CYTOLOGIA
Online ISSN : 1348-7019
Print ISSN : 0011-4545
Volume 18, Issue 3
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
  • G. Fred Townsend, Carl C. Lindegren
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 183-201
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Most of the structures which have been described in yeast cells can be made visible in the living cell with an ordinary light microscope.
    Many of the structures in yeast cells can be stained in temporary liquid mounts of unfixed cells by control of pH, oxidation-reduction potential and the ratio of cell concentration to the concentration of dye. All these factors are interrelated and altering one may require a change in another to obtain the most effective result. The preparations can be be freeze-dried and held for about a week for critical observation.
    At pH 8.1 filamentous structures inside the vacuole similar to those in unstained cells can be observed. At pH 11, the chromatin appears to disperse and to be precipitated on the wall of the vacuole. The precipitate subsequently peels off and appears as a tightly rolled tube moving freely in the vacuole. In cells with lobed vacuoles, the dispersed chromatin is equally distributed between the inter-communicating lobes and a “Peeling” from the wall appears in each lobe.
    When a solution of toluidine blue is allowed to dry slowly on a slide, long, thick, dark blue crystalloids are formed on evaporation of the solvent. The shape of the structure which appears in the vacuole may be influenced by the tendency of toluidine blue to form long, thick crystalloids, but, since the structures are almost invariably double, it appears that the crystalloidal structure of toluidine blue is not the only factor influencing their form. Toluidine blue stains the intravacuolar structures under conditions when metaphosphate is present in the cell.
    No birefringent structures are visible in the unstained yeast cell. The chromosome complexes stained with toluidine blue are spectacularly birefringent although the centrochromatin similarly stained is not.
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  • II. Mouvements divers déterminés par la condition de milieu
    Yoshio Yotsuyanagi
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 202-217
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Des fragments de protoplasme isolés au dehors de la cellule de Nitella ou de Chara peuvent montrer, suivant les conditions de milieu, divers types de mouvements outre le mouvement rotatoire: mouvement amiboïde, contraction rythmique, mouvement circulaire autour d'une boule protoplasmique, des protubérances produites sur leur surface etc.
    2. Chacun de ces mouvements n'a lieu que dans une certain gamme de concentration moléculaire de Ca(NO3)2 de CaCl2 ou de KNO3 de milieu liquide donné. La concentration moléculaire de glucose West pas en relation directe avec ces mouvements.
    3. Dans une certain gamme de concentration, les morceaux de protoplasme montrent tendance à liquéfaction, ce qui entraîne très souvent une désagrégation en filaments myélinoïdes ou un étalement sur le substrat, de ces morceaux. Les mouvements sont en relation essentielle avec ces phénomènes.
    4. La relation entre les mouvements et le degré de l'hydratation de protoplasme a été discutee.
    Les expériences ont été faites en partie au Laboratoire Botanique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Tokio. Leur exécution a été bien facilitée grace à l'aide généreuse de M. le professeur B. Wada, à qui nous exprimons toute notre gratitude. Nous remercions aussi bien cordialement M. le professeur N. Kamiya de l'Université d'Osaka pour son guide et son encouragement continuels an cours de ce travail, ainsi que Madame M. Kamiya pour son aide aimable à la rédaction de ce manuscrit.
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  • Sirô Tarao
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 218-228
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. With alkaline solution of Weber for the extraction of actomyosin, the Golgi apparatus of the classical network in nerve cell of rats and hepatic cells of newts have been stained with Nile blue sulphate in living condition. These figures exactly correspond to those fixed and impregnated by Kolatchev's method, i.e. the duplex nature in the nerve cells of rat and the homogeneous bands in the hepatic cells of the newts.
    2. The outer substance of the Golgi apparatus, in the nerve cells of the rat, is the ground substance which contains the fluidal substance within. This ground is made up of the same substance from which is constructed the band of the apparatus in the hepatic cells of the newts. This supposition is supported by their vague stainability when Nile blue sulphate is used and by the osmiophilic property after impregnation with osmic acid. It is further supported by the fact that they both lose their vital staining of Nile blue sulphate in a short time.
    3. The lipochondria which stain deeply with Nile blue sulphate continue to stain after the strands of the genuine Golgi apparatus lose their blue colour. From this fact lipochondria which also stain red with Neutral red, are supposed to be rich in lipoid.
    4. The architecture of the Golgi apparatus is discussed according to the findings of the present work. The nature of the substances which infiltrate the Golgi substance will build up the structure of the apparatus in different ways. Thus, the bands of the apparatus of the newts' hepatic cells are impregnated with bile pigment revealing a homogeneous yellow colour. The apparatus of nerve cells of rats show the typical duplex nature, the inner part being more fluid than the outer part.
    5. The necessity of verification whether the cells are living or dead is discussed in the light of vital satining.
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  • J. M. J. de Wet
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 229-234
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It has been indicated that the species in the genus Danthonia constitute a polyploid series. Species which are 2n, 4n, 6n, 8n, and 12n have been demonstrated. Nucleoli numbers were counted in these species at mitotic telophase. It was observed that the diploids produce either 2 or 4 nucleoli, the tetraploids 2 or 4, the hexaploids 2 (except for the 42-chromosome hexaploid with four nucleoli) and all the higher polyploids four nucleoli.
    The fact that D. disticha possesses both a chromosome pair having secondary constrictions and a satellited pair, whereas D. curva (both diploids) lack a satellited chromosome pair was assumed to indicate that the first mentioned species retained the original diploid condition. D. curva evidently therefore got rid of one nucleolus-organizer pair. Tetraploids with four nucleoli could have originated out of diploids with two nucleoli. Similarly the octaploids could have been derived from tetraploids with two nucleoli, and the 72-chromosome species out of hexaploids with only a single nucleolus pair.
    It was assumed that the extra nucleolus-organizers could have got lost through mutations. The fact that the genus is very old seems to support this assumption. Taking all the polyploids into consideration it would appear as if they tend to revert back to the diploid condition as far as nucleoli are concerned.
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  • Homare Kuwana
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 235-239
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Various behaviors of one morphological mutant “cut” were investigated from both genetical and physiological view-points. The form of this mutant may be caused by lacking the necessary water for growth.
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  • G. Yasuzumi, Y. Yamamoto
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 240-250
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is usually impossible to observe the fine structure of metabolic nuclei in situ either by a light microscope or by an electron microscope. However, only careful selection of erythrocyte nuclei of Sebastodes matsubarae ensures an electron microsopic success in this field.
    The erythrocyte nucleus of Sebastodes matsubarae is composed of double coiled metabolic chromosomes which frequently give the images of a triple helix.
    It has been revealed that the metabolic chromosome is composed of at least 8 chromofilaments.
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  • Goici Nakajima
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 251-252
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Masatake Kurabayashi
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 253-265
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effects of post temperature treatments upon the X-ray induced chromosomal aberrations were investigated with the mitotic tissue of Paris tetraphylla.
    The mode of the alteration of the frequency of abnormal divisions under different temperature condition indicated clearly the difference in the velocity of the progress of mitotic process under the respective temperature conditions.
    The frequency of individual chromosomal aberrations was also changed due to the difference in the velocity of mitosis. Much more difference, however, was detected in the degree of this change than would be expected from the difference in the division velocity.
    Dividing the chromosomal aberrations into four types: chromosome breakage (B''), chromatid breakage (B'), chromosome translocation (T'''') and chromatid tanslocation (T''), the effects of the post temperature treatment upon the induction of each type of chromosomal aberrations were investigated, and the following results were obtained:
    1) In the present material post temperature treatment is effective in modifying the frequency of X-ray-induced chromosomal aberrations.
    2) Low temperature treatment increases the frequency of B' and T'' conspicuously in the later period of the temperature treatment while it increases that of B'' and T''' to only a small degree.
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  • III. 2-Amino-1.3-diazazulene, a chromosome doubling agent
    Bungo Wada
    1953 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 266-276
    Published: October 05, 1953
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    By means of the agar plate method, the action of 2-amino-1·3-diazazulene on mitotic cells was investigated in the Tradescantia test in vivo.
    In a 0.5mg per cc solution of this tropolone compound, disintegration of atractoplasm occur. Therefore, nuclei with doubled chromosome number are induced from mitotic cells in metaphase and mid-anaphase, and binucleate cells from those in late anaphase and early telophase. In this concentration, nuclei in prophase cells revert into resting stage and the occurrence of de novo mitosis is entirely suppressed.
    In lower concentrations (0.3, 0.1 and 0.05mg per cc), various grades of abnormality appear corresponding to the stage of mitosis and to concentrations of the compound in the medium.
    From the standpoint of the submicroscopic molecular structure of mitotic elements, differences in the disintegration mechanism of atractoplasm caused by colchicine and amino-diazazulene respectively and data supporting the kinetochore hypothesis with respect to the mitosis mechanism are discussed.
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