CYTOLOGIA
Online ISSN : 1348-7019
Print ISSN : 0011-4545
Volume 47, Issue 1
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
  • Luisa De Vecchi
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The fine structure of plastids in hypsophyll at different stages of development and pigmentation has been followed in two short-days plants: Euphorbia pulcherrima and Bouganwillea.
    In Euphorbia the young chloroplasts observed in the embryonal green hypsophyll change into plastids of small dimensions when contained in the red expanded hypsophyll. Moreover in the green leaves, where red colour is afterwards superimposing, chloroplasts are undergoing a degenerative process. In Bouganwillea the plastid ultrastructure is changing from a young embryonal feature to a moderately developed state, while in the fully expanded hypsophyll degenerated chloroplasts are present together with a population of plastids characterized by numerous large globules and few residual membranes. The unlike chloroplasts behaviour observed in the two different hypsophylls is discussed keeping in consideration pigment synthesis and hypsophyll derivation.
    In Bouganwillea phloem tubes characteristic P-plastids have been observed and have confirmed the importance of this plastid as a systematic character of Caryophyllales.
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  • Reginald E. Ugborogho
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 11-20
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Cytogenetic studies on the Sida rhombifolia complex in Nigeria were carried out using plant material from most of the range of the species. Chromosome number of 2n=14 for the two diploid subspecies (subsp. rhombifolia and subsp. retusa) and 2n=28 for the tetraploid subspecies (subsp. alnifolia) were obtained. The micro-morphological features (e. g. stomata and pollen grains) of the tetraploid plants were more in size than in the diploid plants. Only crosses between the two diploid subspecies set viable seeds. The hybrid plants were vigorous and generally intermediate morphologically between the two parents in many respects. Pollen stainability was less than 50% in F1 hybrids.
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  • T. P. Pessacq
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 21-25
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The labeling patterns of nucleolar heterochromatin in neuroblasts and hepatic cells are described. It is concluded that the incorporation of 3H thymidine begins in hepatocytes in the chromocenters applied to the nuclear membrane.
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  • Osamu Terasaka
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 27-46
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: January 27, 2016
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. The behavior of chromosomes in mitotic nuclei from microspore to matured pollen grain was investigated in 11 phylogenetically distinct species of gymnospermous plants.
    2. In the 11 species, the number of cells constituting matured pollen grains varied from one to five and the number of mitotic divisions was from zero to four. The stages and processes of the pollen grain development in the 11 species were substantiated by photomicrographs and shown diagrammatically.
    3. In almost of all mitotic divisions in the course of pollen grain development, one of daughter chromosome complements at anaphase moved toward the central region and the other toward the peripheral region of the mother cell.
    4. In almost of all mitotic divisions, marked stainable differences were observed between the two daughter nuclei. The one located in the central region of the mother cell was less stained than the nucleus in the peripheral region. There was an exception in Ephedra distachya in that no stainable differences appeared between the generative cell and tube cell nuclei which developed from the daughter nuclei in the antheridial initial cell division.
    5. The stages at which stainable differences appeared in the daughter nuclei varied among species from early telophase to interphase, although the stages were constant in the mitoses of one species.
    6. The nuclear differentiation accompanied with asynchronous chromatin disorganization is considered to exist widely in spermatophyta.
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  • M. P. Misra
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 47-51
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The effect of Ca(No3)24H2O and CaCl2 salt solutions were studied on the chromosome of Allium cepa roots. The effects were found to be pronounced in higher concentrations even after 24 hrs. The same results were found in case of lower concentrations but only after longer laps of time period. It was noted that coiling pattern of chromosomes had some relationship with calcium ion concentration in the solution.
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  • I. Effect of 2, 4-D, and 2, 4, 5-T on meiotic cells of wheat and two related species
    Nahla R. Al-Najjar, Atef S. Soliman
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 53-61
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The meiotic effects of 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T on hexaploid wheat T. aestivum L., tetraploid wheat T. durum Desf. and a diploid related species Ae. ligustica L. The two herbicides increased the percentages of abnormal meiotic cells significantly. The kinds of irregularities observed were lagging chromosomes, single and multiple bridges, fragments and asynchoronization in the disjunction of chromosomes during second anaphase. It was evident that chromosomal stickiness was the cause of most of the aberrations observed. The increase in dose of 2, 4, 5-T caused significant increase in the percentages of meiotic cells with chromosomal aberrations in Ae. ligustica L.
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  • K. J. Madhusoodanan, G. V. Subrahmanyam, M. A. Nazeer
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 63-71
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Ten garden races of Phlox drummondii Hook have been subjected to morphological as well as cytological analyses. Of the morphological characters the difference was prominently expressed in the phenotype of flower. Their karyotypes were very much asymmetric so as to categorize them into five distinct groups. Further substantial evidence for karyotypic variation was obtained from nucleolar chromosomes. All the races were meiotically normal and exhibited conspicuously little difference in their meiotic features. The genesis of these modifications have been attributed to the simultaneous in- and outbreeding the plants undergo under the garden condition and their spread is due to judicious selection for any novelty.
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  • S. P. Tiwari
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 73-78
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    C2, C4 and C6 generation seeds of autotetraploid Notch-2 barley were sown on three different dates interspersed by about 20 days each. Observations on spike fertility and related cytological behaviour were recorded. In all the three sowing dates and the three generations of autotetraploids, spike fertility was found to be strongly correlated with the proportion of cells exhibiting normal distribution of chromosomes (14-14) at anaphase I. Association of spike fertility with other characters viz. frequency of bivalents and pollen fertility was inconsistent and often nonsignificant. The highest average spike fertility was observed in C6 generation and in the earliest sown material. Early sowing led to improvement in spike fertility and related cytological behaviour. To improve upon fertility in barley autotetraploids, a need for genetic as well as agronomic manipulations is indicated.
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  • Gerald D. Carr, Robert L. Carr
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 79-87
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Cytological studies of seven taxa in four species of the genus Calycadenia revealed the existence of several types of B-chromosomes. Of special interest is the occurrence of at least three forms of nucleolar-organizing B's in a total of six taxa in three species of the genus. Also of note is the occurrence in one species of an unusual structure less than 1μ in length that is interpreted as a micro-B chromosome. Its morphology is reminiscent of that of a “naked” centromere. The B-chromosomes of Calycadenia are variable in size, morphology, and meiotic behavior. They have probably had multiple origins, perhaps as abnormal meiotic products in structural heterozygotes produced by hybridizing populations or species or as by-products of aneuploid reduction.
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  • Muhammad Ashraf, M. B. E. Godward
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 89-98
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Chromocentres of Spirogyra submargaritara, examined under the electron microscope, exhibit three regions; 1) highly condensed, fine fibrillar chromatin, 2) the condensed chromatin with nodules, and 3) the “coarsely granular chromatin”. This is the first account of the ultrastructure of chromocentres. Chromocentres adjoining the nucleolar-organising regions of the N.O. chromosomes are compared with the heterochromatic knob, the type “nucleolar organiser” of Mc-Clintock, on chromosome 9 of Zea Mays, and with the structure regarded as organiser in other monocotyledons. Evidence is put forward that the heterochromatic knobs (chromocentres) of Spirogyra are identical in structure whether found in the N.O. region of the chromosome which lies within the nucleolus. The term “heterochromatin” is discussed; in Spirogyra, this terms as at present defined, would have to apply to the three types of chromatin in the chromocentre and to the chromatin of the nucleolar-organi sing region.
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  • I. Induced autotetraploidy in C. ternatea
    P. K. Srivastav, S. N. Raina
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 99-107
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Colchicinization was successfully achieved in C. ternatea white, when 0.15% was applied for 101/2 hours, spread over two successive days. Almost all parts of the plants had profound effect in synthetic polyploids. The flowers are big, showy and persist for longer duration in autotetraploids. Frequency of multivalents has been directly correlated with the size of chromosomes. The cause of low seed set may be cytological rather than genetic and/or physiological.
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  • III. Meiotic studies of Hibiscus, Abelmoschus, Azanza, Thespesia, Malachra, Urena and Pavonia
    Aparna Dasgupta, R. P. Bhatt
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 109-116
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present investigation includes the meiotic study of 15 species belonging to the tribe Hibisceae and Ureneae of the family Malvaceae. Of which meiotic study of 7 species has been done for the first time. The meiosis is regular in most of the taxa. Few irregularities like laggards in anaphase and telophase I and II, irregular distribution at anaphase I and non-congressional bivalents, secondary association of bivalents at metaphase I are noticed in a few species. The occurrence of distinct bivalents in majority of the taxa studied, indicate that they represent ancient polyploids.
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  • Ganesh Prasad
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 117-124
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Chromosome configurations during meiosis and sterility were studied in intercross hybrids among 14 homozygous translocation lines in barley. The intercrosses included interchanges involving same and different chromosomes and one chromosome in common.
    1. Hybrids between translocations involving same chromosomes with breakpoints in similar arms showed ‘pair’ configurations and about 50% sterility.
    2. Hybrids between translocations where the arm carrying the break differed for one of the two chromosomes, showed _??_ 4 configurations and about 26% sterility.
    3. Single interchange heterozygotes showed _??_ 4 or Ch. 4 configurations and about 27% sterility.
    4. Frequency of alternate orientation decreased and sterility increased with increase in number of chromosomes involved in translocation.
    5. Sterility of intercross hybrids showing _??_ 6 and of those showing 2 _??_ 4 was similar. This sterility was approximately 50%.
    6. At AI, 8-6 and 7-1-6 separations were more frequent in the intercross hybrids which showed higher frequencies of adjacent orientations.
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  • I. Microsporangium, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis
    Vijay Koul, Dalbir Singh
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 125-135
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Microsporogenesis in 10 species of Taraxacum was studied. Meiosis is both of regular and irregular type resulting in the formation of regular tetrads, dyads, triads, pentads and hexads etc. The resulting spores are reduced as well as of unreduced types. A scheme is prepared to cover the majority of the most frequent abnormalities during microsporogenesis in Taraxacum ssp. The reason for the meiotic disturbances is also discussed.
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  • B. N. Verma
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 137-145
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Francesco Fontana
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 147-152
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Five different populations of otermes flavicollis were chromosomally studied. It was found that males showed a diploid number 2n=67 while females had 2n=68. The presence of a trivalent in the first male meiotic metaphases suggests that sex determining mechanism is of the type X1X2Y in males, and X1X1X2X2 in females.
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  • III. Karyomorphology of nine species of Blumea DC.
    Abraham Mathew, P. M. Mathew
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 153-162
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Karyomorphology of nine species of Blumea has been presented such as B. barbata (2n=16), B. fistulosa (2n=18), B. jacquemontii (2n=18), B. lacera var. glandulosa (2n=36), B. malcolmei (2n=16), B. menzbranacea var. gardneri (2n=18), B. oxyodonta (2n=18), B. virens (2n=18) and B. wightiana (2n=18).
    Karyotypes of both the x=9 and x=8 species are moderately asymmetrical (2A and 2B). In finer details, the karyotypes of x=9 species are seen to be more specialized. Five x=9 species showed bimodal karyotypes and in all of them the short chromosomes greatly outnumbered the long ones.
    Species possessing bimodal karyotypes showed more advanced morphological characters, and this appears to indicate an association between karyotype specialization and morphological advancement of plants in the genus.
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  • IV. Karyomorphology of eight species of Vernonia Schreb.
    Abraham Mathew, P. M. Mathew
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 163-169
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Detailed karyomorphology of eight South Indian species of Vernonia falling under two basic series x=10 and x=9 has been studied namely, V. anthelmintica (2n=20), V. beddomei (2n=18), V. bourneana (2n=20), V. cinerea (2n=18), V. conyzoides (2n=18), V. divergens (2n=18), V. elaeagnifolia (2n=40) and V. malabarica (2n=18).
    Karyomorphological data indicate that both the basic series are moderately asymmetrical (2A and 2B). In finer details, x=9 group is seen to possess greater karyotype asymmetry.
    Karyotype specialization in both the series has been more through shift of centromere position which in the case of x=9 species involves more number of chromosomes.
    Data on the solitary polyploid species, V. elaeagnifolia appear to indicate that polyploidy and factors leading to karyotype asymmetry have been operating concomitantly in the species.
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  • L. A. Brilman, W. R. Kneebone, J. E. Endrizzi
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 171-181
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Diploid clones of C. dactylon were studied to determine their pachytene chromosome morphology. The chromosomes ranged in length from 20.5μm to 44.6μm. Arm ratios ranged from under 1.50 to 2.14. The chromosomes were identified by their arm length ratios, relative length and position and number of prominent chromomeres. The shortest chromosome was designated chromosome 1 and other chromosomes numbered on basis of average chromosome length. There was little variability in chromosome morphology among clones.
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  • VII. Origin of sex chromosome polymorphism in Akodon azarae
    Marta S. Lizarralde, Néstor O. Bianchi, María S. Merani
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 183-193
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Akodon azarae (Rodentia Cricetidae) has a sex chromosome polymorphism which gives rise to XX females and females with a partial or total deletion of one X chromosome. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the findings in A. azarae. In the first it is assumed that XX, Xx and XO females are fertile and able to produce X, x and 0 ova to give XX, Xx and XO females after fertilization by a X-bearing sperm. The second hypothesis proposes and extreme mechanism of sex dosage compensation ranging from X-chromosome inactivation, to partial or total X chromosome elimination. These hypotheses are tested by analysing the chromosome complement in the offspring derived from mating pairs of A. azarae of known chromosome constitution.
    The offspring obtained from XX x XY mating pairs showed: a) a sex ratio of 0.67 females per male, b) an average litter size of 3.8 pups, c) the lack of Xx or XO females. The offspring derived from Xx females had: a) a sex ratio of 1.73 females per male, b) a ratio of 0.64 XX females per each Xx female, c) an average litter size of 4.8 pups. The results obtained do not fit the predictions of the fertilization or the sex dosage compensation hypothesis. However, they can be explained by combining the fertilization hypothesis with a rate of lethality of XX zygotes. The possible cause of the XX zygote lethality and the eventual relationship between sex chromosomal polymorphism and density cycles in natural populations of A. azarae are discussed. Moreover, it is presented evidence stressing the instability of deleted X chromosomes.
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  • III. Effect of exogenous ATP on the generative nuclear division in Lilium longiflorum
    Akio Kamizyô, Nobunori Tanaka
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 195-205
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Effect of exogenous ATP on the generative nuclear division in pollen tube of Lilium longiflorum has been studied. Culture of pollen tubes was carried out on a coverslip with one out of the three kinds of media; i.e., stigmatic exudate (s-e medium), artificial medium (normal medium), and the 1: 1 mixture of the twos before mentioned (half-tone s-e medium). The artificial medium was supplemented with a graded concentration of ATP, 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1%, in the final concentration. Pollen tubes have grown to a length of about 1 centimeter seemingly in good health in all media. Pollen tube generative nuclear division carried out satisfactorily in regular fashion in the s-e medium while it progressed very slowly in the normal medium when no ATP was supplemented. But the mitosis was completely inhibited in the half-tone s-e medium. Addition of a suitable concentration of ATP to the normal medium as well as the half-tone s-e medium was slightly stimulative in recovering mitotic activity of the generative nucleus in pollen tube. Exogenous ATP, however, has not played a leading role in chromosome separation.
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  • IV. Effect of sucrose in the artificial medium on the generative nuclear division in Tradescantia paludosa
    Akio Kamizyô, Nobunori Tanaka
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 207-217
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Effect of sucrose concentration supplemented into the medium on the growth rate of pollen tubes and the behavior of the generative nucleus in Tradescantia paludosa has been studied. Pollen tube culture was carried out on a coverslip with the medium supplemented with a graded concentration of sucrose. i.e., 5%, 10 and 20%. Pollen tubes elongated favorably in the 5 % and 10% sucrose media, but they burst by and by in the 5 % sucrose medium. The 10% sucrose medium gave the generative nucleus the most accelerated mitosis, but the 5 % sucrose medium gave more or less depressed mitosis and most critical viability. Higher concentration of sucrose (20% or above) altered the pollen tube protrusion having a stouter but shorter entity, and gave a suitable environment for generative nuclear viability but somewhat unsuitable for the mitotic activity. The generative nuclear division was carried out upto the telophase, characterized by the presence of the very delayed early anaphase as featured in such nuclei at DEA and E-anaphase, and followed by necrotic phase.
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  • C. N. Sun, J. Amir, H. J. White
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 219-225
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The bully coat of peripheral blood was obtained from a 64-year old female. Pertinent laboratory data revealed WBC 14, 700 with 57% lymphocytes of which 30% contained crystalline inclusions. On electron microscopic examination, these crystalline structures were located within the RER and perinuclear. The thickness of the crystalline inclusions was variable. Some of the inclusions consisted of fine fibrils 60Å in diameter while others showed tubular components approximately 200Å in diameter.
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  • J. Den Hollander
    1982 Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 227-236
    Published: March 25, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The karyotype of male N. lugens has previously been reported as 2n-29 (1411+X) giving an X O, X Y sex determining mechanism. However, this investigation revealed the alleged single X chromosome in the male consists of two elements of unequal length which separate reductionally in the first meiotic division and equa-tionally in the second. From this, and by comparison with other X O species it was determined that N. lugens has an X Y sex determining system with a chromosome number of 2n=30 (1411+X Y) in the male.
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