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Volume 33 (2000)
- Issue 6 Pages 823-
- Issue 5 Pages 689-
- Issue 4 Pages 573-
- Issue 3 Pages 353-
- Issue 2 Pages 197-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 33, Issue 2
Displaying 1-26 of 26 articles from this issue
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Thermodynamics, Physical Properties and Molecular Simulation
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Mojtaba Shariaty-Niassar, Mitsunori Hozawa2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 312-317
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSIsobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of the binary and ternary systems formed by the combination of acetone, methanol and methyl methacrylate, are determined at atmospheric pressure by means of an equilibrium still. The binary data have been correlated by means of the Wilson equation. The equilibrium results for the ternary system are also compared with the values predicted by this equation. It is found to be in very good agreement.
A practical problem occurring in the case of distillation of the ternary mixtures is explained on the basis of the new results.View full abstractDownload PDF (889K)
Transport Phenomena, Fluid Mechanics and Mixing
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2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 336-341
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSDownload PDF (40182K)
Catalysis, Kinetics and Reactor Design
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Takahiro Hasegawa, Fumihide Shiraishi, Hiroyuki Nagasue2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 197-204
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThe performances of the power-law formalism method (PLFM) and Newton-Raphson method (NRM) are compared by applying them to a non-linear least square problem for determination of the maximum reaction rate, Vm, and Michaelis constant, Km, in an immobilized enzyme system following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A detailed numerical investigation indicates that 1) the accuracies of the solutions (Vm and Km) obtained by these two methods are almost the same and very high; 2) however, the rate of convergence in PLFM is higher than that in NRM; and 3) the basin of attraction for PLFM is much wider than that of NRM. Advantages of PLFM are discussed based on the experimental data in the hydrolysis of soluble starch by glucoamylase immobilized on a porous honeycomb monolith. The result suggests that the nonlinear least-square method combined with PLFM is useful for many optimization problems in engineering fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (1414K) -
Meisen Li, Yoshiyuki Bando, Kenji Suzuki, Keiji Yasuda, Masaaki Nakamu ...2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 211-216
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSLiquid flow rate distribution in a rectangular trickle bed with non-uniformly packed structure was experimentally studied. Two kinds of particles with different diameters were packed in each side of the packed bed at a certain angle. Glass beads were used for the hydrophilic particles, and glass beads coated with PTFE for the hydrophobic ones. Two-dimensional distribution of liquid flow rate was measured. Also a point-source tracer experiment was performed to observe the local liquid flow.
Much of the liquid flows into the small particle side for the hydrophilic bed. The result is vice versa for the hydrophobic bed. These tendencies become more remarkable as the packed angle increases. An experimental equation on liquid distribution in the trickle bed with non-uniformly packed structure is proposed as a function of Capillary numbers of both particles and the packed angle.View full abstractDownload PDF (1241K) -
Shouli Sun, Noritatsu Tsubaki, Kaoru Fujimoto2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 232-238
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSCobalt-based catalysts showing high Fischer-Tropsch reaction activity in slurry-phase semi-batch reactor are studied. CO conversion increases with increasing cobalt loading, and chain growth probability increases as well. It is found that catalytic activity shows a linear relationship with the surface cobalt amount. At high cobalt loadings, two kinds of cobalt metal crystallites, cubic and hexagonal, exist, the cubic crystallite being predominant. The effects of reaction conditions, catalyst pore sizes, calcination and reduction temperatures are studied.View full abstractDownload PDF (214K) -
Toshitaka Funazukuri2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 292-296
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThis article studies the effects of various supercritical fluids on the weight losses of lignocellulosic materials with the data reported by Li and Kiran (1988). It is found that the solvent effect on the weight losses is of less importance than the thermal degradation reactions in the absence of water. In the presence of water at about 190°C and 29 MPa, the reaction order is 0.5 with respect to water mole fraction.View full abstractDownload PDF (223K)
Materials and Devices
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Hiroshi Sato, Isao Komasawa2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 262-266
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThe preparation of ultrafine CdS and ZnS particles is studied by combining particle preparation in reverse micelles and liquid-liquid extraction. Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) was added to the organic phase solution containing the extractant-metal ion complex, and either a reverse micellar solution containing Na2 or simply H2S gas was then added to the solution. The process of particle formation was followed by means of measurement of the absorption spectra. The key step is the release of the metal ion from the complex. The rate for the release governs the rate for particle growth, and thus controls the particle size. When the complex is stabilized too much, no particles are formed. The preparation of CdS and ZnS particles at high concentrations was also carried out.View full abstractDownload PDF (163K) -
Masakatsu Miura, Harumi Kaga, Shigenobu Tanaka, Kenji Takahashi, Koji ...2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 299-302
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSRapid microwave pyrolysis has been applied to a relatively large piece of larch (60 mm diameter and 60 mm height), namely a piece of lumber, within a short irradiation time. The yields of charred residue and tar were about 39 to 35%, and 20%, respectively, after 6 to 8 min of microwave irradiation. Based on the dry weight of the wood, an overall yield of 2.4% of levoglucosan was obtained. The specific surface area of the charred residue obtained from the central region of the wood was 550 to 655 m2·g−1. This surface area is much greater than that of char produced by a conventional carbonization process.View full abstractDownload PDF (707K) -
Yasumasa Takao, Makio Naito2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 317-322
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSOptical microscopy in reflection and transparent modes with normal and cross-polarized lights contributes to understand the particle-aggregated structures and their peculiar characteristics in the viscosity of an epoxy resin composite system filled with silica particles. The apparent viscosity of a 17 μm-SiO2 particle filled system shows minimum values compared with those of 13 and 27 μm particle systems. Only SiO2 primary properties such as particle size distribution and specific surface area are not enough for the understanding of the characteristics. Optical microscopy reveals that the 17 μm particle system has the smallest particle-aggregated structure of SiO2 in epoxy resin. This appears to explain the rheological properties and confirmed the possibility of the optical characterization to identify the particle-aggregated structure of epoxy composite filled with silica particle.View full abstractDownload PDF (3837K)
Separations
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Hongmei Lou, Fei Dong, Yoshiro Tominaga, Akio Kodama, Motonobu Goto, T ...2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 205-210
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThe separation performance of air dehumidification is investigated over a wide range of experimental conditions by using an isothermal PSA apparatus. Velocity ratio of purge to feed (γ), half cycle time, column length (L), and particle size are found to have a great effect on the product concentration, while the independent effect of pressure ratio (β) seems relatively small with fixed values of the other parameters. A simplified analytical model proposed previously, short cycle time approximation, is extended to the Langmuir isotherm to derive the following new algebraic equation which identifies the combination of the operating and design parameters.
ln[(1 – β)(CA1/CA0)] – ln(1 – 1/γ) = –(No′ – A)/r
in which No′ is a combined number of mass transfer units given by
No′ = (KAamL)/(1 + KA/KD)(1/uA – 1/uD)
and the parameter A in the equation is a simple function given by the velocity ratio γ and Langmuir coefficient r. Good agreement between the calculated results and the experimental data show that the short cycle time approximation is suitable for estimating the separation performance of the purification PSA process such as the present air dehumidification system with a better understanding of the role of each parameter on the separation performance.View full abstractDownload PDF (223K) -
Nobuaki Egoshi, Hiroshi Kawakami, Koichi Asano2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 245-252
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSMeasurements of the rates of mass transfer in binary cryogenic distillation of the nitrogen-oxygen and the argon-oxygen systems by a packed column with structured packings under total reflux conditions were made for a wide range of vapor flow rates, concentrations, and total pressures.
HETPs in cryogenic distillation show irregular scattering with vapor Reynolds numbers, and are observed to vary with oxygen concentration, whereas vapor phase diffusion fluxes were well correlated. A new correlation was proposed for the vapor phase diffusion fluxes for binary cryogenic distillation of the nitrogen-oxygen and the argon-oxygen systems by a packed column with structured packings. Prediction of separation performance of a binary cryogenic packed column distillation by simulation techniques based on the proposed local flux correlation was made to show good agreement with observed data. Application of the binary correlation to ternary cryogenic distillation of air by a pilot scale air separation plant is also discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1213K) -
Kunio Funakoshi, Hiroshi Takiyama, Masakuni Matsuoka2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 267-272
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSAgglomeration kinetics of sodium chloride crystals in batch crystallization are examined from the changes of the number of suspended particles experimentally. Product purity was measured and the mechanism of purity decrease by agglomeration is discussed. From the changes in particle size distributions and the number of suspended particles, rapid agglomeration of NaCl crystals is found to occur immediately after seeding. The agglomeration kinetics were correlated with the number of the suspended particles and the solution supersaturation. The product purity is found to be lower when the average number of elementary crystals constituting agglomerates is larger. It also becomes lower when the number of seed crystals is larger and the initial supersaturation is higher.View full abstractDownload PDF (4916K) -
Monali Dutta, Narendra N. Dutta, Krishna G. Bhattacharyya2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 303-307
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThe adsorption of certain beta-lactam antibiotics such as 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, 7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid, cephalexin, cefadroxyl, cephalosporin-C, and 6-aminopenicillanic acid in aqueous solution is studied using two different types of polymeric resins and activated carbon as the adsorbents. Adsorption affinity expresses as the slope of the linear region of the isotherm for a solute is found to be different for different adsorbents, and this difference can be interpreted from sorbent surface chemistry and morphological structure. The adsorptive interaction on the polymeric resins and activated carbon was computed based on the Frontier Orbital Theory. Electronic states of the adsorbent and adsorbate were calculated using the semiempirical molecular orbital (MO) method from which the characteristic energy of adsorption in aqueous solution was estimated. Adsorption affinity was correlated by the ratio of characteristic energy to that of the reference adsorbate. It was found that charge transfer interaction plays an important role in the adsorption of beta-lactams in aqueous solution. The experimentally measured enthalpy of adsorption was also correlated by the ratio of the characteristic energy to that of the reference adsorbate. The enthalpy of adsorption seems to correlate well with the adsorptive interaction energy computed from molecular orbital theory.View full abstractDownload PDF (208K) -
Masashi Iwata2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 308-312
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThe final states of materials after electro-osmotic dewatering are investigated. Based on our theory, the liquid pressure near the anode becomes negative if the materials are negatively charged. This negative pressure is offset by the positive solid compressive pressure arising from the force balance, resulting in a decrease in the local moisture content of the material. This propagates from the anode to the cathode until the pressure flow cancels out the electro-osmotic flow in any layer of the material. This paper explains the moisture distribution of the material at the end of the dewatering process. It is also shown that reversing the polarity of the electrodes results in a further decrease in the moisture content of the material.View full abstractDownload PDF (202K) -
Shigeo Goto, Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Tomohiko Tagawa, Piyasan Praser ...2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 330-333
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSA composite palladium membrane consists of a thin film of palladium layer coated on a ceramic support. Two kinds of models are formulated for the direction of permeation through the composite membrane (CP mode and PC mode). The apparent order of hydrogen pressure is varied from 0.5 to 1.0 by the relative values between two resistances of palladium film and ceramic support for the hydrogen permeation rate through the composite membrane. The relation between the apparent order and the relative resistance is dependent on the operating conditions. Once the apparent order can be determined from the linearity of experimental data, we can estimate the relative resistance.View full abstractDownload PDF (550K) -
Izumi Kumakiri, Takeo Yamaguchi, Shin-ichi Nakao2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 333-336
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThe reverse osmosis process needs no phase transformation during separation, and thus it has a potential in saving energy for liquid mixture separations. Application of reverse osmosis to organic liquid is limited, owing to the lower stability of polymer membranes against organic liquid. Zeolites are inorganic materials having durability against organic liquid and heat, and they show good separation ability in pervaporation. In this study, zeolite membrane was firstly applied to the reverse osmosis process. Zeolite A membrane, having thickness around 5 μm, showed 0.44 rejection from 10wt% ethanol water mixture. The membrane was stable to applied pressures up to 50 kgf cm–2.View full abstractDownload PDF (768K)
Particle Technology and Fluidization
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Wantae Kim, Qiwu Zhang, Fumio Saito2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 217-222
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSA novel process for synthesizing zeolite-A and X from kaolinite activated by dry grinding is investigated. The process consists of grinding of kaolinite and subsequent reaction with NaOH solution at 60°C. Zeolite-A and X can be synthesized from the process under normal pressure. Crystallization of zeolite-A and X is influenced by the activated state of kaolinite, and the formation of zeolite-X is accelerated as the activated state of kaolinite is improved. Wet milling of activated kaolinite in NaOH solution promotes formation of zeolite-X, of which specific surface area becomes extremely large.View full abstractDownload PDF (24440K) -
Hideto Yoshida, Atsushi Sugitate, Kunihiro Fukui, Eiji Shinoda, Jiefu ...2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 273-276
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSExperimental and theoretical studies are conducted on the effect of cyclones inlet shape on particle collection performance. Due to the centrifugal effect on incoming particles, the collection efficiency of a cyclone with curved inlet is higher than that with a straight inlet.
It is found that the collection efficiency for both types increases with increasing cyclone inlet velocity, and experimental data agree with calculated results.
From numerical simulation, it is also found that some of the particles are deposited in the inlet region of the dust box.View full abstractDownload PDF (399K) -
Yoshiyuki Bando, Rui Suzuki, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Hajime Sugita, Keiji Ya ...2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 296-299
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSA liquid-solid swirl fluidized bed (SFB) using centrifugal force is proposed for the application of a seeding method and the enhancement of heat transfer in processes utilizing geothermal energy, and the corresponding flow and heat transfer characteristics are experimentally examined. In the lower part of the SFB, many particles are carried by swirl flow. When liquid velocity is constant, fluidized bed height is lower in SFB than in the conventional fluidized bed (FB). The fluidized bed height in SFB depends on the initial bed height. The heat transfer coefficient is higher in SFB than in FB, and increases with increasing initial bed height.View full abstractDownload PDF (167K) -
Mikio Konno, Shinya Orihara2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 342-344
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSA simple technique was developed to produce micron-sized, highly monodisperse polystyrene particles in single stage polymerization in aqueous media. Polymerization was carried out in a reaction system of styrene/K2S2O8/water, to which an amphoteric surfactant, dimethyldodecylbetaine, was added at different reaction times. This polymerization procedure could produce particles with an average diameter of 2 μm and a coefficient of variation of particle size distribution of 3.4%, which is much smaller than the typical monodispersity criterion of 10%.View full abstractDownload PDF (521K)
Process Systems Engineering
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Ki-Saeng Kim, Tae-In Kwon, Yeong-Koo Yeo2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 285-291
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThis paper deals with the improvement experimental evaluation of bilinear model predictive control applied to the pH neutralization process. A bilinear model for the pH neutralization process is developed, and a one-step-ahead predictive control law based on the bilinear model is designed without inclusion of an offset compensator. The performance of the proposed control system was studied both numerically and experimentally. The good control performance obtained verifies the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive bilinear model predictive control method in the control of nonlinear chemical processes.View full abstractDownload PDF (229K) -
Hee-Jong Lee, Yeong-Koo Yeo2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 323-329
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSThe aim of the present investigation is the development of a practical model for a high-pressure polyethylene plant. The reactor considered in the present work is an adiabatic slim type autoclave with four zones for free radical polymerization of low density polyethylene (LDPE). A fairly comprehensive, but realistic model is described that has the ability to predict the temperature at each reaction zone, as well as the effects of initiator flow changes. From stability analysis we can identify the range of operating conditions which can effectively be used to prevent runaway reactions, and maximize polymer conversion in LDPE autoclaves.View full abstractDownload PDF (911K)
Biochemical, Food and Medical
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Jun-ichi Hata, Masahito Taya2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 277-284
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSHeterotrophic and photomixotrophic cultures of liverwort cells, Marchantia polymorpha, were carried out to investigate growth properties, carbon source utilization and photosynthetic activity of the cells under varied light conditions. The cultures were conducted at incident light intensities of I0 = 0, 30 and 100 W/m2 using an externally illuminated bioreactor containing a medium with 10 kg/m3 glucose as an organic carbon source. At the end of the culture, when glucose in the medium was almost consumed, the amounts of cells harvested were 4.5, 5.5, and 7.0 kg-dry cells/m3 in the cultures at I0 = 0, 30, and 100 W/m2, respectively. The average cell yield based on glucose in the culture at I0 = 100 W/m2 was 0.70, the value of which was 1.6 and 1.3 times as large as those of the cultures at I0 = 0 and 30 W/m2, respectively. In addition, it was estimated that carbon recovery in the cells from glucose ultimately reached 77% in the culture at I0 = 100 W/m2 and this value was the highest in the cultures examined. CO2 fixation and O2 evolution by photosynthesis in M. polymorpha cells were calculated from a stoichiometric equation of cell formation, and correlated with light energy absorbed by the cells in the mixotrophic cultures. It was estimated that the cells possessed photosynthetic ability to fix most of CO2 evolved by respiration over absorbed light energy of about 200 W/kg-dry cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1442K)
Safety, Environment and Energy
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Yunyi Liu, Kunio Kato2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 223-231
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSA powder-particle spouted bed (PPSB) is proposed for removal of SO2 from flue gas. Experimental results of a bench scale process show that, in addition to the known advantages in a semidry desulfurization process, a PPSB enables more efficient SO2 removal. However, quantitative investigation of the relationship between SO2 removal efficiency and the influential factors is still needed before a PPSB can be used in the flue gas desulfurization industry. In this paper, based on the analysis of chemical reaction and mass transfer between sorbent particles and flue gas, a method for analyzing the SO2 removal efficiencies in the semidry desulfurization process with a PPSB is proposed. The relations of SO2 removal efficiency to such parameters as stoichiometric ratio, approach to saturation temperature, and sorbent particle diameter are established. The desulfurization efficiency is numerically simulated by this method. Comparison of the calculated results with the experimental data shows that this method is of satisfactory reliability for prediction of SO2 removal efficiency in this new flue gas desulfurization process.View full abstractDownload PDF (1401K) -
Shu-Chen Hou, Chun-I Lin, Jung-Sung Hsu2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 239-244
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSRegeneration of spent bleaching clay by heat treatment in a gas stream was performed in a thermogravimetric analysis system. Red color indices of peanut oils unbleached and bleached with fresh or regenerated clay were determined to calculate regeneration efficiency. The effects of processing parameters such as atmosphere, temperature, time, air flow rate, and amount of clay on the regeneration efficiency have been investigated. Weight losses, specific surface areas and pore volumes of clays were measured to clarify the mechanism of regeneration. Results indicate that regeneration in an air stream is slightly more efficient than that in stagnant air, and air is more efficient than nitrogen. The regeneration efficiency of clay is found to increase with temperature and time. However, it is reduced due to sintering of the clay. Air flow rate and amount of clay do not have any effect on regeneration efficiency.View full abstractDownload PDF (203K) -
Koreyoshi Imamura, Atsuhiro Hiramatsu, Masanori Imada, Takaharu Sakiya ...2000 Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 253-261
Published: 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 26, 2004
JOURNAL RESTRICTED ACCESSA novel advanced oxidation system using a combined UV/H2O2 technique was constructed for application to wastewater treatment. In this system, wastewater containing H2O2 flows along a channel with a flat surface in a thin film, onto which surface UV rays with a wavelength of 253.7 nm are irradiated. As a model wastewater, we used various dye solutions and investigated decoloration rates under various conditions differing in H2O2 concentration, temperature, UV illuminance, and so on. Based on the model, which takes into consideration the formation as well as the disappearance rate of hydroxyl radical (•OH), distribution of UV illuminance along the depth of the flow, and the rate of reaction between dye and •OH, we could simulate the course of dye decomposition. Furthermore, we showed the existence of an optimum H2O2 concentration for decomposition on the basis of this model.View full abstractDownload PDF (1364K)
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