巻号一覧
120 巻 (2011)
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120 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の17件中1～17を表示しています
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表紙
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2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. Cover02_1-Cover02_2
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリー2010年は太平洋高気圧におおわれて8月を中心に暑さが厳しく，6月以降，東京でも最高気温が35℃を超える猛暑日が13日間，明け方の気温が25℃以下に下がらない熱帯夜の日数が56日間という記録的な高温状態が継続した．
表紙写真は，都心部で最高気温が36.5℃を記録した8月15日の正午頃に，都心湾岸部の上空約5000フィート（1525m）からヘリコプターに搭載したサーモグラフィーで捉えた地表面の熱画像（放射輝度温度分布）である．なお，放射率は一律（ε＝1.0）に設定し，表面材質の違いによる補正は行っていない．
皇居（A）や浜離宮庭園（E）など，緑豊かなエリアが比較的低温を示すほか，南北に流れる隅田川（F）の水面が28℃以下と低くなっており，東京湾からの涼しい海風を通す「風の道」としても有効に働いていることがわかる．また，東京駅周辺（B）や汐留の高層ビル群（C）付近も比較的低温になっている．
一方，湾岸の埋め立て地域や隅田川東岸に広がる密集した中低層商工業地帯の表面温度は40℃を超えている．築地の東京都中央卸売市場（D）の表面温度が高いのは，建物の屋根面の材質が影響していると考えられる．
（文：三上岳彦 熱画像：スカイマップ株式会社）抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1547K)
特集号：都市気候
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Takehiko MIKAMI, Yasushi SAKAKIBARA, Takashi HAMADA, Jun MATSUMOTO, Ri ...2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 249-251
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (65K) -
三上 岳彦, 榊原 保志, 浜田 崇, 松本 淳, 鈴木 力英, 熊木 洋太2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 252-254
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (255K)
総説
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中川 清隆2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 255-284
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーFujibe (2007) reviewed urban climate research in Japan, and presented five formation factors of the urban heat island: (1) anthropogenic heat, (2) decreased evapotranspiration due to urbanization (especially removal of vegetation), (3) change of heat balance equation for urban canopy, (4) greenhouse effect due to air pollution, and (5) dynamic mixing due to buildings. Fujibe (2007) assumes the latter two formation factors of the urban heat island (4) and (5) are not determinate, although he concluded that the former three formation factors from (1) to (3) are correct.
Although Fujibe's (2007) review is excellent, the above-mentioned factors were already described clearly in Oke's (1978) textbook, and are described from a viewpoint that is biased towards changes in the urban surface heat balance. The above factor (5), dynamic mixing due to buildings, is not a change in the urban surface heat balance, but considers changes in the thermal capacity of the urban boundary layer. The present paper reviews studies on the formation mechanism of the urban heat island in Japan with special emphasis on the relationships between heat island intensity and boundary layer of urban areas.
As a result, it is pointed out that the different wind velocity dependency of the urban heat island intensity responds to the fact that the urban boundary layer is divided into the urban dome under calm conditions and the urban plume under windy conditions.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1983K) -
日下 博幸2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 285-295
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーA review of urban climate studies using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is presented. First, a brief description of WRF is presented. Second, three urban parameterization schemes in WRF are introduced. Third, urban heat island studies are summarized, including some results in related fields. Recent studies on urban rainfall are also summarized. Finally, some future issues are described.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3420K)
論説
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渡来 靖, 中川 清隆, 福岡 義隆2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 296-308
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーIn this study, observation and simulation data are analyzed to examine the causes of the rapid rise of surface air temperature in the inland area of northwestern Kanto Plain, Central Japan on 20 February 2009. A numerical simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model shows that the temperature rise was mainly brought about by a downward wind with adiabatic heating over the area. Backward trajectory analysis indicates that the descending air parcel came from the southward warm area, in relation to the passage of a cyclone over the Kanto Plain. At about 1600 JST, the wind at the 850 hPa surface was divided into northward and southward by the central-Japan mountains, and converged over the northwestern Kanto area, which implied the formation of a downward wind. We suggest that the downward wind had the feature of a dry foehn, which was not accompanied by a precipitation process.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (6369K)
報告
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赤坂 郁美, 安藤 晴夫, 横山 仁, 大久保 さゆり, 高橋 一之, 泉 岳樹, 三上 岳彦2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 309-316
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーTo investigate the spatial and temporal variability of the urban heat island, a high-spatial density meteorological observation system was set up in the Tokyo ward area by Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection (TMRIEP) and Tokyo Metropolitan University from July 2002 to March 2005. The observation system was named Meteorological Environmental Temperature and Rainfall Observation System (METROS) and consisted of two observation networks named METROS20 and METROS100; METROS20 was made to observe meteorological factors (wind direction and speed, pressure, rainfall etc.) on the roofs of 20 buildings; METROS100 was made to observe temperature and humidity in instruments screens of 106 elementary schools. Since April 2005, observations of temperature and humidity were continued with the instruments screens of elementary schools by TMRIEP. This observation network was maintained until March 2010.
Based on their observations, temporal and spatial characteristics of thermal environment of Tokyo have been investigated such as temperature range, especially in summer. For example, warmer areas differ between daytime and nighttime as shown by spatial patterns in rate of time exceeding 30 degrees Celsius and number of sultry nights: the warmer area is located from central part to northern part of the Tokyo ward area during daytime and from central part to coastal area during nighttime.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2295K) -
三上 岳彦, 大和 広明, 広域METROS研究会2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 317-324
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーThis paper describes our newly developed high-resolution temperature observational system called Extended-METROS, which has been deployed in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area since 2006. Some climatological mean temperature charts using Extended-METROS data are analyzed in terms of urban climatology, and detailed urban heat island temperature patterns are clarified. Rainfall measurements were set up from August 2010 at 40 points in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The relationship between urban heat islands and local-scale heavy rainfall patterns in urban areas will also be analyzed based on our high-resolution meteorological observation system.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1113K)
論説
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大和 広明, 三上 岳彦, 高橋 日出男2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 325-340
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーWe analyze the influence of sea breeze on temperature distribution in the Kanto Plain (central Japan) on a day that a sea breeze front was detected (known as sea-breeze front days) using high-resolution temperature data observed by our research team.
The high-temperature area on sea breeze front days moves northwest from central Tokyo, and was located at Kawagoe city (middle Kanto Plain) at 14 JST, and the northern Kanto Plain at 16 to 18 JST, respectively. This high-temperature area appears at the head of the sea breeze front to the leeward of central Tokyo, where the daily maximum temperature is highest in Kawagoe city and the northern Kanto Plain. After the sea breeze front passes, the area where the temperature is higher than that at the circumference is distributed in the shape of a wedge. This wedge-shaped area is located to the leeward of central Tokyo where the wind from Tokyo Bay and Sagami Bay forms a convergence zone. The high-temperature area around Kawagoe city, which cannot be found on days with strong winds, is formed from the hindrance of cold air advection caused by sea breeze front penetration.
On the other hand, high temperatures in the northern Kanto Plain may not be related to the penetration of sea breeze fronts, which do not reach the northern Kanto Plain on days when the daily maximum temperature is recorded. However, the temperature in the northern Kanto Plain is higher on sea breeze days than on strong southerly wind days, and this suggests that local circulation plays an important role in causing high temperatures in the northern Kanto.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4147K) -
高橋 一之, 三上 岳彦, 高橋 日出男専門分野: 夏季夜間に東京のヒートアイランド現象が局地風系に及ぼす影響
2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 341-358
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリー本研究は，2003年と2004年の2年間の夏季の観測データをもとに，東京のヒートアイランド（UHI）現象が局地風系に及ぼす影響を解析した。本研究では，東京の高密度観測システム（METROS）のデータを基本的に使用した。本研究は，夜間のUHIに大きな影響があると考えられる，夜間の局地風系にとくに焦点を当てた。本研究では，最初に昼夜の局地風系の交替が起こった日で事例解析を行った。次に，2年間の夏季のデータで合成図解析を行った。本研究の結果は以下のようにまとめられる。
局地風系の挙動が，東京の気温分布と密接に関連していることがわかった。沿岸部での夜間の北寄りの風の風速と継続時間は，北部や都心部と比べてずっと弱く短かった。気温勾配と南北風速との関係から，夜間に気温勾配が小さい東京のUHIの中心付近に，静穏域の存在が予想された。静穏域の存在は事例解析で確認された。静穏域の形成は，UHIによる風の収束に起因すると考えられる。
事例解析でみられた静穏域は，11日間の昼夜の局地風系の交替が起こった日の合成図解析でも深夜から早朝にみられた。さらに，静穏域は夜間の風速が小さい47日間の弱風日（2年間の7月と8月の38%）の合成図解析でもみられ，夏季に東京で一般的に存在する現象であることが示唆された。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (5068K) -
高橋 日出男, 中村 康子, 鈴木 博人2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 359-381
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーThis study presents the minute spatial structure of both the frequency of intense rainfall (data from the 1991 to 2002, except 1993, were used) and recent trends (15-25 years until 2002) in the special wards of the Tokyo Metropolis in summer (June to September), on the basis of hourly rainfall data from a dense rain-gauge network. As this is the first step in elucidating the relationship between the distribution of the frequency of intense rainfall and that of surface roughness in metropolitan Tokyo, the averaged number of building stories within a certain area, which is referred to as the smoothed building height (SBH), was assumed to be an alternative parameter when deciding surface roughness. The distribution of the ascending rate of SBH (hereafter, the ascending rate of SBH is referred to as ARS) for wind direction was calculated by varying the averaging area for SBH, in order to compare it to the distribution of intense rainfall frequency. The results are summarized as follows.
The high-frequency areas of intense rainfall appear in the western to northern parts of the area comprising the wards and along the boundary between the Tokyo Metropolis and Saitama Prefecture. The frequency of intense rainfall in these areas is two to three times as high as that in the eastern part of the area comprising the wards. Moreover, the maximum areas of intense rainfall frequency are localized in the western, northern to northwestern, and southern part of the area comprising the wards, corresponding to wind direction. These areas are situated 3-5 km from the leeward side of the area, where the ARS derived from the SBH at a 1-2 km scale is large, that is, the vicinities of Shinjuku (SNJ), Ikebukuro (IKB), and Shibuya (SBY). Accordingly, we suggest that the large surface roughness due to high-rise buildings in the western part of the area comprising the wards has the effect of increasing the frequency of intense rainfall.
The increasing trend of intense rainfall is clear in the western part of the area comprising the wards, whereas a decreasing trend, although not statistically significant, is seen in the eastern part of the area comprising the wards. It is noted that observational stations with large increasing trends of intense rainfall, such as Nakano (NKN) and Shinagawa (SNG), are located 3-5 km from the leeward side of SNJ and on the shore of Tokyo Bay in the southern part of the area comprising the wards, respectively, where the ARS for easterly winds derived from the SBH at a 1-2 km scale is large.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (6889K) -
境田 清隆, 江越 新, 倉持 真之2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 382-391
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーThe mitigation of the urban heat island phenomenon by local circulations of land and sea breezes has recently become a subject of major interest. This study aims to clarify the effects of sea breezes on the urban heat island phenomenon in Sendai, Northeast Japan, paying attention to the vertical mixing effects of tall buildings.
In Sendai city, where the urban heat island phenomenon has developed along with sea breeze circulation, spatially dense observations of temperature were carried out with instrument screens at twenty-five elementary schools in and around the urban area from 2000 to 2004.
When a sea breeze begins to blow, the air temperature in the coastal region peaks and does not rise during daytime. By comparing the warming quantity during the day when sea breezes do not blow, the cooling effects of the sea breeze are evaluated quantitatively. It was found that cooling effects are remarkable in May and June, and disappear in September. Cooling effects in the urban center do not differ from those in the suburban area, in spite of dense buildings and large number of roughness parameters. Because of the mixing function, the large number of roughness parameters is considered to be useful to pull the cool air mass of sea breezes down to the ground.
Vertical observations of wind and air temperature at the Miyagi Prefectural headquarters, which is located in the central business district (CBD), were carried out from July 2007 to July 2008. When sea breezes begins to blow, downward air currents were observed at the windward walls of buildings, and the cooling effects of sea breezes were identified gradually from the tops of tall buildings to the ground. The horizontal distributions of air temperature during the day with sea breezes produce relatively cool areas near the coast and in the urban center. The cooling effects of sea breezes appear to be more remarkably in the urban center than in the residential area where there are no tall buildings.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3512K) -
榊原 保志, 中川 清隆2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 392-402
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーThis paper describes the vertical structure of the nocturnal heat island in a small town. Tethered balloon soundings were conducted 180 times in and around an urban area on nights with light winds from March 2003 to May 2005. Surface inversions developed not only in rural areas but also in urban areas. Surface inversions developed quickly after sunset at the rural site, whereas development was slower at the urban site. At six hours after sunset the vertical temperature profile in the urban area was the same as that in the rural area. Heat island formation in the small town was related to the delay in the development of surface inversion in the urban area. The crossover effect can be seen in only three of 23 surveys for which vertical soundings were performed in both urban and rural areas.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1878K)
短報
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浜田 崇, 一ノ瀬 俊明2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 403-410
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーTo clarify the effects of mountain winds on urban temperatures, meteorological observations were conducted in the summers of 2008 and 2009 in Nagano City, central Japan. Hamada et al. (2006) showed that mountain winds blew along the Susobana River, extending into the center of Nagano City. This study selected Nagano Prefectural Office (NPO), which is near the center of Nagano City as a site to observe mountain winds blowing into the city, while Nagano Local Meteorological Observatory (NLMO) at the periphery of the city was selected as an observation site not to mountain winds. Wind conditions at NPO and NLMO were classified as days with (15 cases) and without (37 cases) mountain winds, respectively. Average air temperature, wind direction and speed, and relative humidity at the two points were compared for each case. As a result, at NPO, average wind speed was about 5 m/s, air temperature dropped, and relative humidity increased on days with mountain winds. On these days, air temperature was reduced by up to 2°C, with an average drop of 0.5°C. The drop in temperature with the mountain winds was negatively correlated (r = -0.46, p < 0.001) with wind speed, and the relationship depended on the strength of radiative cooling.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1292K)
総説
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成田 健一, 菅原 広史2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 411-425
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーThe mitigation effects of green spaces in urban areas are investigated with several microclimatic observations in Tokyo. On a clear calm night, flow-out wind directions from green spaces to surrounding areas were discerned at measuring points along the boundary with a sharp temperature fall of a few degrees. These imply the accumulation of a cold air mass in the park and its gravitational flow-out into the surrounding area. Under this condition, a significant air temperature drop in an adjacent built-up area was observed within a range of 80-90 m from the boundary in the case of Shinjuku-Gyoen Park. This limit was more or less fixed throughout the night, regardless of cool-island intensity. During the seeping out of cold air, cool-island intensity increases, but sensible heat flux was almost zero. The cooling ability of parks is not directly related to cool-island intensity. Such cold-air seeping-out phenomena are observed not only in large parks but also at a green-full apartment complex, a small green slope and even a stepped roof garden.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4771K)
論説
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菅原 広史, 田中 博春, 成田 健一, 中野 智子, 三上 岳彦2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 426-432
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーSynchronized kite-balloons measurements revealed the development of a nocturnal stable layer in an urban green park. The vertical structure of the park cool island is discussed. A stable layer developed in the park. In the surrounding urban area, neutral stratification was maintained all night. In spite of different weather conditions on the two nights measured, the park stable layer developed up to similar height (50 m). Three temperature profiles measured at a flat area in the park showed similar vertical gradients from surface to tree height (ca. 10 m). This means that the horizontal distribution of air temperature measured at the surface level represents the lowest 10 m of the atmospheric boundary layer.
Calm, clear sky conditions triggered the development of a colder layer in the park than the surrounding area. The maximum height of the colder layer was found to be 71 m. The cooling energy for cold air formation over park was estimated to be 5 Wm-2.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1649K)
書評
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古今書院，2010年12月菊地 俊夫2011 年 120 巻 2 号 p. 433-434
発行日: 2011/04/25
公開日: 2011/06/30
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (357K)
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