CYTOLOGIA
Online ISSN : 1348-7019
Print ISSN : 0011-4545
Volume 5, Issue 4
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • B. A. Vakar, E. G. Krot
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 395-416
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. In the foregoing pages has been given an account of our study of the meiosis in early generations of the two most known and spread constant wheat-rye hybrid Erythrospermum 46/131 and Lutescens 27/36 from the Saratof Experimental Station.
    2. We have observed a number of irregularities to be peculiar to the process of the reduction division in the first hybrid generation, such as, scattered and lagging chromosomes in the metaphases and anaphases of the first division, irregular development of telophases, dyads and tetrads, and, finally, formation of a pollen considerably deformed and poor in cytoplasm.
    3. A study of the morphology of the chromosomes and the character of their conjugation have enabled us to postulate the presence of wheat-rye chromosomes in the hybrids newly-formed through segmental exchange. The irregularities of the meiotic process in the constant wheat-rye hybrids of the 42-chromosome race and in wheat-rye amphidiploids with 56 chromosomes have been explained by the presence of the rye-wheat chromosomes that are homologous to one another not wholly, but only in their certain parts, which accounts for their weak conjugation and the presence of univalents.
    4. High yielding capacity of the studied wheat-rye hybrids shows their normal fertility and proves that however strongly marked and numerous the meiotic irregularities in the pollen-mother cell may be, there is usually formed a sufiicient quantity of normal and viable pollen to ensure full fertility of the hybrids. It may be here concluded that there is also developed a sufficient quantity of normal functional eggcells. Since every flower of the wheat-rye hybrids has but one egg-cell and their ears are well filled with grains, it ought to be supposed that the meiosis in the mother cells of macrospore should generally develop without any serious disturbances or even quite regularly.
    5. Counting of the chromosomes both in the somatic cells and in the reduction division of the studied hybrids has shown adequate results: the number of the somatic ehromosomes is 42, and in the reduction division (in heterotypic metaphases) there are usually found 21 bivalent chromosomes.
    In conclusion the authors think it a pleasant duty to express their deep gratitude to Dr. V. N. ENGELGARDT who translated the present work.
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  • H. P. Olmo
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 417-431
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The origin of four modified triploid plants of Nicotiana tabacum var. purpurea is described.
    In each rase, approximately diploid female gametes (46) from the monosomic female parent, when uniting with the normal male gamete (24), produced (3n-2) plants.
    The triploids were found to conform to the generally described behaviour of other triploid plants, in that there were a variable number of trivalents at first metaphase.
    From a detailed study of prophase pairing, it is concluded that synapsis may occur in either one of three ways:
    1. Pairing at zygotene, once commenced between any two chromonemata, proceeds along the length of the chromosomes in a progressive manner. Pairing between any two homologues interferes with association of the third, so that at early pachytene two chromonenata are completely synapsed, the third later coming in contact with the couple at one or a few points.
    2. Pairing at zygotene may involve all three threads simultaneously. In such Gases, there is usually an exchange of partner, one thread pairing with a second and farther an with a third. More complex associations may occur.
    3. In rare Gases there may be failure of orientation of the three homologues, so that one thread is left out of association entirely.
    Triple synapsis may occur for skort regions of the chromosome, but triple threads are never found in which synapsis is complete thruout the whole length of the chromosome. The reason suggested is that linear contraction of paired chromonemata is more rapid than that of a single chromonema. This also applies to portions of chromonemata, so that there is a failure of chromomere alignment which hinders further triple pairing. Although complete triple synapsis may be potentially possible, it is prevented by the onset of diplotene.
    Association between all three chromosomes is more intimate at late pachytene than at any previous stage of prophase.
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  • Otto Bank
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 432-452
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Im Zellsafte der blasigen Chordazellen verschiedener Fischarten (Esox lucius, Tinca vulgaris, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Amiurus nebulosus) und der Kaulquappen von Rana temporaria wurden nach Vitalfärbung mit Methylenblau oder Neutralrot oder einem Gemisch dieser beiden Farbstoffe die Entmischungserscheinungen studiert.
    2. Nach Färbung mit Neutralrot 0.1% färbt sich der Zellsaft diffus rot (Stadium a), bald zerfällt er unter Entfärbung der Restsubstanz zu kleinen Körnern in Brownscher Bewegung (Stadium b), die allmählich samt dem Farbstoffe aus der Vakuole verschwinden (Stadium c).
    3. Es treten unter verschiedenen Einwirkungen Abänderungen dieses Ablaufs ein, dergestalt, als einzelne Stadien-in verschiedener Kombination-übersprungen werden.
    4. Durch abwechselndes Eingreifen mit Salzlösungen in plasmolytischen Konzentrationen und mit Wasser auf verschiedenen Stadien des eben beschriebenen Färbungsablaufes kann Auflösung bzw. Bildung dieser Körner erzielt werden.
    5. Die Erzielung von Entmischungsprodukten ist unter bestimmten Bedingungen von einer Änderung der Tonoplastenpermeabilität ab-hängig (Tonoplasten-Plasmolysepermeabilität).
    6. Bei Färbungen mit Methylenblau 0.1% wurde der Farbstoff entweder durch Plasmolyse oder durch Einwirkung von KCN auf die Zelle oxydiert.
    7. Gemäß der Konzentration des benützten KCN wird dieser Farbstoff entweder im Kerne oder in der Vakuole oxydiert. Die Oxydation kann in beiden protoplasmatischen Bezirken reversibel geleitet werden.
    8. Bei Verwendung des Farbstoffgemisches Neutralrot/Methylenblau kann gezeigt werden, daß die Reduktionskraft des Zellsaftes durch Behandlung mit dem KCN nicht vernichtet, sondern nur gelähmt wird.
    9. Bei der Plasmolyse können verschiedene Plasmolyseformen der vitalgefärbten Zellsaftvakuole, genauso wie am Pflanzenprotoplasten unterschieden werden.
    10. Der Tonoplast besteht aus fadenziehender Substanz.
    11. Der Zellsaft besitzt die Fähigkeit, Membranen zu bilden.
    12. Die Zellsaftvakuole dürfte ein Entmischungsprodukt des Protoplasmas sein.
    13. Die Zellsaftvakuole der Blasenzelle der Chorda dorsalis verhält sich bezüglich der Entmischungsvorgänge grundsätzlich gleich mit den Zellsaftvakuolen von Pflanzenzellen.
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  • E. K. Janaki Ammal
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 453-459
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. The ehromosomes of diploid (2x=24) and triploid (3x=36) Solanum Melongena were studied in somatic and meiotic divisions. The triploid arose from the funetioning of a diploid pollen grain.
    2. Long median and short chromosomes are distinguished at meiotic metaphase and differ at meiosis in two ways:-
    (a) The shorter ehromosomes have fewer chiasmata and consequently univalents of this type are commoner in the triploid (as in Hyacinthus).
    (b) The shorter chromosomes have earlier and more complete terminalisation than the Tonger ones (as in Fritillaria).
    3. The triploid when selfed gave two tetraploid and 11 tetraploid or nearly tetraploid seedlings. These evidently resulted from gametes to which all the extra set of chromosomes had passed at meiosis. This is compatible when the random segregation observed at meiosis for the triploid is less than 1% fertile.
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  • Kan Oguma
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 460-471
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Osamu Minouchi, Takeo Ohta
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 472-490
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. The spermatogonia of a Japanese man show forty-eight chrcmosomes. But it is difficult to locate the unpaired chromosomes X and Y in the spermatogonial chromosome-complex. The serial arrangement is of no service, as is illustrated by the example of Trixalis nasuta in which the chromosomes are much larger in size and much fewer in number than in man.
    2. In the first maturation division the chromosomes are twentyfour in number. The sex-chromosome and twelve large tetrads encircle the Small ones so as to form a rosette in the metaphase of the first division.
    3. The sex-chromosome is composed of two heteromorphous elements, a long and a short rod. It lies at the periphery of the equatorial plate in the normal condition. Sometimes it is displaced into the centre of the equatorial plate by the effects of the fixation. There is no evidence that the sex-chromosome is of V-shape as reported by Oguma et Kihara, and Winiwarter et Oguma.
    4. The X and Y elements conjugate lineally in the first meiosis as is the Gase in all mammals. This mode of conjugation has been reported by Minouchi as asymmetrical synapsis.
    5. These elements separate in the first meiosis; as a result, one of the daughter cells receives the X-element and the other the Y-element, so that in the metaphase of the second division each of the germ-cells contains twenty-four chromosomes.
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  • Melle A. Dusseau
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 491-497
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Alexandra Prokofieva
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 498-506
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. The study of chromosome plates of 6-8 day embryos has given chromosome numbers: for Salmo salar=60, Coregonus lavaretus baeri=80, Salmo fario=84, for Coregonus baeri×Salvelinus fontinalis hybrids=80, and Salmo salar×Salvelinus fontinalis hybrids=70.
    2. The chromosomes of all the fishes investigated have clearly displyed a bilateral structure. After the Position of the constrietion and the length of chromosome arms, these chromosomes may be divided into 4 types: long, equilateral ones; Jong, inequilateral ones; long, headed ones; and Small headed ones.
    3. In the chromosome plates of Salmo salar and Salmo salar×Salvelinus fontinalis and Coregonus baeri×Salvelinus fontinalis hybrids there have been discovered chromosomes with satellites.
    4. The chromosome structure of the studied fish species corresponds to the maxims of structure of chromosomes revealed in plants and gives grounds for supposing a course of karyological evolution common to both the animal and vegetable kingdom.
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  • H. Pfeiffer
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 507-516
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Das Ziel einer absoluten Adhäsionsbestimmung plasmorrhysierter nackter Protoplasten wird auch durch die von FR. VLÈS vorgeschlagene Untersuchung der Exzentrizität der Objekte nicht erreicht. Deswegen ist trotz der großen Empfindlichkeit der Randwinkelgröße deren Bestimmung nach einem vereinfachten, an Versuche von D. TALMUD und N. M. LUBMAN angelehnten Verfahren vorgenommen worden.
    Die Anwendung dieser Methode auf zahlreiche Objekte (spontan sich isolierende Protoplasten pflanzlicher Beeren, experimentell entblößte aus pflanzlichen Epidermen, Leucocyten des Frosches, Speichelzellen des Menschen) ergibt beim Vergleich verschiedener Salze und ihrer wechselnden Concentrationen im ganzen eine Zunahme der Randwinkelwerte (also Abnahme der Benetzungs-spannung und Adhäsion) mit fortschreitender Plasmorrhyse und läßt zugleich den unterschiedlichen Einfluß der Anionen und Kationen (“lyotrope” Reihen) erkennen.
    Die Deutung der Ergebnisse führt zu der Annahme, daß das Adhärieren nackter Protoplasten außer von einer Verminderung der Oberflächenspannung auch von einer relativen Quellung der äußeren Plasmagrenze abhängt. Diese Vorstellungen können, wie später weiter verfolgt werden soll, zu einer vertieften Analyse der physikalischen Chemie der die Entzündung begleitenden Prozesse beitragen.
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  • N. Takamine
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 517-519
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • J. Kisser
    1934 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 520-525
    Published: October 31, 1934
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Es wurde gezeigt, daß eine Erweichung harter pflanzlicher Gewebe zum Zwecke der Anfertigung von Schnitten in befriedigender Weise auch dadurch herbeigeführt werden kann, daß man sie mit einer gesättigten alkoholischen Lösung von Karbolsäure behandelt. Je nachdem nun, ob die Behandlung in der Kälte (bei Zimmertemperatur), in der Wärme (im Thermostaten bei ca. 60°C.) oder in der Hitze auf dem Wasserbade erfolgt, geht die Erweichung langsamer oder rascher vor sich. Sie benötigt im ersteren Falle 1-2 Wochen, im zweiten einige Tage und im letzteren einige Stunden. Eine zu lange Ausdehnung der Einwirkung der Karbolsäure ist zu vermeiden, da dies die Schneidekonsistenz ungünstig beeinflußt.
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