Regeneration is the process of reconstituting or developing new cells, tissues, and organs. Recent research has revealed that the priming mechanism plays a crucial role in regeneration. This mechanism involves the cell entering a primed state after the first stimulus, which could be a change in differentiation state, metabolic alteration, inflammatory response due to pathogen stimulation, or environmental stimuli. In this primed state after the initial stimulus, histone modifications and chromatin open/closed states remain in the primed gene loci. Upon arrival of the second stimulus, whether the same or different, these epigenetically primed genes are transcribed more quickly and potently than in response to the first stimulus. This is because RNA polymerase II can bind to the promoters of the primed genes immediately. This mechanism of priming enables quick shoot regeneration from callus in plants and prompt wound repair in mammals. This review focuses on recent reports regarding the primed state of callus and mammalian skin stem cells. As Professor Louis Pasteur famously stated, ‘Chance favors the prepared mind.’ Similarly, regeneration is more likely to occur in the epigenetically primed state.

The genus Acmella Rich. ex Pers., a member of the Asteraceae family, possesses spicy and pungent-flavored capitula. These capitula are widely used as vegetables and medicinal plants, prized for their anesthetic and anti-inflammatory properties. A preliminary survey uncovered morphological variations among Acmella plants in Thailand, complicating their taxonomic classification. This study investigates variations in Acmella plants distributed across several regions in Thailand using taxonomic and cytogenetic assessments, aiming to better understand their taxonomic position, genomic relationship, and the role of polyploidization within this genus. Taxonomy and conventional cytogenetic analysis of 24 accessions of Acmella collected from eight provinces in Thailand revealed five accepted species, one variety, and three undescribed taxa. This study identified and classified them into three groups based on chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. The tetraploid group comprised A. paniculata and A. uliginosa, with 2n=52; the hexaploid group comprised A. brachyglossa, A. ciliata, A. radicans var. radicans, and A. radicans var. debilis, with 2n=78. However, the unidentified taxa, which comprised Acmella sp.1, Acmella sp.2, and Acmella sp.3, were placed into the pentaploid group, with 2n=65, and aneuploidy of 65. The chromosome size ranged from 0.70 to 4.50 µm. The type and position of satellite chromosomes varied among taxa, with certain types of chromosome rearrangement observed, especially in A. uliginosa. Overall, our findings support the allopolyploidization mechanisms in Acmella and suggest the origin of interspecific hybrids in the undescribed taxa from Thailand.

Coriandrum sativum L. is an important member of the Apiaceae family. It’s a heliophytic plant and native to the Mediterranean regions and southwestern Asia. This study aimed to investigate variations and clustering of 14 Iranian endemic populations of coriander based on karyomorphological and genome size features. Results showed that all populations were diploid (2n=2x=22), having the mean values for chromosome length (CL) and total chromosome volume (TCV) of 2.56 µm and 2.53 µm³, respectively. Three chromosome types (“m”, “sm”, and “st”) formed nine different karyotype formulas: “sm” appeared to be the major chromosome type in most karyotypes. Karyotypes of all populations were ordered in the 3A and 4A classes of Stebbins classification. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed significant intraspecific variation in chromosomal parameters, but not in monoploid genome size (2Cx DNA). The overall mean genome size was 4.15 pg, ranging from 4.03 to 4.27 pg. Correlation between the amount of 2Cx DNA with environmental conditions showed that the amount of 2Cx DNA had a positive and significant correlation only with the average annual temperature (r=0.67**). The obtained results from this study may provide relevant information for coriander breeding studies.

Cashmere quality represents a crucial economic trait in cashmere goats. Investigating methods to enhance cashmere yield and quality is essential for the sustainable development of the cashmere industry. Although melatonin (MT) has been shown to promote cashmere wool growth, the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly those involving melatonin-mediated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), remain poorly understood. In this study, cashmere growth-related lncRNA (LncRNA MTC) was used as the starting point. LncRNA MTC overexpression and interference lentivirus vectors were constructed and transfected into Liaoning cashmere goat skin fibroblasts. Results from the cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) assay demonstrated that LncRNA MTC overexpression significantly enhanced cell proliferation, while LncRNA MTC interference notably suppressed it. RNA pull-down coupled with mass spectrometry revealed a significant increase in LncRNA MTC’s binding to glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) in Liaoning cashmere goat skin fibroblasts following melatonin treatment. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) technology confirmed that the intracellular GSTM1 protein indeed interacts with LncRNA MTC. CCK-8 results showed that interference with GSTM1 could reverse the promotion of MT on the proliferation of skin fibroblasts of Liaoning cashmere goats. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) results demonstrated an association between GSTM1 and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) proteins in Liaoning cashmere goat skin fibroblasts. The findings indicate that melatonin-mediated LncRNA MTC, which is related to cashmere growth, binds to the GSTM1 protein. This interaction affects the GSTM1-ASK1 protein complex formation, consequently inhibiting the apoptosis of Liaoning cashmere goat skin fibroblasts.

To analyze radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes, a modified protocol for replication banding in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using whole-chromosome-specific DNA probes was examined. The aim of the major modification of the experimental procedure was to efficiently generate clear and consistent replication bands along metaphase chromosomes in the first division of lymphocytes after culture initiation. This technique enabled the mapping of the sites of rearrangements directly on banded chromosomes at 400–550 band levels. On the basis of the characteristics of replication banding, the procedure described in the present study demonstrated the applicability for the analysis of gamma-ray-induced chromosomal aberrations in early- and late-replicating X chromosomes in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Turkey is very rich in terms of spined loaches. The identification of Cobitis species is usually made by morphological and meristic characteristics. It has recently been supported by molecular studies. Although studies on the cytogenetic analysis of European and Asian loaches are sufficient, these studies are not sufficient in Turkey. Banded cytogenetic features of Cobitis biseli specimens in Beyşehir were revealed for the first time in this study. Its diploid chromosome number (2n) is 50, and its karyotype consists of 4 pairs of metacentric, 3 pairs of submetacentric, 3 pairs of subtelocentric, and 15 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes (NF=70). A secondary constriction was observed in the telomeric region of the short arm of the largest metacentric chromosome pair. An active nucleolar organizer region (NOR) by Ag-staining was detected on the same chromosome. Except for one pair, all the chromosomes had a centromeric C-band. It was determined that the cytogenetic characteristics of this species were different from other species studied in Turkey.

The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of four endemic species belonging to the genus Hyacinthella distributed in Turkey have been examined. These taxa encompass H. campanulata K. Perss. & Wendelbo, H. acutiloba K. Perss. & Wendelbo, H. siirtensis B. Mathew, H. micrantha (Boiss.) Chouard. The chromosome numbers of investigated taxa have been ascertained as 2n=2x=18 (H. acutiloba and H. campanulata) and 2n=2x=22 (H. micrantha and H. siirtensis). The mean chromosome length varies between 1.65 µm (H. micrantha) and 6.37 µm (H. siirtensis). Haploid chromosome lengths varied between 25.39 µm (H. micrantha) to 31.56 µm (H. siirtensis) among these species. The arm ratio was determined as a minimum of 1.06 in H. acutiloba, and as a maximum of 4.48 in H. siirtensis, whereas the lowest relative length was observed in H. siirtensis (6.08%), and the highest relative length was found in H. siirtensis (20.18%). Karyotype analysis indicated that Hyacinthella taxa typically possessed median (m), submedian (sm), and subterminal (st) chromosomes.

Here, we present the chromosome numbers of four Cousinia species including C. fragilis (sect. Spinuliferae), C. gedrosiaca (sect. Lachnosphaerae), C. ghahremanii (sect. Pugioniferae), and C. inflata (sect. Cynaroideae) distributed in southeast and west parts of Iran. Our results revealed 2n=24 and x=12 for C. fragilis, C. gedrosiaca, and C. inflata and 2n=26 and x=13 for C. ghahremanii. The chromosome numbers are new to science and confirm the previous reports of the related sections.

Pterocarpus santalinus (Fabaceae) is one of the endemic and rare species of Eastern Ghats. The present study reveals the karyomorphology of P. santalinus along with somatic chromosome number 2n=20 exhibiting the karyotype formula i.e., 20 m. The karyotype belongs to 1A of Stebbins category.

The nutritional and medicinal wealth found in wild Solanum species is abundant, yet frequently goes unnoticed. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. and S. virginianum L. are two spiny species found worldwide in the Solanum genus, offering various medicinal and nutritional benefits. Chromosomal analysis, an essential component of genomic research for preserving plant genetic resources, has been notably overlooked in these two species. To our current knowledge, there is a lack of adequate karyotype data for S. sisymbriifolium, and the information available for S. virginianum is nearly non-existent. The present study includes establishing a standardized process involving enzymatic maceration of the cell wall, subsequent staining using the non-fluorescent dye Giemsa, and employing a fluorescent stain, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The standardized enzymatic maceration and air drying (EMA) method yields fine chromosome dispersion, effectively eliminating cytoplasmic background interference. Both species exhibit a somatic cell chromosome count of 2n=24. Their karyotypes are symmetric and classified under the 3A category in Stebbins' classification. DAPI staining reveals distinct positive bands in S. sisymbriifolium, whereas S. virginianum exhibits uniform staining. This investigation will significantly enhance the chromosomal database, proving invaluable for breeding programs aimed at enhancing the quality of these wild Solanum species.

A new karyotype in the form of 2n=24=19(M+m)+1m_cs+1m_cs^cs+3sm was identified in Japanese triploid Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg. s.l. Such a line can diversify and evolve without sexual intervention. These findings indicate that karyotypic diversities of apomictic Taraxacum are increased by the occurrence of chromosome mutations, such as structural changes in chromosomes. The present study adds to knowledge of the speciation of apomictic plants.

Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) is a flowering plant cultivated commercially in Bangladesh, India, and other Southeast Asian nations like Singapore, Malaysia, and the Middle East. Despite being an economically important genus, reports on karyotypes of these species have been scarce due to the small and sticky chromosomes. Here, four economically important ornamental Jasminum species, namely, J. auriculatum, J. grandiflorum, J. multiflorum, and J. sambac, were cytogenetically studied to evaluate the karyological relationship. J. auriculatum, J. grandiflorum, and J. multiflorum were found to possess 2n=2x=26 (diploid) whereas 2n=3x=39 (triploid) somatic chromosome number was found in J. sambac. These four Jasminum species differed in karyotype formulae such as 24m + 2sm in J. auriculatum, 22m + 4sm in J. grandiflorum, 26m in J. multiflorum and 39m in J. sambac. Based on Stebbins classification, J. auriculatum was positioned in 1A karyotype whereas J. grandiflorum, J. multiflorum, and J. sambac were placed in 1B karyotype. Considering different karyotypic asymmetric parameters, J. sambac and J. auriculatum could be suggested as more primitive over J. grandiflorum and J. multiflorum. The cluster analysis revealed that these four Jasminum species could be grouped into two main clusters and J. sambac was comparatively more distantly related to the others. The above findings could be an important tool for characterization and effective for evaluating karyotype diversity among four Jasminum species.