CYTOLOGIA
Online ISSN : 1348-7019
Print ISSN : 0011-4545
Volume 55, Issue 3
Displaying 1-26 of 26 articles from this issue
  • Zakia, M. Adam, Fawzia, A. Ebad, Zakia, A. Abo-El-Kheir, Iman, A. El-S ...
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 349-355
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effect of malathion and tamaron insecticides on Vicia faba root tip cells was studied. The results showed that malathion increased MI% after 4 and 6 hrs treatments, while tamaron decreased MI% severely. Both insecticides altered mitotic phase percentages and induced a number of chromosomal anomalies.
    The two insecticides with the concentrations and time of durations applied increased protein content of the root tips. Malathion decreased DNA content, while tamaron showed nearly the same values as the control.
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  • An interchange trisomic of Plantago lanceolata L
    S. Sareen, A. Munshi, A. K. Koul, A. Langer
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 357-361
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    An interchange trisomic isolated from the progeny of a trisomic has been studied for karyotype and meiosis. The plant is trisomic for chromosome 1 and heterozygous for an interchange involving chromosomes 2 and 6.
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  • D. H. Tejavathi, B. H. M. Nijalingappa
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 363-372
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Cyperaceae is one of the large monocotyledonous families of cosmopolitan distribution comprising over 5000 species in 120 genera. Karyomorphology and meiosis in 19 species belonging to Ascopholis, Cyperus s. l. and Lipocarpha have been studied. Karyotypic analysis has been carried out for the first time in Ascopholis gamblei (2n=80), Cyperus tenuispica (2n=26), C. pilosus (2n=36, 68), C. diffusus (2n=38), C. pseudokyllingioides (2n=40), C. tenuiculmis (2n=44), C. rubicundus (2n=42, 50, 52), C. sanguinolentus (2n=50), C. corymbosus (2n=108), C. dubius (2n=112), C. cyperinus var. laxatus (2n=136), C. cyperinus var. pictus (2n=152), C, pangorei (2n=208), and Lipocarpha sphacelata (2n=38). The remaining species, C. haspan (2n=26), C. difformis (2n=36), C. distans (2n=58), C. procerus (2n=64), C. laevigatus (2n=88) and L. chinensis (2n=26), are studied because of discrepancies in the previous chromosome number reports. A deviation from the previous reports has been noticed in C. procerus and C. laevigatus, whereas the remaining taxa conform to one of the earlier reports. Ascopholis, a monotypic genus falls under the series having the basic number of x=5. Of the 16 species of Cyperus studied, 6 species conform to the basic number of x=8, 3 fit into the basic number of x=9 and one falls under the basic number of x=13. New basic numbers such as x=5, 11, 19 and 29 are suggested for remaining 6 species since they do not fit into any of the existing basic numbers known so far. Two species of Lipocarpha fall under the basic number of x=13 and 19. The karyotypes of all the species are found to be symmetrical with the predominance of chromosomes having median centromeres. In all the taxa investigated, the chromosomes have been found to have localized centromeres. Mixoploidy has been observed in C. pilosus and C. rubicundus. Structural changes including fragmentation and duplication of single or whole set of chromosomes are suggested to be responsible for bringing about the wide range of chromosome numbers in the taxa studied. The taxonomic implications of cytological findings are discussed.
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  • B. H. M. Nijalingappa, D. Leela Bai
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 373-379
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The karyotypes and meiosis in Carex filicina Nees (2n=44), C. longipes D. Don (2n=44), C. baccans Nees (2n=46), C. glaucina Boeck. (2n=46) and C. longicruris Nees (2n=52) and meiosis and first pollen mitosis in C. lindleyana Nees (n=22) have been investigated. These species exhibit aneuploid variation in chromosome number which is known to be typical of the genus and form a short aneuploid series with 2n=44, 46 and 52. The taxa with 2n=44 represent a hyperhexaploid condition on the basic number of x=7 and those with 2n=46 and 52 appear to be secondarily balanced just below the hexaploid level on x=8 and 9 respectively. The diverse mitotic counts reported for C. filicina, C. baccans and C. longipes are suggestive of cytological differences among geographically isolated plants indicating intraspecific aneuploidy in these species. The chromosomes are relatively small and vary in length from 0.7 to 2.9μm. They have been found to have no localized centromeres. The comparative karyotypic analyses and correlation of chromosome length to chromosome number and meiotic configurations in the species investigated have not lent any support to the occurrence of agmatoploidy as well as the post-reductional meiosis of the Luzula type but the possibility of aneuploid variation by chromosome fission and fusion, as facilitated by the unlocalized centromeres cannot be ruled out.
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  • G. K. Manna, S. Pal
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 381-386
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The genotoxic principle associated with the tubercule bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been investigated using bone marrow chromosome aberration frequency as the indicator in different sets of experimentally treated mice against controls. The data scored from 400 metaphase plates of 2 male and 2 female mice on 7th day after injection in each series revealed the average aberration frequency of 27.50% in log culture, 11.25% in culture filtrate, 17.50% in isolated bacteria in saline suspension, 6.0% in autoclave-killed bacterial suspension and 9.27% in BCG treated specimens while it was 5.50% in Kirschner's medium, 1.75% in normal saline and 6.0% in distilled water injected control series. It has been opined that the active principle for the genotoxic effect on mice could be the surface proteins liberated by the disintegration of the bacilli as well as the cellular components, the role of the latter is yet to be tested.
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  • Dharmshila Kumari, S. P. Sinha
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 387-390
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Therapeutic dose (66.06 I. U.) of vitamin A, when administered concurrently with or as a pre-treatment to crude aflatoxin (0.05μg) administration (per oral) for 12 weeks to albino Swiss mice, Mus musculus, could cause significant decrease in the incidence of toxin-induced individual type chromosome abnormalities (Control-2.0±0.98%, Toxin-17.5±2.68%, V→T 7.0±1.80%, V+T 4.5±1.46%); the incidence of gross type abnormalities remained unaffected. Post-treatment with vitamin was ineffective in minimising the clastogeny. The toxin alone could induce changes like chromatid break, chromatid gap, metacentric chromosome, acentric fragment, polyploidy, clumping, stickiness, etc. It is suggested that supplementation of food with vitamin A can be useful to combat the genotoxicity of aflatoxin.
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  • K. George, S. Geethamma
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 391-394
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The cellular damage, in Allium cepa root meristem, induced by the leaf extract of Ricinus communis was investigated. Total percentage of abnormalities increased correspondingly with increasing concentrations of the extract from 0.5% to 3% with complete arrest of mitosis at 4% of the extract. The major abnormalities were heavy pycnosis, clumping of chromosomes, chromosome fragmentation, lagging, unequal segregation at anaphase, chromosomebridge, spindle arrest resulting in the scattering of chromosomes, disintegration of nuclear and chromatin materials, nuclear budding and multinucleation. The abnormalities were discussed in detail.
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  • B. F. Rodrigues, S. G. Torne
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 395-398
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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  • B. D. Mohanty
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 399-404
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    A study on the variation in chromosome number of the cells from a nodular morphogenic callus (Mohanty and Ghosh 1987), derived from embryo or mesocotyl, or leaf, was undertaken. This study also covered the extent of variation in relation to repeated subculturing for 6 months. The chromosome number showed wide variations (2n=5 to 100); the diploid cells (2n=2x=14), however, were dominant in all the cultures obtained from each type of explant. In an embryo callus, the tetraploid (2n=4x=28) cells increased significantly after 90 days of culturing, but no significant rhythmic increase of tetraploid cells with age could be observed in mesocotyl and leaf calli. The frequency of aneuploid and high polyploid cells decreased with increase in age of the culture.
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  • Anita Mukherjee, Haimanti Dhir, Archana Sharma
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 405-410
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The cytotoxic effects of cadmium and lead: non-essential trace metals in combination with important trace elements-zinc and iron respectively were studied on cell division and chromosomal aberrations in leaf-tip cells of Vallisneria spiralis L., a submerged aquatic plant. The results showed that the toxic effects of lower concentrations of heavy metal lead, with respect to the parameters mentioned, could be antagonised by the essential metal iron. Zinc, on the other hand, further accentuated the effect of cadmium: the frequency of dividing cells decreased and the percentages of chromosomal aberrations were significantly high in the combination sets.
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  • Girish Kumar, S. K. Roy
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 411-417
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Seeds of the medicinal plant Solanum surattense were irradiated with 400 and 600 Gy of gamma-irradiation alone and in combination with thiourea before (pre-treatment) and after (post-treatment) irradiation. It was observed that pre-treatment gave protection against cellular damage induced by irradiation and thereby enhanced seedling survival and growth performance, while post-treatment proved to be mutagenic by increasing seedling death, impaired growth and frequency of chromosome aberrations. Mitotic index was significantly poor in post-treated seedlings.
    Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA fraction gradually increased with pre-treatments and reversed in post-treatment. Besides offering radioprotection pre-treatment improved cell division and DNA synthesis rate.
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  • Robert Bauer, Franz Oberwinkler
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 419-424
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The cellular interaction of Christiansenia pallida and Phanerochaete cremea was restudied by transmission electron microscopy. In the first stages of interaction a protrusion arises from the haustorial apex and vesicle-like particles are visible between the haustorial apex and the host plasmalemma. After penetration several micropores are produced between the haustorial filament and the host cell. The plasma membranes are continuous through the pore channels. The protoplasts of both, the haustorium and the host cell, are fused by micropores.
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  • R. Vitturi, A. Mazzola, E. Catalano, M. R. Lo Conte
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 425-430
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Chromosomes of Dicentrarchus labrax and Dicentrarchus punctatus collected from the Gulf of Palermo are examined from kidney cells. The diploid chromosome number in both species is 2n=48. Ag-NOR and C-banding analyses revealed the presence of structural chromosomal polymorphism involving pair 1.
    A comparative analysis among the Giemsa, NOR- and C-banded karyotypes suggests that a close phylogenetic relationship between D. labrax and D. punctatus occurs. There are evidences for a conservative evolutionary trend in this genus.
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  • T. C. S. Murthy, Basavaiah
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 431-435
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The karyotype morphology including chromosome length, centromere position, secondary constriction and asymmetry was analysed for five species of Urochloa. In general, the chromosomes were small, ranged between 0.76-1.90μm length and belonged to predominant ‘m’ types and less frequent ‘M’ and ‘sm’ types. Species with chromosome number 2n=28-U. mosambicensis, U. pullulans and U. trichopus were apparently similar in gross karyomorphology showing same karyotype asymmetry (2A) and comparable chromosome size and total chromosome length. In finer details, some recognisable differences were noticed between them. U. oligotricha with 18 pairs and U. panicoides var. panicoides with 24 pairs of chromosomes showed distinct karyotypes.
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  • F. S. Bokhari, Saeed Ahmad
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 437-442
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Somatic chromosome numbers of control plants of Mariscus umbilensis were counted for the first time. Morphological abnormalities showing albina seedlings at 30 kR and xantha mutant at 60 kR in M2 generation were recorded. The ultrastructure of control material and these mutants was studied
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  • I. Karyotype analysis of species indigenous to Japan and its adjacent regions
    Minoru N. Tamura
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 443-466
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Thirteen species, including six varieties and one form, of the genus Polygonatum of Japan, Taiwan, and Cheju Island, Korea, were examined karyologically. Among the species with x=9, P. cryptanthum, P. involucratum and P. trichosanthum possessed 2n=18 chromosomes, while P. falcatum was 2n=18 and 2n=18+4B-8B. All four species possessed almost identical karyotypes. While, among the species with x=10, P. humile possessed 2n=20 chromosomes. Diploid (2n=20) and triploid (2n=30) plants were found for P. lasianthum and P. odoratum. Those with 2n=30 chromosomes are considered to be autotriploid. Karyotypes of P. humile and P. lasianthum resembled each other, but were quite different from that of P. odoratum. Among the species with x=11, P. inflatum and P. cyrtonema possessed 2n=22, and P. macranthum was 2n=22, 2n=22+1B and 2n=22+3B. Karyotypes of P. inflatum and P. macranthum resembled each other, but were quite different from that of P. cyrtonema. Karyotypes of P. desoulavyi var. azegamii with 2n=18, P. domonense with 2n=19 and P. miserum with 2n=19 were quite asymmetric, thus not forming homologous pairs. The origin of such heterogenous karyotypes is not clear at present. Based on these results, the status of each taxon and previous taxonomic treatments were discussed.
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  • F. S. Bokhari, S. Ahmad
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 467-470
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The whole position in L. nivea can be summed up as follows. In the control material, parts of the otherwise normal inflorescence contained asynaptic pollen mother cells; the implication being that the asynapsis was due to a mutant gene, present in a sector of the inflorescence. In the irradiated material, in the M1 generation, in accordance with expectation that the plants will be chimaeras, buds are found on the same plant which may be normal, or asynaptic, or produce diplobivalents, or in which the daughter nuclei degenerate following meiosis.
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  • H. Nakagawa, W. W. Hanna
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 471-474
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Chromosome behavior, method of reproduction, fertility and morphological characteristics were studied in 48-chromosome plants derived from a 32-chromosome accession (PI 298996) of guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). Multivalent associations were found at diakinesis and metaphase I which resulted in 33% of the microsporocytes having one or more laggards at anaphase I. Pollen stainability in I2KI ranged from 65% to 85%. Embryo sac analyses indicated that plants reproduced by a high level of apomixis with some sexual embryo sac development which probably accounts for the occasional off-type plants produced. The 48-chromosome plants apparently originated from the fertilization of a 32-chromosome unreduced egg from an apomictic plant by a reduced 16-chromosome male gamete. The 32- and 48-chromosome plants were morphologically simlar. A 40-chromosome plant resulting from a reduced 24-chromosome egg fertilized by a 16-chromosome male gamete was also found among the open-pollinated offspring from a 48-chromosome plant. The discovery of a 48-chromosome plant in a 32-chromosome accession and a 40-chromosome plant in a 48-chromosome offspring are other examples of the influence of apomixis in formation and maintenance of new cytoypes in nature.
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  • Dhia S. Hassawi, R. G. Sears, G. H. Liang
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 475-478
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    A cultivar (Chris) of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a one-step haploid generation medium were used to study microspore development and callus formation by using an anther culture technique. Cytological observations on microspore development were made 7, 10, 13 and 16 days after the anther was placed on the medium. The first mitotic division of the uninucleate microspore formed two nuclei, which were similar or different in size. Further divisions of the vegetative nucleus produced multicellular pollen grains that continued to grow and then were released from the exine. This extensive division of the vegetative nucleus could be the source of embryoid or callus generation.
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  • C. Singh
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 479-482
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Relationship between 1, 3-Propane sultone (PS) induced toxicity measured as percentage seed lethality, seedling growth injury, spike sterility, survival in M1 and its mutagenic response was studied. Higher mutagenic response was obtained at concentrations of PS that caused 30-60% seed lethality, seedling growth injury and spike sterility. Further increase in toxicity as a consequence of rise in concentration had adverse effect on mutability of PS.
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  • Chromosomal NOR variation among eight species
    J. R. Gold, J. D. Jenkin, P. K. Powers
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 483-492
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The karyotypes and chromosomal nucleolus organizer region or NOR phenotypes of eight species of North American cyprinid fishes are documented. All eight species possessed 2n=50 chromosomes. Four species (Cyprinella formosa, Cyprinella gibbsi, Notropis boops, and Notropis dorsalis) possessed only a single pair of NOR-bearing chromosomes, whereas four species (Notropis petersoni, Notropis sabinae, Phenacobius mirabilis, and Semotilus atromaculatus) possessed multiple NORs, i. e., more than one pair. The phylogenetic implications of the chromosomal NOR data in the eight species are discussed relative to current concepts of North American cyprinid systematics based largely on morphological data. A phylogenetic hypothesis based on chromosomal NOR and other data is presented for 11 species of the cyprinid genus Cyprinella, and our previous hypothesis that a single pair of NOR chromosomes is the plesiomorphic NOR state for a large eastern North American cyprinid lineage is questioned.
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  • Kalpana Srivastava, S. N. Tripathi
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 493-500
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Colchicine induced tetraploids in four species of Atylosia were produced. Comparative cytomorphological studies in all the species of Atylosia and thair tetraploids were done. Induced tetraploids showed vigour for cerain morphological characters such as size of leaf, flower, stomata and pollen grains as compared to their diploids. The seed setting, however, was much less in the tetraploids than the diploids.
    Based on the present investigation it is suggested that the size of stomata and pollen grains could be considered as reliable criteria for judging polyploidy in these Atylosia species. A considerable reduction in multivalent frequency from C0 to C1 generation was noticed in all the tetraploids of these Atylosia species. There was no species difference at polyploid level with respect to various cytomorphological characters studied.
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  • M. K. Wajahatullah, Ahsan A. Vahidy
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 501-504
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    The cytological features including chromosome counts and karyotypic features were investigated in a local cultivar of Allium sativum L. from Pakistan. Localization of NORs of chromosomes was also carried out. Actual lengths, relative lengths, short/long arm ratios of mitotic chromosomes were calculated from best five metaphase plates. Total relative length of chromosomes ranged from 7.5% to 5.0% and short/long arm ratios ranged from 1 and 0.5. Chromosomes 1 and 2 were median and the rest of the chromosomes was sub-median. N-banding was successfully used for identifying the bands at 4 NORs of chromosomes, whereas only two of them were darkly stained after silver nitrate staining.
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  • Basavaiah, S. B. Dandia, Anil Dhar, K. Sengupta
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 505-509
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    Male meiosis in natural decosaploid (22x) Morus nigra L. has been found regular with good pollen fertility. This is the clear indication of cytological stability attained by the polyploid to maintain its level. Young pollen mother cells showed 1-4 nucleoli. The frequency of bivalents was more than that of multivalents and univalents occur rarely which clearly indicates the auto-allopolyploid nature of the taxon. The normal meiotic behaviour of this high polyploid is discussed in relation to its evolution.
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  • A tetraploid Plantago lagopus L
    Ashu Bhan, Manoj K. Dhar, Anima Langer
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 511-517
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • T. Tamura, H. Akai
    1990 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 519-530
    Published: September 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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    In order to understand how oily mutation alters the formation and distribution of urate globules, we first examined the formation and degeneration processes of these urate globules in the hypodermal cells of normal Bombyx mori larvae using electron microscopy. The ultrastructures of the hypodermal cells of normal and mutant silkworms were then compared, and it was found that the origin of the urate globules might be concerned with pinocytosis. Early in the process of degeneration of the globules many glycogen granules appear, the membrane of the globules fuses and then the material compassing the globules is discharged. A comparison of ultrastructures of normal and oily mutants indicated that the mutations cause urate globules irregular in shape and distribution. Furthermore, there is a close relationship between the volume of these globules and uric acid content in the hypodermis. We concluded from the evidence that the mechanism of incorporation and accumulation of uric acid is controlled independently by each oily mutant gene.
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