To evaluate platelet function in essential hypertension, we studied the plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), platelet factor 4 (PF4),6-keto-prostaglandin F₁α (6KPGF; a stable metabolite of PGI₂) and thromboxane Bc (TXB₂; a stable metabolite of TXA₂), and platelet aggregation in 51 patients with uncomplicated hypertension and 44 age-matched normotensive controls. The plasma levels of β-TG and PF4 were significantly greater than normal. After administration of antihypertensive drugs,3-TG and PF4 levels were decreased, but the difference reached statistical significance for PF4 only. The plasma levels of 6KPGF were similar in the two groups, whereas TXB2 levels were higher in hypertensives than in normotensives. Consequently, the ratio TXB₂/6KPGF was elevated in hypertensives.
The results of platelet aggregation revealed no difference in the two groups. After control of blood pressure with single or several combinations of anti-hypertensive drugs, the values remained unchanged.β-TG correlated positively with systolic blood pressure, and 6KPGE correlated negatively with mean and diastolic blood pressure.
β-TG and PF4 showed age-related elevations. These data suggest that platelet fun ction was enhanced in essential hypertension. PGI₂ may be importantly involved in blood pressure regulation.
The imbalanced production of prostagland ins might contribute to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Antihypertensive therapy may be useful to protect patients with hypertension from life-threatening thromboembolism by suppressing enhanced platelet function.

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Phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase and transacylase activities were detected in stomach of adult male rats and characterized. Of three of the activities, some properties and the localization of the phospholipase A₂ activity and the effect of several clinical agents, antiulcer and ulcerogenic agents, on its activity were investigated in vitro.
1) In the glandular stomach of rat, the phospholipase A₂ activity was detected by 1-acy1-2-[1-¹⁴C]oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as substrate, and the lysophospholipase and transacylase activities were detected by 1-[1^-14C] palmitoy1-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as substrate.
2) The optimal pH for phospholipase A₂, lysophospholipase and transacylase activities was 8.0,7.0 and 7.0, and their specific activities (μmol/min/mg protein) were 4.9⋅10-2,4.8⋅10^-2 and 2.2⋅10^-2 (n = 6), respectively, in the glandular stomach homogenate.
3) The glandular stomach from rat showed most abundant phosph olipase A₂ activity among those stomachs from mouse, rat, rabbit and dog. In rats, the stomach had the highest activity among the organs tested (brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle, small intestine, large intestine and glandular stomach). The activity was found to vary in individual rat.
4) The phospho lipase A₂ activity in the stomach was calcium-dependent and relatively heat-resistant.
5) More than 90% of phospholipase A2 activity was located in the corpus and less than 10% was in the antrum. In the corpus wall, the mucosal layer contained about 90% of total activity.
6) The effect of some clinical agents (anti-ulcer and ulcerogenic agents) on the phospholipase A2 activity was examined. The activity in the corpus was inhibited by cimetidine (50%inhibition at 5⋅10^-3 M) and stimulated by indomethacin (50% of stimulation at 5 - 10-5 M). Cetraxate hydrochloride (10^-6-10^-3 M),16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 (10^-7-10^-4 M) and dexamethasone (10^-7-10^-3 M) had no effect.
In conclusion, the phospholipase A₂ a ctivity in rat glandular stomach was located preferentially in the corpus mucosal layer, physiologically functional part, and was affected by several clinical anti-ulcer and ulcerogenic agents, indicating that it may have an important role for the ulceration and the protection of gastric mucosa.

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Clostridium botulinum is a famous bacterium for its production of neurotoxin which is called exotoxin. Numerous biochemical studies on toxin have been performed, such as purification, pharmacodynamics and so on. However no morphological studies, which investigated the production of toxin with the development of bacterial cells are seen. To explain the production of toxin with the development of bacterial cells, a strain 35396 of type E in group II, nonproteolytic was used. The results were as follows.
1. The growth of Clostridium botulinum reached the station a ry phase 15 hrs. after anaerobic cultivation at 30°C in polypeptone yeast extract glucose broth (pH 7.0: PYG) and number of bacteria was 10^8.3 cells/ml. The pH of the PYG decreased gradually and it was 5.3-5.0 at the stationary phase.
2. Toxicity was demons trated in the bacterial cells of 12 hrs. culture by intraperitoneal injection to mice, whereas it was not demonstrated in the extracellular fraction. Toxicity of the extracellular fraction was demonstrated in 18 hrs. culture.
3. Toxicity of bacterial cells of 9 hrs. culture w as demonstrated by extraction at pH 7.0 or tryptic activation. Whereas it was not demonstrated in the extra-cellular fraction by similar processing.
4. One line of precipitin was found between the culture of 18 hrs. or longer cultivation and antitoxin by the agar-plate precipitin test of Ouchterlony. Extracted type E toxin was shown to be composed of toxigenic Ea component (Eα) and nontoxigenic Eβ component (Eβ) as reported by Kitamura et at.
5. All cells were Gram-positive and no remaining spore was found in 8 hrs. culture. The percentage (%) of positive cells decreased gradually and all cells were Gram-negative after 33 hrs. incubation.
6. Mor phological changes of the cell surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The cell surface changed gradually and became unevenness. After 48 hrs. incubation, numerous cells had wavy and loosened surface on which irregular holes were observed. Toxin was detected on the cell surface by the method of McKeever et al.Especially, it was located on the damaged cell wall after 48 hrs. incubation.
7. The ablation and fragmentation of cell wall were observed on the cells in the culture of 24 hrs. or longer cultivation by transmission electron microscopy. The toxin localization was demonstrated by immuno-electron microscopy with horseradish peroxidase labeled antibody. Both Eα and Eβ were demonstrated as multi layer like or diffuse patches in cell wall. Furthermore, Eβ was demonstrated earlier than Eα.
These results show that the toxin of Cl. botulinum type E is stored in cell wall. Nontoxigenic Eβ component is synthesized and stored earlier than toxigenic Eα component in cell wall. Toxin is released gradually into the environment, foods and culture media by ablation and fragmentation of cell wall with development of bacterial cells.

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Immunohistological appearances in the surgically removed anterior pituitary adenoma tissues from 31 cases having all of the preoperative serum levels of PRL, GH, ACTH, MSH, FSH, LH and TSH were investigated with the immunoperoxidase methods using anti-sera against the above-mentioned peptide hormones, respectively. All the tumors were diagnosed as chromophobe adenoma by tinctrial stains except for 2 eosinophilic adenomas. The examined tumor tissues were removed surgically from 20 patients with hyperprolactinemia,2 with hypersomatotrophinemia, and 10 with space-occupying lesions of overtly endocrinologically functionless, and 1 showed high levels of PRL and GH. Immunoreactive PRL demonstrated diffusely in the adenomatous lesions was found 19 patients with hyperprolactinemia, but it was done in 1 patient without hyperprolactinemia. Moreover, such a finding was not detected in 1 patient with hyperprolactinemia. In berief, a good correlation between the function of pituitary adenoma and the immunoreactivity of its monotonously proliferating tissue could be evaluated only in the PRL group in the present observation. Immunoreactive GH was demonstrated in the adenomatous foci of 5 patients, who were 2 high GH,1 high PRL and 2 function-lesiones. Multi-immunostainabilities of different peptides were demonstrated focally in the adenomatous lesions of 4 cases, in which 2 exhibited abnormal levels of PRL and 3did normal ranges of all the examined hormones. Sometimes, a distinct immunoreactivity of each peptide could be detected in few and randomly distributed tumor cells in the atrophic hypophyseal tissues. Otherwise, it was also found often in scattered and residual pituitary cells within the adenomatous lesions. The patients having only such few and scattered immunoreactivitiies in the surgically removed materials exhbited no abnormal levels of hormones in the preoperative sera.

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Both the hepatic tissues and their microsome fractions of adult female rats, which were sacrificed either after 18-hr fasting or 3-6 hr after an intraperitoneal injection of ethionine, lg/kg, to the 12-hr fasing animals, were observed ultracytochemically with the enzymic digestive methods using purified esterase preparations for lipids. In addition to the prefixed hepatic tissue blocks of the above-mentioned animals, the prefixed pellets of microsome fraction prepared from each hepatic tissue (ca 5g) in Karnovsky's fixative for 1 hr were washed in cacodylate buffer with sucrose overnight and cut to 40 μ-thick sections by vibratome. The thick sections were digested with a mold triglyceride lipase, snake venom phospholipase A₂ and bacillus phospholipase C, respectively, at 37°C for 30 min. After digestion, the sections were washed, immersed in 0.1 % lead nitrate for 15 min, washed thoroughly, postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated and embedded in epon. The ultrathin sections were usually stained doubly by uranium acetate and lead citrate. The reaction products through the enzymic digestive method might indicate the site of substrate with electron microscopy, as compared with the duplicate control section incubated in the reaction medium containing no enzyme preparation.
Membrane-bound liposomes carrying the products through lipase digestion appeared in the liver cells 3 hr after the injection, and they increased in number and size 6 hr after the injection. In surfaces of the developing liposomes the reaction products in either phospholipasedigestive method could be detected. Independent of the development of liposomes, some minute structures carrying the products through phospholipase digestion were observed scatteringly in the cytoplasms of liver cells. They exhibited either round bodies in the lumen of biomembrane system of phospholipase A₂-digested materials or comma-shaped features on the biomembrane of phospholipase C-digested materials. Therefore, such minute structures as observed only in the phospholipase-digested materials would be resulted from the digestion of biomembrane phospholipids.

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A retrospective study was performed over a period between 1984 and 1985, with 40patients over 60 years of age who underwent surgical intervention to the femur or the hip joint in the Department of Orthopedics, Kansai Medical University. Among surgical departments, the number of elderly patients undergone surgeries was greatest, including 18 of the over 80 years of age (period), in the Department of Orthopedics.
There were 21 cases of femoral head replacement and 8 cases of Ender-pinning in the observations of surgical method. Preoparative evaluation of nutrition was higher in patients hospitalized for longer period than for shorter period.
Complications pr eoparatively confirmed, included 22 cases of hypertension,30 cases of cardiac disease accompanying E. C. G. abnormalities, and 17 cases ofkidney dysfunction.
With respect to anesthetic techniques applied, there were 35 cases of epidural anesthesia. In 16 cases out of them administration of such supplementary drugs as sedatives or analgesics, or even inhalational anesthetic was required because of inappropriate development of paralyzed area, and in another 18 (cases) out of them, administration of vasopressors was necessary for treatment of hypotension ensured. these observations suggest that epidural anesthesia could not always be the optimal technique prerequisite for those surgical procedures.
Segmental dose requirement of local anesthetics was 1.2±1.3ml in pati ents 80 to 89 years of age, whereas 3.2±2.1ml in patients 40 to 49 years of age.
Among eight affiliated hospitals, spinal anesthesia was ap plied in two hospitais, either spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia in three hospitals, and general anesthesia in none of them.

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