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Volume 13, Issue 1
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Hajime Matsuura, Shun Okuno1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 1-18
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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Tutomu Haga1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 19-25
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. A plant heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation was found in Lilium Hansonii Leicht. Metaphase pairing of the four chromosomes was nearly always a ring modified by a number of interstitial chiasmata.
2. Kinetochores of homologous chromosomes or of homologous segments maintain their prophase synapsis up to the first metaphase.
3. At first anaphase two types of chromatid bridges were observed, viz. bridges accompanying akinetic (acentric) fragments and those not accompanying them. These bridges occur in normal as well as in the interchange plant. The latter type of the bridges is interpreted as those caused by a half-twist around the spiralized sister chromonemata.
4. Pollen of the normal individual is of quite normal appearance (94.6 per cent). In the interchange plant pollen is nearly totally abortive (99.8 per cent). Such an unusually high pollen abortion was explained as follows: A pair of synapsed kinetochores in the ring of four chromosomes—a repulsion system—orientates itself along the spindle axis at full metaphase. Consequently two adjacent chromosomes pass to the same pole, leading to the unbalance of chromosome set of all the pollen.
5. Normal plants as well as the interchange plant were completely defective in seed production except the two exceptional cases in which some capsules containing some good seeds were developed. The reason for this remains for further investigations.
The writer takes this opportunity of thanking Professor Matsuura for his helpful suggestion and valuable criticism. Photomicrographs reproduced in the present paper were kindly taken by him. The expenses for carrying out of this study were partly defrayed out of a grant from the Japan Society for the Advancement of Cytology, through the courtesty of Professor Fujii, the president of the society, to whom cordial thanks are due.View full abstractDownload PDF (6543K) -
Sajiro Makino1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 26-38
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe chromosomes of the horse were investigated in the following two distinct breeds, the Percheron and the Ryukyu Pony. So far as the number and other general morphological characters of chromosomes are concerned, the two breeds under consideration show no remarkable and significant difference.
The number of chromosomes in the horse is not so small as described by previous authors. The spermatogonium contains 66 chromosomes in which are contained at least 12 atelomitic V-shaped chromosomes along with the remaining rod-shaped elements ranging in length from long rod to short one.
The primary spermatocyte metaphase shows 33 tetrads. A heteromorphic tetrad of XY-complex is always found lying at the periphery of the equatorial plate. Both elements of the XY-bivalent seem to be of telomitic nature. The X-element assumes a characteristc tripartite structure, being divided by two distinct constrictions into three consecutive segments.
There are distinguishable two different garnitures of chromosomes in the secondary spermatocyte as regards the X and Y chromosomes, both being 33 in number. The one is X-class cell consisting of 32 autosome dyads (6 atelomitic and 26 telomitic) and an X-element of single V-shape. The other is Y-class and contains 6 atelomitic and 27 telomitic dyads in which the Y-element is included. The X-element bears a characteristic structure distinguishable from the other autosomes in the metaphase, whereas the Y is difficult to be discriminated among the others.View full abstractDownload PDF (5641K) -
Chromosome studies in domestic mammals, IISajiro Makino1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 39-54
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe chromosomes of goat and sheep were investigated from the comparative standpoint in male germ cells. The observations were carried out on the testicular material derived from two breeds in the goat and three breeds in the sheep. So far as the scope of the present study is concerned, there was found, either in the goat or in the sheep, no visible and appreciable difference in the chromosomes among the breeds under consideration, not only in the number but also in the other external morphological features of chromosomes.
The number of chromosomes in goat was found to be 60 in diploid and 30 in haploid. All the chromosomes are comprised in the rod-shaped elements of simple telomitic type, and they are placed in the paired arrangement into 29 homologous pairs of autosomes which form a closely graded seriation, and an unequal pair of the X and Y chromosomes. The X chromosome is quite prominent in being the largest of all and displays distinguishable characteristics. The Y element is represented by the smallest one in the group, which is very conspicuous in existence on account of its minute size. The X assumes a characteristic tripartite structure showing two constrictions.
The chromosome number in sheep was determined as 54 for diploid and 27 for haploid. After the morphological analysis it was revealed that the diploid complement of the sheep consists of three homologous pairs of atelomitic V-shaped chromosomes, 23 homologous pairs of telomitic rod-shaped ones occurring in a graded series, and an unequal pair of the X and Y which are quite identical in their morphological features to those found in the goat.
Evidence furnished by a close morphological comparison of chromosomes between the goat and the sheep sufficiently indicates that a closely related karyological relationship occurs between these two forms, which is very suggestive of the fact that the ancestral sheep and the ancestral goat probably took their origins from a common ancestor.View full abstractDownload PDF (5495K) -
Sajiro Makino, Yosio Ozima1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 55-60
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe eggs of the carp (Cypriiius carpio), during about 5 to 10 minutes after insemination, were exposed to low temperatures between 0.5° and 3°C for about 10 to 30 minutes.
Refrigeration prevented the second maturation division from going to completion and caused the chromosome duplication in the egg due to a retention of the haploid set of chromosomes normally going into the second polar body, leading to the production of the diploid egg nucleus.
It is highly probable that union of the diploid egg nucleus thus induced with the sperm nucleus which is haploid, would give rise to triploid zygotes and consequently to triploid individuals.View full abstractDownload PDF (2028K) -
A hybrid of Paraixeris denticulata and Lactuca squarrosaHumihiko Ono1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 61-72
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) The intergeneric hybrid between Paraixeris denticulata and Lactuca squairosa were obtained. One of the hybrids was cytologically studied.
(2) In the root-tips of the hybrid there were not 14 chromosomes, the sum of the parental chromosomes, but were the variated number from 10 to 14 chromosomes. The majority of the root-tips, however, had 12 chromosomes among which two were fragmental ones. Assumption was made that the chromosomes of Lactuca squarrosa have been fragmented and eliminated in the foreign cytoplasm of Paraixeris denticulata.
(3) In more than half of the pollen mother cells, 6 bivaelnts or normal pairings were observed. The normal pairing of the less homologous chromosomes seems to be the characteristic nature in the chromosomes of Cichorieae. The cause of such a phenomenon was assumed to be the presence of homologous parts in every chromosome as duplications or the abundance of heterochromatic parts which produce the pairing power of the chromosomes.
The writer wishes to express his thanks to Prof. Sinotô under whose direction the present work was carried out. Thanks are due to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Scientific Research by a grant from which this work was partly supported.View full abstractDownload PDF (10208K) -
Tohru Uchida1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 73-86
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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Golgi apparatus of nerve cells in the guinea pig following various modes of fixationSirô Tarao1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 87-108
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The Golgi apparatus of nerve cells of spinal ganglion in the guinea pig was demonstrated by means of the present author's protease-Nile blue sulphate technique.
2. The Golgi apparatus thus demonstrated accords fully to those prepared after the classical osmium-impregnation methods when employed properly. This fact proves that the Golgi apparatus of nerve cells assumes, at least in the fixed condition, the reticular feature which is familiar to us in the classical works.
3. As fixatives before the digestion procedures various reagents, simple or mixed, were employed. The results obtained from these attempts are summarized in Table I in the section of material and methods. The most excellent fixatives found by this attempts proved to be the combinating techniques as follows: formalin-trypsin, osmic acid-trypsin, Champy's fluid-pepsin, Champy's fluid-trypsin, corrossive sub-limate-trypsin, potassium bichromate-pepsin, potassium bicromate-trypsin, picric acid-trypsin, and picric acid-pepsin. The percentages of the reagents and of the enzymes, and the reaction times are detailed in Table 1.
4. The Nissl bodies and the mitochondria were frequently impregnated by the osmium impregnation. This phenomenon seems to be indicative of the special physiological condition of the cytoplasm in which the lipoid is unmasked from the protein.
5. The mitochondria seem to be dissolved by these techniques without an exception. The Nissl bodies remain undigested by formalin-trypsin, formalin-pepsin, corrossive sublimate-trypsin technique. Their capacity of blackening by the osmic acid and their demonstrability by the pro-tease-Nile blue sulphate techniques are suggesting the existence of lipoidal substances in them. This assumption is on the other hand supported by various experimental data appeared in the literature, e.g. the experiment of axon section made by Legendre (1910) etc.
6. The vital staining of the genuine Golgi apparatus has been attempted. Applying Nile blue sulphate and crysoidin upon the fresh material sectioned by means of frozen method the net-like Golgi apparatus which fully corresponds to that impregnated with osmic acid was observed stained with a considerable clearness. Here, the nerve cells in the frozen sections were surmised to be still living from the fact that their nuclei were quite free from staining and their cytoplasm showed no symptoms of death as vacuolation or granulation.
7. The solubility of the Golgi substance was studied. Likewise those in other tissue cells known in the foregoing works made by the present author, the Golgi apparatus of nerve cells in the guinea pig, contains the protein digestible by trypsin and the lipoid soluble in aceton. The idea that the Golgi apparatus contains the lecithin has been denied by this study of solubility.View full abstractDownload PDF (10723K) -
The extraction of the Golgi substance from nerve cells in the guinea pigSirô Tarao1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 109-117
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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The mechanism of the karyokinesis and cytokinesis in the pollen tube (A preliminary report)Nobuhide Suita1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 118-119
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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Absolute magnitude of the ratio in NoctilucaKanefumi Nozawa1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 120-125
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) The nucleo-plasmic ratio in Noctiluca can be expressed by the hyperbolic formula, and its magnitude is larger in small cells and smaller in large cells.
2) The ratio is in the order of 10-4 in the cells kept in the ordinary, as well as in 50% sea water, though it is somewhat smaller in the latter owing to the swelling of the cell.
3) The voluminal ratio of the nucleus to the cytoplasm proper is in the order of 10-2 which is the value characteristic to all animal cells observed so far (cf. Nozawa 1943a).
4) The small value of the nucleo-plasmic ratio obtained in this material is entirely due to the abundant cell sap. This finding throws some light to the question as to why the ratio in plant cells is smaller than in animal cells (cf. Nozawa 1943a).
5) The exponent of the nucleo-plasmic ratio in Noctiluca is about-2: this suggests the absence of any active metabolism in the cell, and conforms with the actual mode of life of the organism.
6) The case where the exponent of the nucleo-plasmic ratio is -3 has been considered: it apparently implies that the nuclear volume undergoes no change regardless of the development of the cell. Such a state seems only pathological and hardly realized in actual cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (289K) -
X. On the chromosome behaviours in the PMCs of a triploid F1 plant between Papaver No. 41, 8 and P. bracteataKono Yasui1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 126-138
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The chromosome number in the F1 plant between Papaver No. 41, 8 (a bracteata like tetraploid Papaver) and P bracteata is 21 which is the sum of the gametic chromosome numbers of the parents. The chromosome association in the meiotic phases of the PMCs is generally 2III+6II+3I, but rarely 2III+4II+1IV+3I. The 2II in 6II of the former formula is derived from 1IV of the latter.
2. Papaver No. 41, 8 has 28 chromosomes which synapse to form 14 gemini in the PMCs, while the haploid complement has the constitution 2II+1III+7I (YASUZ, 1937). This fact together with the above mentioned data led to the following conclusions as to the relationship between the basic chromosome complements in Papaver No. 41, 8: 1), the haploid chromosome complement of No. 41, 8 consists of the 2 basic complements, (B) and A; 2), (B)-complement is homologous to the haploid complement of P. bracteata (B-complement); 3), three (A1-3 ) of 7 chromosomes in A-complement have homologous chromosomes-(B)1-3 and B1-3 in Table 5-either in (B)- or B-complement; 4), the fourth chromosome (A4 in Table 5) has homologous ends which is homologous to one end of the third chromosome in all these three kinds of complements; 5), the remaining three of the A-complement have no homologous chromosomes in (B)- or B-complement (cf. Table 5).
3. Papaver No. 41, 8 is a tetraploid in terms of chromosome numbers, but it is an incomplete tetraploid in the sense of the chromosome constitution, because on one hand in one (A-complement) of 2 basic chromosome complements one component chromosome is lacking, so that it is incomplete, and on the other hand one chromosome is added which is duplicated by one part of another component chromosome.
4. The structure of the synapsed chromosomes in the F1 plant and the relationship between the chromosomes and the nucleoli were discussed.
5. The irregular behaviours of the chromosomes in the meiosis of the PMCs of the F1 plant result in high abortion of the pollen grains, but the sporadic seed formation by the back cross with the pollen grains of the male parent shows that some egg cells are fertile.
Here the writer wishes to express her best thanks to Prof. Fujii for his valuable advice throughout the course of the work. The expence of carrying out this study were partly defrayed out of a grant from the Science Research Fund of the Department of Education.View full abstractDownload PDF (5491K) -
Bungo Wada1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 139-145
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDie Anwendung eines Agarplättchens als Untersuchungsmedium ist zur Lebendbeobachtung der Kern- and Zellteilung bei den Tradescantia-Haarzellen in vieler Hinsicht besser als die der bisher benutzten fliissigen Medien.
Durch these Agarplättchenmethode gelingt es, einige Ruhezellen der im Agarplättchen eingebetteten Staubfadenhaare neu in die Mitose einzufiihren, wobei der Eintritt der Ruhezellen in die Mitose auf das Vorhandensein eines die Mitose auslosenden Wirkstoffs hinweist.View full abstractDownload PDF (2380K) -
Bun-ichi Hasama1943 Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 146-154
Published: November 30, 1943
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Bei unipolarer Ableitung der Elektrophänomene von den Leuchtteilen von Plocamophorus tilesii lassen sich regelmäßige, ziemlich schnell anwachsende und ebenfalls ziemlich schnell abklingende monophasische Potentialschwankungen erkennen, welche entsprechend dem Verlauf und der Intensität der Biolumineszenz erfolgen. Diese Potentialschwankungen sind für die Biolumineszenz verantwortlich und die dabei registrierte Kurve ist also nichts anderes als das sog. “Elektroluminogramm”
2. Auch bei spontaner Bewegung and selbst ohne Begleitung von Biolumineszenz beobachtet man im Fall von bipolarer Ableitung von der Körperoberfläche von Plocamophorus tilesii mono- bzw. diphasische Potentialschwankungen, bei deren Kurve es sich um das sog. “Elektromyogramm” handelt.
3. Im Leuchtteil von Plocamophorus tilesii läßt sich keine Bildung irgendeines besonderen Leuchtorgans erkennen, sondern beobachtet man überall im Leuchtteil fein granulierte eosinophile Leuchtzellen, welche manchmal im subepithelialen Teil sackförmige Anhäufungen - Licht-säckchen-bilden.
4. Die ganze Körperoberfläche von Cavervularia habereri kann leuchten. Man beobachtet, bei unipolarer Ableitung von Elektrophänomenen, als Aktionsströme des Leuchtteils mehr regelmäßige monophasische Potentialschwankungen, welche parallel mit der Biolumineszenz verlaufen.
5. Auch bei der Bewegung verschiedener Körperteile von Cavernularia habereri lassen sich unabhängig von der Biolumineszenz monobzw. diphasische Potentialschwankungen erkennen, welche manchmal in die oben erwähnten Potentialschwankungen infolge von Biolumineszenz sich beimischen können. Sie sind als Aktionsströme der Muskulatur zu betrachten.
6. Bei Cavernularia habereri beobachtet man nirgendwo im Innern des Körpers die Bildung eines besonderen Leuchtorgans. Am Boden der Räume zwischen den Zotten, welche von der innern Fläche der Körperwand nach innen also in die Kaverne hervorspringen, beobachtet man Anhäufungen von feinen Zellen, welche als Leuchtzellen zu betrachten sind.View full abstractDownload PDF (11849K)
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