CYTOLOGIA
Online ISSN : 1348-7019
Print ISSN : 0011-4545
Volume 6, Issue 2-3
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
  • E. Marie Hearne, C. Leonard Huskins
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 123-147
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The individual chromatids were traced through chiasmata in chromosome configurations during all stages of the first meiotie division in Melanoplus femur-rubrum.
    Seventy-one compensating and thirty-five non-compensating chiasmata were found. The chiasma frequencies Show interference curves of variation. There is therefore both “chromatid interference” and “chiasma interference” in this species.
    There is no significant reduction of chiasma frequency in the long chromosomes, and none in the medium and short ones. Interlocked and non-interlocked chromatids occur with equal frequency in the compensating chiasmata. These observations are opposed to Sax's hypothesis of crossing-over; they are in accord with the general “partial chiasmatype” hypothesis, but Belling's formulation of it would require modification to account for the preponderance of compensating chiasmata in this species.
    Terminal chiasmata are demonstrated to arise from earlier interstitial ones. From both direct observation and the calculation of terminalization coefficients, the movement of chiasmata was found to be toward the spindle attachment in some cases.
    There is an indirect relationship between chiasma frequency and length of chromosome, and also between length of chromosome and time of terminalization.
    A heteromorphic bivalent was found in one indi'vidual. It has only one chiasma and separates equationally in the first division, as would be expected an the “partial chiasmatype” hypothesis.
    A greater degree of contraction was found in the chromosomes of the spermatogonial divisions than in the first division of meiosis, and the different types of chromosomes contract differentially.
    Download PDF (1260K)
  • Alexandra Prokofieva
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 148-164
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. The problem to be solved in this investigation has been considered the elucidation of the nature of the V-shaped chromosomes of Amphibia, Triton taeniatus, Axolotl and Rana temporaria serving as material for the purpose.
    2. A mixture of 50% formalin with 5% chromic acid at a ratio of 8:2 (for Triton taeniatus and Rana temporaria chromosomes), as well as a mixture of 10% formalin with 1% chromic acid at a ratio of 7:3 (for Axolotl chromosomes) have proved to be the best fixatives for exposing the structure of chromosomes of the investigated species.
    3. After such a fixation the chromosomes of the species studied have clearly shown their structure consisting of two arms joined by a median or submedian constriction and proving to be strictly constant for each chromosome, owing to which it has been possible to suggest a preliminary grouping of chromosomes for each species.
    4. The structure of the constrictions differs in different chromosomes. They may assume the shape either of a long, thin, achromatic fibre joining both the arms together or that of an achrometic breack, or that of a strongly marked stricture in the chromosome body.
    5. Axolotl and Rana temporaria chromosomes of one and the same set do not undergo differentiation with equal readiness, displaying thus their specific peculiarities.
    6. Since almost for every type of animal there exist data an biarmed chromosome structure, that haue not been as yet systematized, it seems quite probable that the chromosome constriction in animals, identical to these in plants (G. A. LEVITSKY, 1931), represent the basis of the morphological structure of chromosomes and give them a definite external organization. The discovery of constrictions in animal chromosomes is apparently a question of technique.
    Download PDF (2481K)
  • Frank H. Smith
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 165-176
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. During microsporogenesis there is a differentiation of the cytoplasm into a densely granular central region and an outer vacuolate zone which persists until the completion of the homoeotypic divisions.
    2. The heterotypic nucleus and the homoeotypic nuclei are located toward the periphery of the cell and are almost completely imbedded in the dense cytoplasm.
    3. Most of the spindle fibers are cytoplasmic in origin and are formed from the less dense outer cytoplasm.
    4. The spindles of both divisions are curved about the periphery of the cell and the chromosomes are irregularly distributed over the spindle. There is no equatorial-plate stage.
    5. The chromosomes disjoin independently in both reduction divisions.
    6. Both divisions usually result in a normal distribution of chromosomes.
    7. The possible significance of these irregularities is discussed.
    The author wishes to acknowledge his sincere appreciation to Dr. C. E. Allen who suggested a cytological study of this genus, and to Dr. W. R. Taylor for his suggestions and criticisms during the preparation of the manuscript.
    Download PDF (6159K)
  • II. The mode of reduction of the heterochromosomes
    H. Kikkawa
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 177-189
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (634K)
  • H. Kikkawa
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 190-194
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Upon the suggestion made in the preceding paper (KIKKAWA, '35), the problem of crossing-over in the male was studied experimentally. It was substantiated that crossing-over does actually occur in the male of D. virilis, though the frequency is very low, in the normal state.
    Download PDF (269K)
  • VI. Weitere Untersuchungen an Aegilops×Triticum- und Aegilops×Aegilops-Bastarden
    H. Kihara, F. Lilienfeld
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 195-216
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (2449K)
  • O. V. Krassowskaja
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 217-232_2
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Bei in-vitro-Kultur einer undifferenzierten Extremitätenknospe von einem Hühnerembryo mit 4 tägiger Inkubationszeit tritt eine Differenzierung des skelettogenen Mesenchyms ein.
    2. Das skelettogene Mesenchym stellt ein Syncytium dar.
    3. Die oxyphile Interzellularsubstanz wird durch Syneresis vom Protoplasma derjenigen Zellen ausgeschieden, die im Syncytium neu entstehen.
    4. Bei Änderung des Kolloidzustandes des Ektoplasmas in den Vorknorpelzellen entsteht in ihm eine feine Granulation, die mit Thionin metachromatisch lila gefärbt wird.
    5. Aus dem Ektoplasma tritt die Granulation in den Interzellularraum über, wo sie für den Aufbau der Grundsubstanz dient.
    6. Die basophile Knorpelgrundsubstanz ist anfangs feinkörnig und wird durch Gelbildung homogenisiert.
    7. Die Kapsel der Knorpelzelle stellt das veränderte Ektoplasma der Vorknorpelzelle dar.
    8. Die Bildung der basophilen Grundsubstanz geht gleichzeitig mit der Kapselbildung der Knorpelzellen vor sich.
    9. Die Differenzierung des skelettogenen Mesenchyms führt in ihrem Ergebnis zur Entstehung von hyalinem Knorpel, der mit Perichondrium bedeckt ist.
    10. Wird skelettogenes Mesenchym isoliert von den indifferenten Mesenchymzellen gezüchtet, so kommt es zukeiner Entwicklung des Perichondriums, und das Stückchen degeneriert.
    Download PDF (5535K)
  • I. Die Dispersion der Follikelzellen und die Ablösung der Zellen der Corona radiata des Eies durch Spermatozoen
    Jinshin Yamane
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 233-255
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (11342K)
  • Ernest B. Babcock, Olive Swezy
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 256-265
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Analysis of chromosome types in Crepis biennis reveals the existence of a double basic genom containing 5 distinct types, with 2 representatives of each type which differ in certain details. This indicates that C. biennis may be an allo-octoploid which originated through hybridization between two 5-paired ancestors which differed somewhat in chromosome morphology. Available evidence an the meiotic behavior of biennis chromosomes indicates that the putative parents were subspecies of the same species. The most likely process of origin is through hybridization followed by amphidiploidy and then a second doubling.
    2. In C. ciliata a similar situation is found, but the differentes between the 2 representatives of each of the 5 different chromosome types are less marked. This species may have had a similar origin to C. biennis or it may be an auto-octoploid in the stritt sense.
    3. The evidence an origin of these two species adds further proof that 5, not 4, is the original number in Crepis.
    4. Tetraploidy is the antecedent of autosyndesis and allo-polyploidy in one or both parents is sometimes associated with autosyndesis in species hybrids. By analysis of such Gases it is possible to derive working hypotheses as to the genetic nature of polyploid species which may lead to further knowledge concerning their nature and origin.
    Download PDF (626K)
  • Olive Swezy
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 266-269
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (202K)
  • I. The number of coils in the chromonema of the normal and abnormal meiotic chromosomes and its relation to the volume of chromosomes
    Hajime Matsuura
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 270-280_2
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present paper deals with three types of meiotic chromosomes in Trillium kamtschaticum: normal, abnormal I and abnormal II (cf. Text-fig. 1), the latter two having arisen through the effects of abnormally high temperature. In abnormal I, the chromosomes are shorter but broader than those of normal, their volume however remaining unaffected (cf. Tables 2 and 3). Abnormal II type is characterized by the appearance at MI of four chromatid strands associating together in place of a geminus. The volume of chromatids of this type is much reduced (about 66% of the normal), their length being half that of normal chromatids and their diameter nearly equal to that of abnormal I ones (cf. Tables 2 and 3).
    The coil numbers in these three types were studied and compared with one another in connection with the volume of ehromosomes or chromatids (cf. Table 1), and were explained by assuming that the inclination angle of the ehromonema remain constant throughout the three types (cf. formulae (4) and (5), and Tables 4 and 5).
    Download PDF (2569K)
  • P. Ch. Koller
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 281-288
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Crepis aurea and C. rubra have 10 chromosomes in their diploid sets. The chromosomes differ only in absolute size, the position of attachment constriction being nearly similar in both.
    2. In C. rubra a third strain is described, which differs from the already known strains in that it has no chromosomes with trabants.
    3. The behaviour of chromosomes during meiotic division in these species was compared. It was found that there is a definite difference regarding the initial chiasma frequency and the degree of terminalisation.
    4. The types of bivalents at meiotic metaphase are more or less alike in the two species. It is a combined result of the similar position of attachment constrictions of the chromosomes and the different terminalisation, which reduces the great deviation of chiasma frequency found at premetaphase stages.
    5. The importance of chromosomal changes in the process of evolution is discussed. It is concluded that the chromosome complements of two taxonomically well differentiated species of the same genus, may be similar in external structure, but dissimilar in behaviour at meiosis, thus showing the important internal differences between these species.
    The author is indebted to Dr. F. W. Sansome of John Innes Institution, London, for his help in the statistical treatment of the data and to Mrs. E. R. Sansome for correcting the manuscript.
    Download PDF (425K)
  • Karl Sax
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 289-293
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Chiasma frequencies obtained in Seeale cereale and Vicia faba grown in Japan, were higher than those obtained for the same species grown in a greenhouse at the Arnold Arboretum. There is some evidence that such differentes may be attributed to differentes in environmental conditions, although inherent varietal differentes within species doubtless occur. The variations found in Tradescantia show that both factors may be operative in a single species. The variations in environmental factors which influence chiasma formation may occur in nature.
    No interchromosomal correlation was found in comparing the chiasma frequency of the long “M” chromosome with the chiasma frequency of the five short chromosomes of Vicia faber.
    Download PDF (3537K)
  • O. B. Lepeschinskaja
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 294-299
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1.) Die Dotterkörner zerfallen oder kondensieren sich in feine Granula.
    2.) Je feiner die Granulation umso intensiver läßt sie sich mit Kernfarbstoffen färben.
    3.) Die Granulation ordnet sich in der Weise, an, daß sie allmählich die Dotterzelle von der übrigen Dottermasse abgrenzt und die Zellmembran bildet.
    4.) Im weiteren Verlauf fließen die Granula zu einer homogenen Membranzusammen.
    5.) Die homogenen Membranen verflüssigen sich, werden zur Blastocoelflüssigkeit und begünstigen auf diese Weise das Abtrennen der Dotterzellen voneinander und von der übrigen Dottermasse.
    6.) Dank der auf diesem Wege entstandenen Flüssigkeit gelangen die Dotterzellen zusammen mit der letzteren in die Blastocoelhöhle, wo sie frei herumschwimmen.
    7.) Diese Umwandlung der Dotterkörner zeigt einen der Wege auf, die zur Verarbeitung der Dotterkörner und zu deren Assimilation durch die Ekto und Entodermzellen mit Hilfe der gebildeten Flüssigkeit führen.
    8.) Außerdem werfen unsere Ergebnisse ein Licht auch auf die Farge nach der Entstehung von. Zellen aus Dotter, nämlich auf den Prozeß des Abtrennens der Dotterzellen vom Dotter.
    Download PDF (3133K)
  • I. The effect of changes in temperature
    Wm. Bryden
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 300-307
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (1837K)
  • V. A probable method of formation of the double-coiled chromonema spirals and the origin of coiling of the chromonemata into spirals
    Yoshinari Kuwada
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 308-313
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (1605K)
  • VI. Metaphasic and anaphasic longitudinal split of chromosomes in the homotype division in pollen mother cells in Tradescantia reflexa
    Yoshinari Kuwada, Takeshi Nakamura
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 314-319
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (1945K)
  • Girija Prasanno Mazumdar, Robindra Mohon Datta
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 320-328_1
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. In the early prophase the nucleolus shows a deeper peripheral region and a central lightly stained one.
    2. During prophase the nucleolus contributes chromatin by budding to the developing spireme thread.
    3. During the synizetic stage the nucleolus gets vacuolate instead of diminishing in size.
    Download PDF (5250K)
  • Hans Pfeiffer
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 329
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (72K)
  • K. Yasui
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 330-336_1
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (3346K)
  • II Mitt. Zytoplasmafärbungen mit Azofarbstoffen; vitale Mehrfärbungen
    W. A. Becker
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 337-353
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Im Zusammenhange mit einer gründlichen Bearbeitung der Methoden vitaler Zytoplasmafärbung mit Azofarbstoffen (nach den Vorschriften von RUHLAND und SCHAEDE), wurde die Paragenoplastentheorie von BLEIER einer näheren Diskussion unterzogen und auf die Schwierigkeiten der Interpretation mancher vitalen Protoplasmastrukturen hingewiesen. Die einzige Schlußfolgerung aus der betreffenden Färbungsmethode scheint darin zu bestehen, daß der Phragmoplast ein Gebilde von zytoplasmatischem Charakter darstellt.
    2. Weiters wurde eine Reihe von vitalen Mehrfärbungen einer Zelle beschrieben. Durch verschiedene Kombination vacuolarer, chondriomaler, zytoplasmatischer und zellmembraniger Farbstoffe gelingt es während der Zellteilung alle einzelnen Zellstrukturen zu differenzieren.
    3. Die Arbeit enthält außerdem einige Beobachtungen über Vitalfärbung von Kernen während der Zellteilung.
    Download PDF (1168K)
  • K. Mather
    1935 Volume 6 Issue 2-3 Pages 354-380
    Published: May 12, 1935
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An account of meiosis in various species of the genus Lilium is presented. L. pyrenaicum, L. regale, L. candidum, L. umbellatum, and L. speciosum are diploid (2n=24). L. Henryi and L. japonicum have fragments in addition to the diploid complement (2n=24+lf or 24+2ff). L. tigrinum (three varieties) is triploid (2n=36).
    In all the species examined terminalisation of chiasmata is very low and as a result there is very little reduction in the chiasmafrequency from diplotene to metaphase.
    Two plants of L. regale had different chiasma-frequencies and irregular chiasma behaviour, L. umbellatum had univalents present in some nuclei at meiosis, and L. candidum showed an irregular chiasmafrequency polygon. These are taken as evidences of hybritity in the plants concerned.
    The fragments of L. Henryi and L. japonicum are shown to be reduplications and to have a chiasma-frequency proportional to their length. They are further shown to consist of a number of segments homologous with and presumably derived from different chromosomes. The pairing of fragments by interstitial chiasmata provide demonstrations of crossing over at those chiasmata.
    L. tigrinum is autotriploid as it has its chromosomes in the form of trivalents and a small number of bivalents and univalents at meiosis.
    In all species there was found chromosome or bivalent interlocking, both true and false. The resulting configurations are analysed and shown to favour the chiasmatype theory of chiasma formation.
    It is also concluded that the equilibrium position of the chiasmata in uninterlocked bivalents is reached by equalisation of the loops, while in interlocked bivalents the affected loops are larger than adjacent ones provided that neither contains the spindle attachment.
    Finally it is shown that the meiotic behaviour of the chromosomes in the various species is in accordance with the view that specific differentiation has been attained by genic or minor structural changes within the chromosomes.
    Download PDF (1426K)
feedback
Top