized coal is essentially dissolved in a preheater, and a rapid increase in liquid viscosity is reported to occur in the last part of preheaters. In the present study, the axial mixing of liquid in a horizontal pipe of 51.5 mm diam. and about 25 m length was determined with the intention of characterizing the two-phase flow which commonly appeared in the preheaters.
    The axial mixing of liquid in horizontal slug flow was affected by the superficial velocity of gas and liquid, the liquid viscosity, the lateral position of the sensor, arid the timing of tracer injection. When the lateral mixing of liquid was sufficient, the last two factors became negligible and the data were correlated with an experimental equation including gas holdup, superficial liquid velocity and liquid viscosity. The axial mixing in horizontal slug flow seems to be induced by the large difference in moving velocity between the liquid slug and the liquid film at the bottom of the pipe.
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  • CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF SINGLE PARTICLE UNDER A WIDE RANGE OF LOADING RATES AND ITS SINGULARITY UNDER IMPACT LOADING OF DURATION COMPARABLE TO PARTICLE''S NATURAL PERIOD
    SABURO YASHIMA, FUMIO SAITO, HITOSHI HASHIMOTO
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 257-264
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.257
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    The effect of the rate of loading on the crushing behavior of a single particle was investigated by compression tests on spherical specimens of eight kinds of brittle materials under a wide range of loading rates from 10-1 to 109 N/s. It was found that the loading rate affects the crushing behavior of the single particle. A singularity of crushing behavior was also observed under impact loading of duration comparable to the natural period of the specimens. The crushing efficiency was especially at its maximum.
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  • PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION AND STORAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY BY AZOBENZENE
    HIROSHI TAODA, KIYOSHI HAYAKAWA, KAORU KAWASE, HIROMI YAMAKITA
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 265-270
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.265
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    Photochemical isomerization of trans-azobenzene to cis-isomer, and its inverse cis-trans isomerization were investigated for the purpose of constructing a thermal energy storage system by conversion of solar light energy.
    Trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene in the cyclohexane solution proceeded with or without photosensitizers over a wide range of light in the ultraviolet and visible region. But the backward reaction from cis- to trans-form, which was predominant by the longer-wavelength light, set a limit to the progress of trans-cis conversion, and photochemical equilibrium was established at about 25% conversion of trans-azobenzene. Some devices to remove the conversion limit were examined.
    Cis-trans isomerization in the dark was carried out in the presence of immobilized metal porphine catalyst. Cotetraphenylporphine or Co-protoporphyrin fixed on polyethylene granules graft-polymerized with chloromethylstyrene was the most effective for the reverse reaction. This liberation of heat during the reaction was also analyzed from the kinetic point of view.
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  • SHORT CYCLE TIME APPROXIMATION AND GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
    TSUTOMU HIROSE
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 270-276
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.270
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    A method of graphical solution of ordinary differential equations, derived on the basis of a short cycle time approximation, is proposed to evaluate the performance of pressure swing adsorption. The longitudinal distribution of the time-averaged concentration CA is obtained by graphical integration of the reciprocal of the effective driving force, which is found graphically by the construction of the operating line (which relates concentrations between the adsorption and desorption steps) and the tie lines (which relate bulk and surface values). The concentration swing ΔCA is solved as a function of CA by the isoclinal line method, in which the current coordinates are simply constructed to determine the direction of a tangent on a ΔCA - CA diagram. Simplified construction procedures are discussed for special cases of surface diffusion control, film diffusion control and linear isotherm. The usefulness of the proposed method is comfirmed in an illustrative solution.
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  • CIRCULATION TIME DISTRIBUTION AND VOLUME OF MIXING REGIONS IN HIGHLY VISCOUS XANTHAN GUM SOLUTION IN A STIRRED VESSEL
    HITOSHI FUNAHASHI, HIROAKI HARADA, HISAHARU TAGUCHI, TOSHIOMI YOSHIDA
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 277-282
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.277
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    The distribution of circulation time of a tracer particle and the volume of mixing regions were investigated using a pseudoplastic solution at various concentrations of xanthan gum up to 4.6% in a stirred tank with a turbine impeller having six flat blades. When the relative frequency/N of each circulation time was plotted against Nθ (N, agitation speed; θ, circulation time) at various agitation speeds, the distribution curve for solutions of 1.8% (flow behavior index 0.12 and consistency coefficient 26.4 Pa•s0.12) or more xanthan gum shifted to the side of larger values of Nθ with increasing agitation speed, while distribution curves of the same shape were obtained in water or a diluted solution (0.9% xanthan gum). The mean circulation time also increased with increasing agitation speed. This phenomenon was confirmed by measuring the volumes of two mixing regions, the micromixing and the macromixing regions. These volumes increased with increases in the agitation speed, resulting in decreases of the stagnant region.
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  • EMULSION PHASE EXPANSION AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN FLUIDIZED BEDS OF FINE PARTICLES
    TAKAMI KAI, AKIKO IWAKIRI, TAKESHIGE TAKAHASHI
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 282-286
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.282
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    In fluidized beds of fine particles, minimum fluidization velocity Umf, voidage of the emulsion phase εe and sedimentation velocity Us were measured for various gas-powder systems. For both Umf and Us, the relationship between velocity and voidage was experimentally determined on the basis of the Richardson-Zaki equation. The voidage of the emulsion phase was correlated by a dimensionless parameter taking into account the effect of gas density. By using this correlation and the relationship between velocity and voidage obtained in this study, Us was expressed as a function of Umf. The calculated Us from Umf agreed with the experimental data.
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  • NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DRAG COEFFICIENTS AND MASS TRANSFER OF TWO ADJACENT SPHERES
    IZUMI TANIGUCHI, KOICHI ASANO
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 287-294
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.287
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    Numerical analysis of the drag coefficients and the diffusion fluxes of two coaxially arranged spheres was made by use of a finite difference method with bipolar coordinate system for Rep=1-30, L/DA = 1.50-9.99 and Sc = 1.0. The present numerical data were compared with existing numerical and experimental data and showed good agreement. New correlations for the effect of the distance between two spheres on the drag coefficients and the diffusion fluxes of the two spheres were proposed. Measurements of rates of evaporation of a pendant water drop in the presence of a coaxially arranged inert solid sphere into dry air were made for Rep=30 and the data were compared with numerical data.
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  • EFFECT OF NOZZLE LENGTH ON GAS ENTRAPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL LIQUID JET
    AKIRA OHKAWA, DAISUKE KUSABIRAKI, NOBUYUKI SAKAI
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 295-300
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.295
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    For a vertical plunging liquid jet system using nozzles which had various values of the length-to-diameter ratio Lm/Dn, characteristics such as the bubble penetration depth Z and the gas entrainment rate Qg were studied experimentally in an air-water system. When nozzles of an Lm/Dn ratio exceeding 15 were employed, the values of Z and Qg were confirmed to be almost independent of Lm/Dn. Empirical correlations for predicting Z and Qg are also presented.
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  • MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
    KAKUJI TOJO
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 300-308
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.300
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    A dynamic mathematical model for transdermal drug delivery is developed on the basis of the bi-layer skin/twocompartment body model. The effects of metabolism reaction in the viable skin, the drug binding and reservoir function in the stratum corneum, and the solubility and diffusivity of the drug in the skin on the permeation ratetime profile are extensively simulated. The effects of the pharmacokinetic parameters on the plasma concentration profile are also analyzed. The present model is useful not only for analyzing the rate of skin permeation but also for predicting the plasma concentration after transdermal drug delivery.
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  • GAS HOLDUP AND AXIAL DISPERSION IN GAS-LIQUID CONCURRENT BUBBLE COLUMN
    SHUN WACHI, HISASHI MORIKAWA, KOREKAZU UEYAMA
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 309-316
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.309
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    An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effect of liquid flow on gas holdup and axial dispersion coefficient in a gas-liquid concurrent bubble column 20 cm in diameter, in the ranges of gas and liquid superficial velocities of 0.21-0.87 and 0-1.16ms-1, respectively. Theoretical expressions of the turbulent recirculation flow were developed to account for the effect of liquid flow rate.
    With increasing liquid upflovv rate, the value of axial dispersion coefficient decreases at relatively small liquid flow rate and turns to increase at large flow rate, whereas the value of gas holdup decreases simply. These phenomena were quantitatively explained by the developed theory, including the effect of column diameter.
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  • EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM OF MOLYBDENUM(VI) WITH 2-ETHYLHEXYL PHOSPHONIC ACID MONO-2-ETHYLHEXYL ESTER
    YOSHINOBU SATO, FERNANDO VALENZUELA, TERUO TSUNEYUKI, KAZUO KONDO, FUM ...
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 317-321
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.317
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    The extraction equilibrium of molybdenum(VI) from nitric, hydrochloric and sulfuric acid solution with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester dissolved in w-heptane was examined at 303 K. It was clarified that molybdenum(VI) was extracted with the extractant (HR) according to the following equation, in low concentration range of the metal.
    MoO2+2+2(HR)2→←MoO2R2·2HR+2H+
    The extraction equilibrium constants were obtained. The experimental results were interpreted quantitatively by taking account of the equilibrium concentration of a cationic species of molybdenum(VI) in aqueous solution.
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  • SPECIFIC GAS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA AND LIQUID-PHASE MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN A SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN
    MIKI FUKUMA, KATSUHIKO MUROYAMA, AKIRA YASUNISHI
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 321-324
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.321
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  • PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN A COOLING TOWER PROCESS
    ISAMI YOSHIFUKU
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 324-325
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.324
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  • A METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS OPERATION OF SUPPORTED LIQUID MEMBRANES
    MAKOTO NAKANO, KATSUROKU TAKAHASHI, HIROSHI TAKEUCHI
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 326-328
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.326
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  • DYNAMIC FORMATION OF POLYION AND POLYION COMPLEX MEMBRANES, AND THEIR SOLUTE REJECTION
    KAZUAKI YAMAGIWA, HAJIME UNNO, TAKASHI AKEHATA
    1987 Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 328-330
    Published: June 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.20.328
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