巻号一覧
122 巻, 1 号
特集号：地下の遅い流体挙動（Part II）—フィールドと室内実験からみる—
選択された号の論文の15件中1～15を表示しています
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2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. Cover01_1-Cover01_3
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリー（表面）珪藻殻起源のシリカ分を多く含む珪質岩は米国カリフォルニア州に分布するモンテレー層をはじめとし，環太平洋地域に中新統～下部鮮新統として広く分布する（Ingle, 1981; Isaacs, 1987）．本邦東北地方に分布する珪質岩の代表は，中期～後期中新世女川層である．女川層の露頭での見かけは地域や層準でさまざまである．そのなかでも特徴とされているのが，この写真のようにいわゆる“硬軟互層”を呈することである．互層の硬質部は厚さ数10cm以下のポーセラナイト，軟質部は厚さ10cm以下の珪質泥岩からなる．女川層珪質岩は本邦で最も優秀な石油・天然ガス根源岩として知られ，通常，有機物含有量はポーセラナイトで0.1～3wt%，珪質泥岩で2～6wt%である．また，女川層珪質岩は，その孔隙が埋没続成に伴って拡大することで貯留岩ともなり，より深部から移動してきた石油・天然ガスを貯留して油ガス層となっていることが知られている．本露頭から数km西方の由利原–鮎川油ガス田は，このような油ガス層が発達する典型例で，その探鉱開発が1990年ころより行われてきた（辻ほか, 本号）．また最近，同油ガス田での女川層珪質岩中の油はシェールオイルとしての再評価もなされつつあり，エネルギー資源論の観点からも注目を集めるようになっている．
（写真：斉藤雄一，解説：辻 隆司・早稲田 周・横井 悟 1988年5月22日撮影）
（裏面）モンテレー層は有機物に富みカリフォルニア州の主要油根源岩となっている．明るい色の硬質部はシリカに富むチャートで，フラクチャーを黒い油が埋める．本露頭でのシリカの結晶相はOpal-CTが主体で最大埋没時でも石英への相転移温度には達していないので，おそらく有機物も石油生成にたる熱を被っておらず根源岩としては未熟成である．フラクチャーを埋める油はベーズンのより深い場所の熟成したモンテレー層で生成され，構造上位のこのフラクチャー貯留岩に移動したと推定される．モンテレー層の珪質岩はシェールオイルとして100年以上石油が生産されているが，1969年の沖合での大規模油田発見以降非在来型石油貯留岩として注目されてきたものである．
（写真・解説：星 一良 1992年3月撮影）抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2401K)
特集号：地下の遅い流体挙動（Part II）—フィールドと室内実験からみる—
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Tomochika TOKUNAGA, Osam SANO, Kazuyoshi HOSHI, Hiromi HONDA, Tomio IN ...2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 1-7
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (160K) -
徳永 朋祥, 佐野 修, 星 一良, 本田 博巳, 稲崎 富士, 徂徠 正夫, 松岡 俊文, 安原 正也, 小出 仁2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 8-15
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (430K)
論説
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中山 一夫, 高橋 利宏, 加藤 新2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 16-33
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーOil and gas column heights and accumulation status within the reservoir can be understood from the relationship between top seal capacity and height of trap (level of spill point). In previous studies, such evaluations were limited to hydrostatic conditions. This paper presents a study on abnormally high pressure conditions where pressure increases stepwise in sandstone layers toward the core of a folded structure, as in the case study offshore Sabah, Malaysia. First, the stepwise convex-upward shaped oil water contact (OWC) is investigated in the field, from which it is concluded that abnormally high pressures caused the conditions. A gradually progressive pressure increase toward the core axis within the folded structure contributed to the reduction in the column height of oil accumulated at the central part, showing a stepwise upwardly convex OWC. Second, an attempt is made to quantitatively predict conditions by applying data from only the exploration well. Estimated oil reserves based on this form of accumulation were found to be more than double that assumed by the conventional flat OWC. This concept will widen the scope of applications for future oil exploration.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (5189K) -
本田 博巳2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 34-68
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーThe purpose of this study is to estimate the average flow rate of subsurface formation water through an overpressured reservoir in a significant gas field.
Oil (or gas)/water contact in a field can be recognized as a representation of the hydraulic potential surface. Gradient of the potential surface is equivalent to hydraulic gradient in Darcy equation for steady flow of fluidal continuum. Supposing or sampling data of hydraulic coefficient (well data, etc.), therefore, flow rate can be calculated based on Darcy equation.
Inclined oil (or gas)/water contacts have been discovered in many fields around the world to date. A hydrodynamic theory has been proposed to explain the physical mechanism of inclined contacts (Hubbert, 1953). Peciko gas field in the Mahakam Delta Province, East Kalimantan, Indonesia gives a typical example of inclined contact. The hydraulic gradient governing the Peciko gas field is caused by the hydraulic gradient between its adjacent hydrostatic domain and a highly over-pressured domain. The present average flow rate in the gas zone is estimated to be 3.1 mm/year. This value is less than 2.5 cm/year of subsurface fluid migration in the North Sea estimated by England et al. (1987).
The size of a water molecule (2.1 × 10-10 m) indicates that the slow flow means almost no flow on average. Considering that gas accumulation in the Peciko gas field plugs the paths of fluid migration over the field, the present fluid flow averaged over the field should be less than the normal water saturated environment. Under some assumptions, the flow rate would be 3.1 mm/year; this estimate is consistent when averaging those of sandstone and mudstone.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (10385K)
総説
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辻 隆司, 早稲田 周, 横井 悟2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 69-89
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーSilica mineral phase transformations in addition to mechanical compaction and cementation, affect burial diagenetic processes in diatomaceous sediments. Thus, the porosity and/or permeability of siliceous sediments abruptly change with the transformations. Among these diagenetic changes, the transformation from opal-CT to quartz is the most important process in petroleum geology. In this transformation process, permeability improves due to the improvement of pore connectivity induced by the net-like development of new pores. If enough silica is supplied during the process, the silica attaches selectively to portions with high permeability. In this process, the formation of chert just below the transformation boundary is possible. Chert is the most brittle of siliceous rocks and is capable of forming fractured reservoirs. If insufficient silica is supplied, quartz porcelanite with a low clay content shows high reservoir quality within the one-thousand meter interval below the transformation depth. If a clay-rich layer is interbedded in that interval, mechanical compaction progresses selectively in the layer. As a result, opal-CT porcelanite directly above the transformation boundary and clay-rich quartz porcelanite layer below the boundary seal hydrocarbons that have migrated from deeper zones. Meanwhile, if the basin uplifts and the transformation depth becomes shallower than about 500 meters, the permeability of opal-CT porcelanite above the transformation boundary could be as high as the permeability of the quartz porcelanite below it. In that case, opal-CT porcelanite directly above the transformation boundary does not provide an effective seal.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (24981K)
論説
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—削剥量の推定，荒谷背斜の隆起と中越地震—星 一良2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 90-115
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーThe sonic log provides a good compaction curve that shows the porosity of sediments reducing with depth. Sonic-determined compaction curves from 150 wells in the Niigata Sedimentary Basin are classified into three types: Nagaoka-heiya, Niigata-heiya, and Takada-heiya. The Nagaoka-heiya type is the most common compaction curve in Niigata with Δt (formation interval transit time) decreasing continuously with depth. The Niigata-heiya type shows less compaction with Δt decreasing more gradually. The Takada-heiya type shows more compaction than the Nagaoka-heiya type at depths greater than 1500 m. Compaction is controlled mainly by burial depth, but also by time and temperature. No clear relationships are observed between compaction rate and overpressure or sand/shale ratio.
The Niigata-heiya-type wells, which show lower compaction, are distributed in areas with young and rapid sedimentation of more than 2000 m/m.y. Rapid sedimentation may cause insufficient dewatering from pore spaces, in turn causing overpressure and undercompaction. However, the Niigata-heiya-type wells do not show distinctive overpressure, so insufficient dewatering does not explain low compaction. Mechanical rearrangement of sedimentary grain framework takes a relatively long time, and 1 m.y. is not long enough for complete rearrangement of 2000 m thick sediments.
Higher temperature accelerates chemical processes such as diagenesis and cementation. Wells of the Takada-heiya type are believed to have been exposed to higher thermal gradients between 16 Ma to 9 Ma, causing rapid compaction and higher maturity of source rocks. Several normal compaction trends have been established for each area in the Niigata Basin.
The amount of eroded strata at each well was estimated by referring to the normal compaction trend, and an erosion map of the Niigata basin was made. The hypocenter of the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake was located 13 km below the Araya Anticline. Estimated erosion is concordant with the shape of the anticline and deformation of the earthquake. Its cross-section and geohistory diagram indicate the Araya Anticline was initiated at about 1.3 Ma by an inverse movement of the Inokurayama Fault, where a normal fault was reactivated as a reverse fault, and 1600 m of sediments were subsequently eroded.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (9338K) -
—三浦半島西部沿岸域でのボーリング調査—長谷川 琢磨, 中田 弘太郎, 近藤 浩文, 五嶋 慶一郎, 村元 茂則, 富岡 祐一, 後藤 和幸, 柏谷 公希2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 116-138
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
[早期公開] 公開日: 2012/12/05ジャーナル フリーGroundwater dating was applied to characterize the groundwater flow in the West coastal area of the Miura Peninsular belonging to Neocene sedimentary rock. At the location of the borehole, the Miura Group is distributed from the surface to a depth of 210 m, and the Hayama Group is distributed at depths greater than 210 m. The hydraulic conductivities of the Miura Group and the Hayama Group are 1 × 10-7 m/s and 1 × 10-9 m/s, respectively.
There are significant differences between the Miura Group and the Hayama Group. 14C concentration is high (40 to 60 pmC) in the Miura Group and is low (10 pmC) at upper part of the Hayama Group. 36Cl/Cl is equivalent to modern sea water in the Miura Group and in-situ equilibrium in the Hayama Group. 4He concentration is equivalent to atmospheric equilibrium at the upper part of the Miura Group. 4He concentration increases with depth and is constant at 2 × 10-5ccSTP/gw in the Hayama Group. 4He concentration of 2 × 10-5ccSTP/gw is equivalent to 7 Ma accumulation of in-situ production. δ37Cl is equivalent to SMOC in the Miura Group and decrease with depth in the Hayama Group. This implies that advection is dominant in the Miura Group and diffusion is dominant in the Hayama Group.
These results are consistent with each other and indicate the difference in groundwater mobility between the Miura Group and the Hayama Group. The difference in groundwater mobility is also supported by: (1) the difference in hydraulic conductivities of the Miura Group and the Hayama Group, (2) fresh water is dominant in the Miura Group and seawater is dominant in the Hayama Group, and (3) the shift of δ18O due to water-rock interaction in the Hayama Group. It is confirmed that groundwater dating provides useful information to evaluate the groundwater flow in a coastal area. This multiple approach could be useful to obtain reliable results.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2179K) -
久保 大樹, 小池 克明, 劉 春学, 栗原 新, 松岡 稔幸2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 139-158
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
[早期公開] 公開日: 2012/12/05ジャーナル フリーNumerical simulations have been the most effective method for estimating flow pattern, flux, and flow velocity of the groundwater to precisely characterize large-scale groundwater systems. Spatial modeling of the 3D distribution of hydraulic conductivity over a study area is indispensable to obtain accurate simulation results. However, such spatial modeling is difficult in most cases due to the limitations of hydraulic conductivity data in terms of their volume and location. To overcome these problems and establish an advanced technique, we adopt geostatistics and combine a fracture distribution model with measured conductivity data, selecting the Tono area situated in Gifu Prefecture, central Japan for the field study. The size of the main target area covers 12 km (E-W) by 8 km (N-S), with a depth range of 1.5 km, and it is chiefly underlain by Cretaceous granite. Because the distribution of 395 hydraulic test data acquired along the 25 deep boreholes was biased, the data values were compared to the dimensions of simulated fractures using GEOFRAC. As a result, a positive correlation was identified. Using a regression equation for the correlation, hydraulic conductivity values were assigned to every simulated fracture. Then, a sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) was applied to construct a 3D spatial model of hydraulic conductivity using those assumed values and actual test data. The plausibility of the resulting model was confirmed through the continuity of high and low permeable zones. The next step is a groundwater flow simulation using MODFLOW and the model. The simulation results were regarded to be appropriate because distribution of hydraulic head, locations of major discharge points, and anisotropy of hydraulic behavior of the Tsukiyoshi fault correspond to the results of observations. The most noteworthy feature detected in the groundwater flow model from the simulation results is that descending flow, horizontal southward flow at depth, and ascending flow are formed from recharge to discharge areas passing through the Tsukiyoshi fault, which agree with the configuration of the continuous simulated fractures.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (6236K)
総説
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小泉 尚嗣2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 159-169
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
[早期公開] 公開日: 2012/12/05ジャーナル フリーResearch on coseismic and postseismic groundwater pressure changes is important for evaluating long-term groundwater stability in seismically active regions such as Japan. It is also important for preventing and reducing earthquake-induced geological disasters such as landslides. This study reviews literature and clarifies abrupt coseismic changes and subsequent postseismic gradual changes in groundwater pressure. Coseismic changes result from ground shaking and coseismic crustal deformation. Postseismic changes are gradual changes, which can be described by a diffusion equation with new initial values and boundary conditions due to ground shaking and coseismic crustal deformation. The effects of crustal deformation on groundwater pressure appear to be limited in the vicinity of the seismic source region, although that of ground shaking can remain in distant areas. Because a variety of factors and conditions affect earthquake-related groundwater pressure changes, each should be investigated to more accurately clarify the effects on coseismic and postseismic groundwater pressure changes. This research may contribute toward clarifying seismicity mechanisms triggered by distant earthquakes.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (682K)
論説
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西山 哲, 佐野 修, 伊藤 久男, 高橋 学2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 170-191
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーIt is well known that longitudinal wave velocities and attenuation coefficients in fluid-saturated porous rocks vary with frequency. Evidence comes from experimental measurements and the poroelastic theory using Biot's model. A number of experimental studies in the literature report either direct or indirect evidence of elastic wave dispersion in water-saturated porous rocks. Biot's model predicts a low-frequency sound speed, followed by an increase to a higher sound speed beyond a transition frequency. Biot's model of large-scale mechanisms explains well the dispersion observed in high-porosity rocks, but the predictions of Biot's theory for dispersion are usually lower than measured values by some orders of magnitude. Measurements show that the Biot's model alone does not adequately explain observed velocity dispersion. As a result, much research has been devoted to modifying some aspects of the theory to include additional dispersion mechanisms. Viscoelasticity due to the creation of a local fluid flow approach was devised to represent an additional dispersion mechanism to Biot's model, because Biot's theory ignores the effects of fluid distribution heterogeneity within rocks on their seismic properties. This approach focuses on losses that occur due to the local flow of pore fluid in an individual pore when it undergoes deformation caused by passing longitudinal waves. Several applications of local flow effects can be found in the literature and the squirt-flow is generally known as a dispersion mechanism resulting from pore pressure relaxation caused by viscous flow. However, it is difficult to construct a quantitative model of local flow phenomena because it has to address rock on a microscopic pore-scale level. So far, there has been no consensus on the role of a mechanism that adequately predicts the observed dispersion properties of real rocks. The main purpose of this paper is to provide further insights into the nature of squirt-flow phenomena. Sedimentary rock and crystalline rock specimens were tested using longitudinal waves for differences in velocity dispersion phenomena observed in each specimen, and we examined whether we can quantitatively explain the observed magnitude of dispersion in a variety of rocks. The measurements and theoretical argument show that the squirt-flow model can be applied to observed experimental data. Moreover, it is clear that we can estimate the permeability of rock specimens and artificial porous media using seismic wave dispersion characteristics based on the squirt-flow model.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4147K) -
竹田 幹郎, 間中 光雄, 平塚 剛, 三好 悟, 徳永 朋祥, 伊藤 一誠2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 192-213
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーOne of the key issues in the hydrogeologic characterization of sedimentary formations is uncertainty about fluid pressure anomalies that might be generated by chemical osmosis. Groundwater flow under the influence of chemical osmosis is dominated by salinity supply conditions at the boundaries of a semi-permeable formation, as well as by the properties of formation media related to solute and fluid migrations.
To obtain chemico-osmotic, diffusion, and hydraulic parameters from a single rock sample, this study devised a laboratory experimental method consisting of permeability and chemical-osmosis experiments, and developed an experimental system capable of performing both experiments on a natural rock sample in sequence under in situ effective stress conditions. The experimental method devised was successively applied to determine the parameters of siliceous mudstone taken from the Wakkanai formation in the Horonobe research area of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. In the chemical-osmosis experiment, a pressure of almost 100 kPa (about 10 mH2O) was induced by chemical osmosis under a NaCl concentration difference of almost 0.45 mol/L.
A series of numerical examinations was performed using 1D hydrogeological models, which revealed that the evolution of osmotically-induced fluid pressure, the duration of chemical osmosis, and the direction of net water flux in semi-permeable formation might depend on salinity supply conditions at the boundaries of a semi-permeable formation. A set of type curves for salinity and pressure profiles in the semi-permeable formation were also obtained to facilitate a preliminary examination of the possibility of chemical osmosis in sedimentary formations. The analytical development was performed using a dimensionless number representing the ratio between time constants of pressure propagation and solute diffusion. Therefore, the results are useful for screening formations where chemical osmosis might exist.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4198K)
寄書
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—実践的石油地質学者かつ実践的国際事業活動評論家—本田 博巳, 中山 一夫, 星 一良, 徳永 朋祥, 古宇田 亮一, 松岡 俊文2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. 214-225
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリー故眞柄欽次博士は1936年4月23日に福井県で誕生され，カナダ，ブリティッシュコロンビア州,ヴィクトリアにて2007年2月20日に逝去された。眞柄さん（以下，会の通例に従い，「さん」で呼ばせていただくことする）は1960年代に，新潟県の第三系堆積盆において，坑井での音波検層ログを利用して，世界に先駆けて，泥質岩の圧密過程の解析方法と地下流体移動論を打ち立てられた方である。日本におけるだけでなく，世界的に評価された「石油の下方移動論」を提唱し，今日の用語でいう，Basin analysisを実行された。眞柄さんの業績は大掴みにして，以下のような4期に分帯できよう。
［第1期］
1959年～：京都大学理学部卒業（地質学専攻）; 帝国石油に入社; 後に，石油資源開発（株）に移籍。この間，新潟県内での試掘等携わるとともに，泥質岩の圧密に関する研究を行う。成果を順次，石油技術協会誌に公表した。京都大学より理学博士。
［第2期］
1967年：Canadian National Geology Researchの研究員に招聘; 後にCalgary, Alberta, Canadaに移動。
1969年：Imperial Oil Company （Exxon Canada）に exploration specialistとして入社。
1977年：Reservoir Studies Institute, Texas Tech UniversityのProfessorに就任。
1979年：Bureau of Economic Geology, the University of Texas at Austinにresearch scientist/adjunct professorとして就任。
［第3期］
1981年：King Abdul-Aziz University of Saudi ArabiaのProfessorに就任。
1992年：United Arab Emirates UniversityのProfessor of Natural Sciencesに就任。
［第4期］
1995年：筑波大学大学院教授就任。
2000年：島根県立大学大学院北東アジア研究科教授就任。
2007年2月20日：逝去。同日付で島根県立大学大学院名誉教授就任。
眞柄さんの業績は多岐にわたる。第1期・2期・3期では石油地質学のさまざまな現象を簡明な数理と物理により解明することに成功し，解析対象の地域，領域を拡大していった。その成果は3冊の著書として残る。第4期以降は資源開発などの国際事業の展開，理系の人間と文系の人間のものの考え方の異同などを技術者の役割の観点から分析した。第1・2・3期の論文は現在も引用され，研究活動で活きている。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (501K)
口絵
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徳永 朋祥, 本田 博巳, 佐野 修2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. i
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (1273K) -
徳永 朋祥, 本田 博巳, 佐野 修2013 年 122 巻 1 号 p. ii
発行日: 2013/02/25
公開日: 2013/03/27
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (1176K)
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